英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习.doc

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in.（副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.(三) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）(六) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.(七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?参 考 答 案(一) teacher man dictionary To do(二) B A C A C(三) tired worried yellow interested first(四) his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimming(五) to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of school Lily get on the bus playing football on the playground(六) family given third some downstairs(七) on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off(八) us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义： 句子成分的定义： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子 成分有主要成分和次要成分； 成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有 语和谓 次要成分有宾 主语和谓语；次要成分有宾语、表语、定 足语。 语、状语、补足语。（二）句子的具体成分主语（subject)： 主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的 主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词 代词、 名词、 主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、 数词、不定式、动名词、 数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主 语从句等表示 等表示。 语从句等表示。 主语：一个句子的老大， 主语：一个句子的老大，主心骨1 The coat is beautiful. （名词） 2 We often speak English in class. （代词） 3 One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词） 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）5 Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词） 6 The rich should help the poor. （形容词化的名词） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）谓语( 谓语(PREDICATE)谓语说明主语所做的动作，一般放在主语之后。 谓语说明主语所做的动作，一般放在主语之后。 说明主语所做的动作 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词 复合谓语： 原形构成。 原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 谓语：说明主语干了什么动作，做了啥事。 谓语：说明主语干了什么动作，做了啥事。表语( 表语(PREDICATIVE)表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态， 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一 用以说明主语的身份 般位于系动词（ 般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, seem等 之后。表语一般由名词、 grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、 代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、 代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、 介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 表语：表明主语是怎么样（身份，状态，特征, 表语：表明主语是怎么样（身份，状态，特征, 性质） 性质）表语：表明主语是怎么样（身份，状态，特征， 表语：表明主语是怎么样（身份，状态，特征， 性质） 性质）student.(身份 身份） 1.You are a student.(身份） tired.（状态） 2.I feel tired.（状态） beautiful.（特征） 3.You looks beautiful.（特征） soft.(性质 性质） 4.The cloth is soft.(性质）宾语 OBJECT宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一 宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者， 般位于及物动词和介词后面。 般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语： 宾语：被K的对象（主语发出的动作都落到宾 的对象（ 语身上） 语身上） I love you. I like listening to the music.直接宾语和间接宾语He give me a book . Lend me your dictionary, please. 直接宾语：物 间接宾语：人To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw补语(COMPLEMENT)补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定 语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺 的，起补充说明作用的成份。 宾补：对宾语的补充 I think the job easy. I asked you to do your homework. 主补：对主语的补充 You are asked to do your homework.定语( 定语(ATTRIBUTIVE) 定语:修饰或限定名词的或代词的词，词 组或句子 a beautiful girl reading room woman teacher the key to the door the girl who is beautiful 定语：起修饰作用（商品的包装）状语 状语：修饰动词、形容词、 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分， 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状 语。 表示：时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，程 表示：时间，地点，原因，目的，结果， 条件，方式和让步。 度，条件，方式和让步。 much. (程度 程度） I love you very much. (程度） I will go tomorrow. (时间） 时间） The meeting will be held in the classroom. (地点 地点） classroom. (地点）bus.(目的） .(目的 I get up early to catch the bus.(目的） lot.（让步） Though he is young ,he know a lot.（让步） rain, If it doesnt rain, I will go with you tomorrow.（条件) tomorrow.（条件) bike. 方式） I go to school by bike.（方式） The party was put off because of the bad weather.(原因） weather.(原因）句子成分详解表句子成分 主语 意义 表示句子说的是什么人或什么 事 充当词类 名，代，数，不定 式，动名词，短语或 动名词， 句子 动词或动词词组 例句 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. She is dancing under the tree. Both of us like English. Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. We have eight lessons every day. He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood. She always keeps the house clean.谓语说明主语做什么， 说明主语做什么，是什么或怎 么样 表示动作行为的对象 与联系动词连用，一起构成谓 与联系动词连用， 语，说明主语的性质或特征 用来修饰名词或代词宾语 表语同主语 同主语 形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子 副词， 副词，介词短语或句 子定语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词， 修饰动词，形容词，副词，表 示动作发生的时间，地点， 示动作发生的时间，地点，原 目的，方式， 因，目的，方式，结果等 逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系补语形容词，名词， 形容词，名词，介词 短语等主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！ 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！1. I met my best friend at the station yesterday. 主 谓 定 宾 状 语 语 语 语 语Exercise1. Our school is not far from my home. 主 系 表2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 主 系 表3. All of us considered him honest 主 谓 宾 宾语补主语4. They pushed the door open. 主 谓 宾 宾语补主语 5. My grandfather bought me 主 谓 间宾 a pair of sports shoes. 直宾 6. Grandma told me an interesting 主 谓 间宾 直宾 story last night.状语7. He broke a piece of glass. 主 谓（及物） 及物） 宾8.All the students think highly 主 及物） 谓（及物） of his teaching 宾 9. The old man lives a lonely life. 主 谓（不及物） 不及物）句子结构句子由各个组成部分构成,这些组成部分叫句子的成分。 总的来说，一个完整的句子包括以下两部分：主语 和 谓语 1.主语：主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所陈述的主体，一般放于句首，可以是人，也可以是物，指动作的执行者。例:那个学生问了老师一些问题.The student asked the teacher some questions.例:今天的天气非常好.The weather is very nice today.2.谓语（predicate)：谓语一般是指主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，位置一般放于主语后面。例:他工作非常努力.He works very hard.例:今天的天气非常好.The weather is very nice today.例:他在字典里查出了这个单词.He looked up the word in the dictionary.3宾语（object)：宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词之后。例:老师把灯关了.The teacher turned off the lights. 介宾例:他们将不会伤害我们.They wont hurt us. 动宾例:他在上个星期放弃吸烟了.He gave up smoking last week. 介宾4表语标语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于系动词之后，构成系表结构。 1.be动词(am, is, are, was, were)联系动词 2.表状态变化的动词(get/become/turn/keep/remain/stay)3.感官动词(look, smell, hear, feel)例:我是一个老师.I am a teacher例:那个女孩变得非常担心.The girl got worried例:这种水果尝起来味道很好.This kind of fruit tastes very delicious.5、定语定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词，形容词通常作定语。这是一节生动有趣的课This is a lively and interesting class 前置定语有一些难题要处理There is something difficult to deal with后置定语. 状语:(adverbial)状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。表时间：yesterday, today, tomorrow 我们今天还是明天出去买东西Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow表地点：in China