食品专业英语lesson12.doc

Food safety 食品安全New wordscarcin(o)- 癌-gen/-genic/-genous 原，产生 carinogen 致癌物质toxic 有毒，中毒logical 逻辑学的 toxicological 毒物学的anti- 反，抗，非oxidant 氧化剂 antioxidant 抗氧化剂radio- 无线电，辐射，放射nuclide 核素 radionuclide 放射性核素intra- 内的，在内的 intrastate 州内的fraud 欺骗，欺诈safrole 黄樟油精，黄樟素symphytine 聚合草素preservative 防腐剂cadmium 镉mercury 汞The question,“Is the food safe?”, usually evokes an emotional response. Everybody has a right to a safe and wholesome food supply. 食品是否安全这个问题常常会引起人情绪化的反应。每一个人都有权获得安全、健康的食品。Yet the question of food safety is a complicated one. 然而食品安全问题是一个复杂的问题。The concept of food safety has many facets. Perhaps the most obvious, and certainly the most prevalent problem of food safety is microbiological food poisoning. 食品安全有许多方面，也许食品安全中最明显的，最普遍的问题是食品的微生物毒害。This is serious problem in nearly every country, but another aspect of food safety is primarily concerned with chemicals. 这是几乎在每一个国家都很严重的问题，但是食品安全的另一个主要关注的方面主要与化学药品有关。Some chemicals should be there and some should not. Chemicals in our food supply come from six sources. 一些化学药品应该添加，而另一些不应该添加。食品中的化学药品来源于六个方面。These are industrial accidents, intentional fraud, natural compounds, food additives, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. 它们是工业事故，有意的欺骗，天然化合物，食品添加剂，杀虫剂和环境污染。All require a different concept of food safety a different approach. 以上所有这些都需要用不同的方法来评价食品安全。Industrial accidents工业事故The problem of industrial accidents is difficult and complex. In our technological society there will always be accidents. 工业事故问题是困难而复杂的，在科技社会中，常常会有事故发生。We have to gear our laws and responses so that these unfortunate occurrences are minimized.我们必须调整法律和反应以尽量减少这些不幸的发生。Natural Toxicant in Food 食品中天然毒素Toxicants occurring naturally in foods are not subject to regulatory control, and many would not receive approval if they were proposed as food additives at the levels in which they occur. Some are actually carcinogens and would not be allowed in any amount.食品中天然存在的毒素不受法律法规的调控，如果把它们天然存在的剂量作为它们添加剂的添加水平，就不能获得批准。其中一些实际上是致癌剂，不允许添加。 For example, the use of safrole, a flavoring agent from the sassafras root, is not permitted as a food additive because of its association with liver cancer; however, it is naturally present in small amount in a number of spices normally consumed. 例如，黄樟素，檫木根中的一种风味剂的使用，由于它和肝癌有关，不允许用作食品添加剂；然而，它在许多日常消费的香味料小剂量天然存在。Aflatoxin, a known carcinogen of high potency, is the product of a mold that occurs on peanuts and cereal grains, particularly in climates of high temperature and humidity. 黄曲霉毒素，一种强致癌剂，是花生和谷物生霉后-特别是在高温高湿条件下生霉后一种霉菌的产物。 Herbal teas contain a number of potentially harmful substances; some of them, such as the alkaloid symphytine in comfrey tea, are carcinogens. Fortunately, none of these occur in amounts that would be harmful at normal levels of use. 草药茶可能含有许多可能有害的物质，其中一些是致癌物，如聚合草中的生物碱-聚合草素。幸运的是，这些物质发生的剂量在正常使用的情况下都不会造成危害。Food additives 食品添加剂The compounds added to foods for specific purposes are called food additives. 添加到食品中的具有特定用途的化合物称为食品添加剂。 Examples are antioxidants added to oils to prevent rancidity, preservatives to prevent food from spoiling, colorants to make food more appealing, etc. 例如，把抗氧化剂添加到油脂中以防止酸败，防腐剂防止食物的腐败，着色剂使食品更吸引人等等。Most of these chemicals are generally regarded as necessary and safe. 这些化合物中的大多数被认为是必须的，安全的。Pesticides 杀虫剂Pesticide chemicals are used in the production of plants and animals. 杀虫剂常用在植物和动物的生产中。Many chemicals are essential for controlling insects and fungi in plants and to promote better health in animals. Residues may find their way into food. 许多化学制剂对控制植物中的昆虫和菌类，提高动物的健康状况是必须的。在食品中可能会有这些化合物的残留。To obtain approval of a particular pesticide, the manufacturer must supply the EPA with data from toxicological studies, residue data, and justification of use in terms of economics and an adequate food supply. 为了使一个特殊杀虫剂获得许可，制造商必须给美国环保局提供毒理学研究的数据，残留量，使用的经济性以及充足的食物供应。A risk-benefit analysis leads to rejection or acceptance and establishment of a legal tolerance. Approval is granted only for the specific commodity application requested. 风险效益评估决定剔除或是接受该种杀虫剂，并建立一个法定的容许量。只有对特定商品的使用请求是允许的。For example, a chemical approval for use on lettuce would be considered in violation if used on cabbage or any other food. 例如，可以允许一种化学制剂用于生菜，而如果用于卷心菜或其它任何食品则是违反规定的。Unfortunately, tolerances are frequently sources of consumer concern when they are misinterpreted to mean the levels of residue that may be expected in the marketplace. 不幸的是，当消费者误解市场上允许的残留量的意义时，他们关心的是这些物质的允许量。The FDA also routinely surveys table-ready food. Four times each year, 234 food items representing the diets of American consumers are purchased in different cities around the United States. 食品和药品管理局每年也会从美国周围不同城市购买234种代表美国消费者饮食的即食食品，对它们进行4次常规考察。 These are prepared as they would be in the home, and then analyzed for actual levels of pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, radionuclides, and essential minerals. 把这些食品按照它们在家里使用的方式进行准备，然后分析它们实际的农药残留，工业化合物，重金属，放射性物质和必须矿物质的含量。The intakes for eight age-sex groups are compared with the acceptable daily intakes (ADI) as established by the Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization of the United Nations. 比较FAO/WHO建立的八个年龄-性别组的每日摄入量。(The ADI is the acceptable daily intake of a chemical that, if ingested over a life-time, appears to be without appreciable risk.) 每日摄入量是指一种化学物质的每日允许摄入量，如果食用一生，不会有可预期的危害。Twenty-five years of data have reported levels of pesticide residue consistently lower than the ADI. 二十五年的数据报道的农药残留水平一直低于每日摄入量。Actual pesticide intakes as determined by the Total Diet Studies are usually considerably lower than the ADI. 由总膳食研究测得的实际的杀虫剂摄入量通常低于每日摄入量。Environmental Pollutant 环境污染Environment pollutants in land, air, and water can appear in food. 土地，空气和水的环境污染会造成食品的污染。 Examples are lead from gasoline, cadmium from industrial metal plating, mercury in fish, from naturally occurring mercury in the ocean etc. 如汽油中的铅，工业金属电镀中的镉，鱼中的汞来源于海洋中天然存在的汞，等等。A number of government agencies share responsibility for the safety and honest marketing of the food supply in the United States. 在美国，许多政府机构都对食品供应中的安全和市场诚信负有责任。The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is authorized by the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to establish standards of acceptable intake of additives and contaminants in foods and to monitor pesticide levels in commodities in intrastate shipment. FDA是由食品，药品和化妆品法案授权的政府机构，以建立食品中添加剂和污染物的允许摄入量标准，监测州内运输商品中杀虫剂的含量。The FDA also regulates labeling of packaged foods. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes tolerances and approves pesticides for use. FDA也调控包装食品的标签，美国环境保护署建立了使用杀虫剂的允许量。The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) is responsible for the wholesomeness of meats and poultry, and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulate advertising and marketing. 美国农业部负责肉和禽类的批发，联邦贸易委员会和联邦通讯委员会调控广告和市场。聚合草中毒(Comfrey Poisoning)聚合草中毒是动物长期大量采食聚合草引起以巨红细胞症为特征的慢性中毒性疾病.主要发生于猪与马属动物,啮齿类实验动物也较敏感而易发生中毒.聚合草(comfrey)为紫草科(borraginaceae)聚合草属(SymphytumLinuens)的一种多年生粗糙毛状草本植物,又名紫草根,其俗称和别名还有爱国草,友谊草,肥羊草,饲用紫草和俄罗斯紫草等.其作为家畜饲料的主要有药用聚合草(即日本聚合草,Symphytumo of ficinale),粗糙聚合草(即澳大利亚聚合草,Symphytumasperum),外来聚合草(即朝鲜聚合草,Symphytumperphy-turn)和高加索聚合草(Symphytumcaucasicum)等.聚合草含双稠吡咯啶生物碱,可损害肝脏.(一)病因与流行病学饲用聚合草因其适应性强,产量高,含蛋白质营养丰富,可作为畜禽多汁青绿饲料.我国自1972年从朝鲜大量引进后,很快被推广到全国各地种植栽培,现已成为农户养猪和猪场主要的青饲料来源之一.猪长时间大量地饲喂聚合草,尤其是在春夏季节收割的聚合草幼嫩茎叶单一饲喂时,易发生慢性中毒.本病流行区域主要在东北,西北,华北,华东,西南等广泛种植聚合草的地区.(二)发病机理聚合草含有双稠吡咯啶生物碱(pyrrolizidinealkaloids),与菊科千里光属植物所含肝毒生物碱的结构极为相似,是一种主要损害肝脏的慢性蓄积性毒物,中毒动物可出现巨红细胞症和巨肝细胞症,甚至引起肝癌.属于双稠吡咯啶生物碱的聚合草有毒成分有:聚合草素(symphytine),聚合草醇碱(echimi-dine),向阳紫草碱(1asiocarpine),阿茹明(asperumine),安纳道林(anadoline),天芥菜平(helio-supine),倒提壶碱(amabiline),多刺凌德碱(echinatine),绿花倒提壶碱(viridiflorine).其中以聚合草素含量最高(约占1/4),且毒性最强.聚合草素腹腔注射对小白鼠的LD50为300mg/kg体重;少量长时间饲喂时,可损害肝及中枢神经。第11课 汉译英练习参考答案1. The term good nutrition implies that we are obtaining from our food all of the essential nutrients in the amounts needed to keep our bodies functioning and to maintain optimum health. A very simplified definition of good nutrition might be “ eating the right foods in the right amounts.2. The work of nutrition scientists involves finding the an