中学语法之介词讲解及练习.docx

1.表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在附近，旁边” in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在上面”。 to 表示在范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到” 2)above, over, on 在上 above 指在上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 例句：The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在下面 under表示在正下方 below表示在下，不一定在正下方 例句：There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front of, in the front of在前面 in front of意思是“在前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在的后面）。 There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在.的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of（在范围内的后部）。 There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。 Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在旁边 behind 表示在后面2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in ones life , in ones thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Years Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of , at the age of , at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从 from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久； since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。since表示自（某具体时间）以来，常用作完成时态谓语 的时间状语。 since liberation（1980）自从解放（1980年）以来 They have been close friends since childhood 他们从小就是好朋友。 （1）since the war是指自从战争结束以来，若指自从战争开始以来，应该说说since the beginning of the war。 （2）不要将since与after混淆。 比较：He has worked here since 1965（指一段时间，强调时间段）自从1965年以来，他一直在这儿工作。 He began to work here after 1965 （指一点时间，强调时间点）从1965年以后，他开始在这儿工作。 4)after, behind 在之后 after主要用于表示时间； behind主要用于表示位置。 时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in； 具体日子要用on； 遇到几号也用on 上午下午得是in；要说某日上下午； 用on换in记清楚 午夜黄昏用at； 黎明用它也不错；at用在时分前 说“差”可要用上to； 说过要用past3.表示运动方向的介词： across, through 通过，穿过 across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关，为二维 through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关，为三维。4.表示“在之间”的介词： 表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词，如in front of ，behind ，on， in， near， under， up， between, among between指在两个人或两个事物之间； among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。5.表示其他意义的介词 1)on ,about 关于 on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读； about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式。 2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具 by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具； with 表示用 工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段； in 表示用方式，用语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等； 3)except, besides 除了 except 除之外，不包括在内； besides 除之外，包括在内。 Except for Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去) Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了) 27）near 靠近.。 There are some flowers near the house. 房子附近有一些花。 28）of .的，属于.。 This is a map of China. 这是一张中国地图。 29）off 离开.，在.之外。 The young man got off the train quickly. 那个年青人很快下了火车。 I live in a village a little way off the main road. 我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。 30）on 在.之上。 My book is on the table. 我的书在桌子上。 31）out of 从.出来，在.之外。 The dog run out of the house. 狗从房子里跑出来。 32）outside . 外边. They are waiting outside the gate. 他们在门外等着。 33）over 在.之上，遍于.之上，越过.。 There is a light over the desk. 桌子上方有盏灯。 He is over sixty years old. 他有六十多岁。 34）past 越过.，过.，超越.。 The students walked past the post office. 学生们走过了邮局。 It is ten past two. 现在是两点十分。 35）round 围着.，绕过.，在.周围。 We sat round the table. 我们围着桌子坐下。 The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 36）since 自. 以后，自.以来。 He has made great progress in English since he came into the college. 从他来到大学后，他的英语有了很大进步。 37）through 经过.，穿过.。（立体层面） They went through the forest. 他们穿过了森林。 38）throughout 遍及.，在各处。 The police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain. 警察搜山寻找犯人。 39）till 直到.，在.以前。 He didnt come back till eleven oclock. 他直到十一点钟才回来。 Well be home till six. 六点以前我们都会在家。 40）to 到.，向.，趋于。 How long is it from here to the station？ 从这儿到车站有多远？ 41）under 在.之下，低于。 There are some footballs under the bed. 床底下有几颗足球。 These students are under seventeen years old. 这些学生们不到十七岁。 42）until 直到，在.以前， Please wait for us until we come back. 请等着我们回来。 It was not until last week that I handed in mathematics paper. 直到上周，我才交了数学论文。 43）up 在.上面，在.上。 He went up the stairs. 他上了楼梯。 44）upon 在.之上，迫近.。 Its not polite to look down upon him. 蔑视他是不礼貌的。 45）within 在.之内。 You must finish the work within two weeks. 你必须两周内完成这项工作。 46）without 没有，不，在.之外。 We cant do it better without your help. 没有你的帮助，我们就做不好。 We couldnt live without air and water. 没有空气和水，我们就不可能生存。 动词与介词（或副词）的搭配 addto 加到上 agree with 同意（某人） arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 beginwith 从开始 believe in 相信 break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育，培养 build up 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 clear up 整理，收拾 come about 发生，产生 come across （偶然）遇见 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 comparewith 与比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divide up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步，屈服练习（一）：1. The play begins at 6: 40 pm. So we have to be at the theatre _ 6:30 pm at the latest.A. after B. around C. until D. by2. They held a ceremony _ those killed in the battle.A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of3. After finishing middle school, my sister did nothing _ at home.A. but to read B. but read C. besides reading D. except to read4. Write your name and address on your bag _ you lose it.A. in any case B. in case C. in no case D. in that case5. _ did the professor give you much advice? The choice of a career.A. On what B. In what C. What D. For what6. I made coat _ my own hands. It was made _ hand not with a machine.A. in; in B. in; with C. with; by D. with; with7. He is running _ the wind towards the east of the station _ Tom running _ the right.A. down; and; on B. against; with; on C. for; with; in D. with; while; to8. Not all of us know the difference _ wheat, oats and barley.A. among B. between C. from D. in9. The young singer is quite popular _ the public. Shes made a remarkable achievement _ a girl of her age.A. with; to B. to; for C. with; for D. for; to10. The apple trees have lots of big apples _ them. And some birds are singing _ the trees.A. in; on B. at; in C. on; in D. with; through11. That woman will quarrel _ everybody _ anything.A. about; about B. about; with C. with; about D. with; with12. The weather this month has been good _ .A. on the whole B. generally speaking C. above all D. on one hand13. We should divide all the potatoes _ two piles and separated the good ones _ the bad ones.A. from; by B. into; from C. into; into D. from; into14. They said the building would be completed _ a year.A. after B. for C. in D. about15. These boxes are too heavy for me to carry. Here, Ill give you a hand _ them.A. for B. to C. with D. by答案讲解：1. D。从“戏剧在下午6:40开始”可知到达剧院的时间最迟不应晚于6:30。A项表示“下午6:30后到剧院”，C项表示“在剧院呆到下午6:30为止”，均不合题意。B项干扰性最强，around意为“左右，大约”, 但在6:30 pm后有at the latest“最晚”,二者相矛盾。C项by是not later than(不迟于)之意，整合题意。2. A。in honor of意为“为庆祝(为向. . . 表示敬意,为纪念”；instead of意为“代替; 而不是”；in favor of意为“赞成；支持”；by means of意为“通过; 用; 借助于”。根据句意“他们举行了纪念阵亡战士的仪式”可知答案为A。3. B。but, except 和besides都有“除之外”的意思，但没有”，相当于not including. 另外，but后面可接不定式to do,但如果but前面有实义动词dbesides是“除之外，还”的意思，等于in addition to; 而except, but 是“除之外， o的任何形式，不定式省略to。4. B。in any case意为“在任何情况下”；in case意为“以防万一，如果”；in no case意为“决不”；in that case意为“如果那样的话”。句意为“在你的包上写上名字和地址以防丢失”。5. A。“教授给你提的什么建议?”“择业”。“关于的建议”应用介词on。6. C。by hand意为“用手工”；with“用”, 表示使用的工具, 手段，如He hit it with a hammer.7. B。against the wind“逆风”；on the right意为“在后边”；介词with与一个复合结构构成短语，用作状语，说明状态、方式等。8. B。一般说来，between用于两者之间，among表示三者和三者以上之间。但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间的关系，适用于between. 如：The soldier is hidden between the trees. 在谈论事物间的差别时总是用between.9. C。词组be popular with意为“受欢迎”，for“就而论，比较而言”。10. C。介词on意为“在之上，依附于”；in意为“(表场所，位置)在之内 / 上”in the tree 译为“在树上”。11. C。quarrel with sb. about / over意为“和某人争论某事”。句意为“那个女人无论碰到什么事儿, 总是和别人争吵不休”。12. A。on the whole意为“总的来说；从总体上看”；generally speaking“一般说来”；above all意为“首先，最重要的”；on one hand意为“一方面”。句意为“这个月的天气基本上是好的” 。13. B。divideinto和separatefrom都有“把分开”的意思。但前者指“把整体分成若干部分”，后者指“把连在一起的分开”。14. C。in, after这两个介词都可以用来表达“在若干时间之后”。in 可以用于将来时态或一般过去时态的句子中；after 用于一般过去时，如果表示某时刻之后或某件事之后，则不受时态的限制。15. C。答语中的them指前一句的boxes。Give sb. a hand with sth. / in(at) doing sth. 意为“帮助某人做某事”。练习（二）( ) 1. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthdays.A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on( ) 2. -There is nothing _tomorrow afternoon, is there?A. on B. in C. out D. up( ) 3 . A lot of students in our school were born_March, 1981.A. in B. at C. on D. since( ) 4. Mike does his exercises _ seven _ the evening.A. on; to B. at; in C. by; of D. at; on( )5. The population of the world has grown very fast _ four hundred years.A. for past the B. in the pass C. in the past D. for past( ) 6. Children wake up very early_the morning of Christmas Day.A. in B. on C. for D. at( ) 7. He arrived _ Shanghai _ 9: 30 _ March 5.A. at; in; at B. to; on; at C. in; on; at D. in; at; on( ) 8. Two years_ he began to write another story-book.A. after B. later ; C. in D. late( ) 9. The teacher is coming back_ an hour.A. after B. for C. in D. before( ) 10. She lived in the mountain village_ the years 1940-1950.A. between B. during C. in D. since( ) 11. The American Civil War lasted four years before the North won _ the end.A. by B. at C. in D. on( ) 12. Mary had finished her homework_ the time I got home.A. until B. by C. at D. when( )13 . They didnt leave the station_ they get on the train.A. until B. by C. after D. at( ) 14. _ Tom gets up at five in the morning.A. Sometime B. Sometimes C. Some time D. Some times( ) 15. I dont like to sit _ Toms right. I would like to sit _ the back row.A. on; in B. in; on C. on; at D. at; on( )16. Jiangsu is_ the east of China, but Japan is _ the east of China.A. to; in B. in; to . C. on; to D. to; on( ) 17. When you are _ trouble please ask help _ us.A. in; from B. in; for C. on; from D. on; of( ) 18. Any man _ eyes_ his head can see that hes exactly like a rope.A. with; on B. with; in C. on; with D. in; with( ) 19. Dont read _ the sun. Its bad _ your ey