英语经贸知识总结.docx

Lesson11.Internationaltrade:canbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.2.Internationalspecialization:onecountryproducingmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingtheremaindertoothercountries.3.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage:holdsthatevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,i.e.ithasabsolutedisadvantageinproducingbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.4.国际专业化：internationalspecialization绝对利益：absoluteadvantage比较利益：comparativeadvantage5.richinadvantageoverpointonacrossborders6.Translation:(1)在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.(2)随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。Withthedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade,ernationalspecialization.(3)按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,bothtradepartnerscanbenefitfromtrade.(4)比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept;acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownactions.(5)比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。Theideaofcomparativeadvantagehasbecomethecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade.Lesson21.Economiesofscale:thatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.2.Tariffbarriers:arethemostcommonformoftraderestriction.3.Atariff:isataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.4.Acustomsunion:acustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsunion.5.Importduties:aretariffsleviedongoodsenteringanarea.6.Exportduties:aretaxesleviedongoodsleavinganarea.7.Drawback:referstodutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.8.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment:referstoatarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.9.Quotasorquantitativerestrictions:arethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.10.需求结构：patternsofdemand生产能力：productioncapabilities消费爱好：consumptionpreference规模经济：economiesofscale成本优势：costadvantage大规模生产：large-scaleproduction关税和配额：tariffsandquotas外汇：foreignexchange革新或款式：innovationorstyle移民汇款：immigrantremittance11.capabilityat/incostfor/ofatreasonablecostsleviedontakeintoaccountwithoutreferenceto(不针对)makeeffortstoengagein12.Translation:(1)一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。Thecostofproductwilldecreasewiththeexpansionofproductionscale.(2)在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。Inreality,completespecializationmaynevertakeplaceeventhoughitiseconomicallyadvantageous.(3)配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.(4)有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。Thevisibletradeistheimportandexportofgoods,andtheinvisibletradeistheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.(5)国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。Thekindsoftradenationsengageinarevariedandcomplex,oftenamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.Lesson31.Consignmenttransaction:thismeanstheexporterhastosendhisgoodsabroadandwillnotgetpaymentuntilthegoodsaresold.Ifnotsold,thegoodscanbeshippedback.2.Thedraft:alsoreferredtoasthebillofexchange,isanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.3.Sightdraft:callsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.4.Usancedraft:ispayableatalaterdate,e.g.30,45,60or90daysaftersightordate.5.Documentarydraft:thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,theinvoice,theinsurancepolicyetc.6.Documentsagainstpayment(D/P):documentswillnotbereleasedtotheimporteruntilpaymentiseffected.7.D/Patsight:requiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.8.D/Paftersight:givestheimporteracertainperiodafterpresentationofthedocuments,butdocumentsarenotreleasedtohimuntilheactuallypaysforthemerchandise.9.Documentsagainstacceptance(D/A):documentsarehandedovertotheimporteruponhisacceptanceofthebillofexchangedrawnbytheexporter.Paymentwillnotbemadeuntilalaterdate.D/Aisalwaysaftersight.10.外汇管制：foreignexchangecontrol预付现金：cashinadvance记帐贸易：openaccount破产：gobankrupt11.addupto(amountto)have/gaincontroloverpartwith(分手)enterintoondemand(立即)handoverto(交给)pushthesale(促销)tieupmoney（占压资金）make/effectpaymentopen/issue/establishL/Cwithbankinonesfavor(以谁为受益人)12.Translation:(1)在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfilthecontract.(2)为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.(3)许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft,whichisanordertoabankoracustomertopay.(4)即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。Documentsagainstpaymentatsightrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.(5)就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。SofarastheexportersinterestisconcernedD/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/Paftersight,andD/PismorefavorablethanD/A.Lesson41.Theletterofcredit:isaletterissuedbyabankattherequestoftheimporterinwhichthebankpromisestopayuponpresentationoftherelevantdocuments.2.Theconfirmingbank:thebankthataddsitsconfirmationtothecreditiscalledtheconfirmingbankwhichisundertakeneitherbytheadvisingbankoranotherprimebank.3.Negotiatingbank:ifabank,eithernominatedbytheopeningbankoratitsownchoice,buystheexportersdraftsubmittedtoitunderacredit,itiscalledanegotiatingbank.4.支付方法：methodofpayment发货：dispatchthegoods条款：termsandconditions保兑信用证：confirmedletterofcredit分批可转船：partialshipmentsortransshipment运载船支：carryingvessel统一惯例：theuniformcustomsandpracticefordocumentarycredits5.matchwith(与一致)attherequestofbeconcernedwith(关心)(1)在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。Ininternationaltradeitisalmostimpossibletomatchpaymentwiththephysicaldeliveryofthegoods.(2)信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。Themethodofpaymentbytheletterofcreditofferssecuritytoboththesellerandthebuyer.(3)现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。Moderncreditswereintroducedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandhadsubstantialdevelopmentaftertheFirstWorldWar.(4)要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。Eitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehedoesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank,theexportermaysometimesrequireconfirmedletterofcredit.(5)信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。Lettersofcreditarevariedinform,length,languageandstipulations.Lesson51.Cleandraft:draftnotaccompaniedwithshippingdocuments,forpaymentarecleancredit.2.Documentarycredit:creditsthatrequireshippingdocumentstobepresentedtogetherwiththedraft.3.Irrevocablecredits:arethosethatcannotbeamendedorrevokedwithouttheconsentofallthepartiesconcerned.4.Revocablecredit:thecreditisarevocableoneifsuchcommitmentscanbealteredorevencanceledwithoutconsultingwiththebeneficiary.5.Confirmedcredit:ifacreditisconfirmedbyabankotherthantheissuingbank,itbecomesaconfirmedcredit.6.Sightcredit:isonebywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraftandimpeccabledocumentsbythebeneficiarytothebank,asightcreditcallsforasightdraft.7.Usancecredit:isonebywhichpaymentcannotbemadeuntilaspecificdateoraspecifictimeafterthedateoraftersight,thistypeofcreditrequiresausancedraft.8.Transferablecredit:ifacreditcanbetransferredbytheoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties,itisatransferablecredit.9.Non-draftcredit:thereisamoderntendencyforpaymenttobemadebypresentationofthedocumentswithouttheformalityofdrawingandpresentingadraft.10.Revolvingcredit:ifacreditstipulatedthatitsamountcanberenewedorreinstatedwithoutspecificamendmenttothecreditbeingmade.11.Accompanywith/byconsultwith(和协商)(1)信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。Lettersofcreditareclassifiedintodifferenttypesaccordingtotheirfunction,form,andmechanism.(2)光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。Cleanlettersofcreditaremainlyusedinnon-tradesettlement,whiledocumentarycreditsaregenerallyusedincommoditytrade.(3)在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。Inthecaseofsightcredits,paymentcanbemadepromptlyuponpresentationofdraftandimpeccableshippingdocuments.(4)远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天，60天甚至可长达180天。Ausancecreditobviouslycallsforatimedraft,andtheusancevariesfrom30,60,toaslongas180days.(5)如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称作第二受益人。Aletterofcreditiscalledtransferableifitcanbetransferredbyitsoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties.Theoriginalbeneficiaryiscalledthefirstbeneficiary,andtheparty(orparties)thecreditistransferredtoiscalledthesecondbeneficiary.(6)对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。Theletterofcreditmaynotbethemostidealmethodofpaymentforaparticulartransaction,andthecontractingpartiesshouldmaketheirbestchoiceaccordingtothespecificconditions.Lesson61.Contract:isanagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties.Itisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.2.Firmoffer:isapromisetosellgoodsatastatedprice.Inmakingafirmoffer,mentionshouldbemadeofthetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesirednadditiontoanexactdescriptionofthegoodsincludingthequantity,quality,specifications,packing,etc.Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer.3.业务范围：businessline不可抗力：forcemajeur合同正文：contractproper通常作法：usualpractice4.makecompensationgiverisetodisputes(引起争执)bindinguponsend/make/mailanoffer(发盘)inrelationto(关于)setup(结构)5.Translation:(1)合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。Acontractisenforceablebylaw,andthepartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation.(2)口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。Oralbusinessnegotiationsrefertoface-to-facediscussionsorthoseconductedthroughinternationaltruckcalls.(3)买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。Inquiriesmadebythebuyeraretogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeordered,andarenotbindingontheinquirer.(4)有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。Thevalidityperiodisindispensabletoafirmoffer,thatremainsvaliduntilastipulatedtimeoruntilitisacceptedorrejected.(5)还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。Acounter-offerisarefusaloftheofferwhichwillbeinvalidandunbindingonceacounter-offerismade.Lesson71.Commercialinvoice:generallycalledtheinvoiceforshort,thisdocumentisthegeneraldescriptionofthequalityandquantityofthegoodsandtheunitandtotalprice.Itconstitutesthebasisonwhichotherdocumentsaretobeprepared.2.TheBillofLading:isoneofthemostimportantdocumentsandhasthreemajorfunctionsJItservesasacargoreceiptsignedbythecarrierandissuedtotheshipperorconsignor;JItconstitutesacontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor;JItisadocumentoftitletothegoods,andthelegalholderofthebillofladingistheownerofthegoodsitcovers.3.Cleanbilloflading:isonewhichstatesthatthegoodshavebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition.Itismeantthatthedocumentisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksconcerningthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.4.Anonboardbilloflading:indicatesthattheshipmenthasbeenactuallyloadedonthecarryingvesselboundfortheportofdestination.5.Straightbilloflading:ismadeoutsothatonlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoodsunderthebill.6.重量单:weightlist/note/memo合法持有人:legalholder抬头作成凭指定：makeouttoorder唛头:shippingmarks发货港：portofshipment修饰性的话:qualifyingremarks空运单：airwaybill保险单:insurancepolicy保险证书:insurancecertificate海关发票:customsinvoice投保金额和险别:theamountinsuredandtheriskscovered领事发票:consularinvoice/visa装船通知:shippingadvice6.havedifficultiesindoingcomplywith(符合)bynomeans(决不能)stipulatefor(规定要求)beboundto(有义务做)boundfor(车、船开往某地之意)7.Translation:(1)在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。Itisveryimportanttousecorrectdocumentsininternationaltrade,otherwisetheimporterwillhavedifficultiesintakingdeliveryofthegoods.(2)商业发票，一般称发票，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。Thecommercialinvoice,generallycalledtheinvoicemakesageneraldescriptionofthequality,quantity,unitprice,andtotalvalueofthegoods.(3)货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。Itisnecessarytoinsurethegoodsagainstthepossibleriskstheyareexposedtointhecourseoftransportation.(4)已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。Anonboardbillofladingindicatesthatthegoodshavebeenactuallyloadedonboardofthecarryingvesselboundfortheportofdestination.(5)清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。Acleanbillofladingreferstoonethatindicatesthegoodshavebeenshippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition,whichmeansitisdevoidofanyqualifyingremarksaboutthepackingandtheouterappearanceofthegoods.Lesson81.国际贸易术语解释通则：INCOTERMS:internationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms2.国际商会:ICC:InternationalChamberofCommerce3.电子数据交换:EDI:ElectronicDataInterchange4.滚装滚卸的:rollon-rollofftraffic近海:short-sea结关:customsclearance至关重要:ofvitalimportance自始至终:alltheway摆开:settingout可转让装运单据:negotiabletransportdocument到程度:todegree5.FOB:(FreeonBoard)船面交货价,即起运港船上交货价CFR:(CostandFreight)兼付运费货价,即成本加运费价CIF:(Cost,Insurance,Freight)兼付运费保险费货价,即成本加运费加保险费价6.becompatiblewith(与一致)forthesakeof(为的利益)7.Translation:(1)包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。Packingshouldbemadeaccordingtotherequirementoftransportation.Inmostcases,thesellerknowsclearlytheparticulartypeofpackingrequiredfortransportationthegoodssafelytodestination.(2)在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。Inmanycases,thebuyershallbenotifiedtogothroughtheinspectionofgoodsatorbeforethetimeofshipment.Unlessotherwisespecified,thebuyerissupposedtoundertakethechargesofinspectionthusincurredforhisownsake.(3)进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据的将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。Theimportercansellthegoodstoanewbuyerwhiletheyarebeingcarriedbymeansofnegotiableshippingdocumentswhichareveryconvenientforuse.(4)在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。Underallterms,therespectiveobligationsofthebuyerandtheselleraregroupedunder10headings.(5)1990年的贸易术语能够适应日益广泛使用的电子数据交换。The1990versionofIncotermscanmeettherequirementoftheincreasinguseofelectronicdatainterchange.Lesson91.Transportation:isdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother.Inaformalsense,freighttransportationisdefinedastheeconomicmovementofcommoditiesandadvancementofbusiness.2.Theretypesofcarrierownershiparelegalformsoftransportation:(1)commoncarriers,(2)contractcarriers,(3)privatecarriers.3.经济增长：economicgrowth产品自然领域：naturalproductprovinces节约成本：costeconomies中间产品：intermediateproducts生产方式：productionapproach产成品：finishedproducts4.playrolesin(起作用)consistofimplicationfor5.Translation:(1)毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。Thereisnodoubtthatasocietywithoutanadvancedtransportationsystemremainsprimitive.(2)这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。Themodesdifferintermsofoperationcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thefivemajormodesarewater,rail,truck,pipelineandair.(3)过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。Thepastdecadehasseenanincreasingtendencyamongbusinessfirmstoprovidetheirowntransportationcapability.(4)作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。Asasociety,weenjoyaricherandmoreleisurelylifethanwewouldbeinatotallyself-sufficientcommunity.(5)最近几年运输功