中山装英文介绍.docx

课程号：1063166课程名：世界科技发展史学分：2上课教师：武欣题目：The Worldwide Influence of Gunpowder姓名：孙童童学号：20112195班级：英语四班The Worldwide Influence of GunpowderI. Introduction to gunpowder.Gunpowder was invented in China. It was first originated in the tang dynasty. It was invented by Taoism during an alchemist. In later tang dynasty gunpowder was used in the military. Chinese military forces used gunpowder-based weapons (i.e. rockets, cannons) and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols when the Mongols attempted to invade and breach city fortifications on Chinas northern borders. After the Mongols conquered China and founded the Yuan Dynasty, they used the Chinese gunpowder-based weapons technology in their attempted invasion of Japan; they also used gunpowder to fuel rockets. The mainstream scholarly consensus is that gunpowder was invented in China, 13th century, gunpowder was introduced into Arab countries by businessmen through India, after the 14th century technology of gunpowder weapons in China spread to Europe via Arabia. The spread of gunpowder across Asia from China is widely attributed to the Mongols. One of the first examples of Europeans encountering gunpowder and firearms is at the Battle of Mohi in 1241. At this battle the Mongols not only used gunpowder in early Chinese firearms but in the earliest grenades as well.II. The Worldwide Influence of gunpowder.2.1 The Influence in ChinaThe three main ingredients of ancient gunpowder are saltpeter, sulfur and carbon. In the sixth century BC, people were aware of saltpeter. At that time, not only medical experts use saltpeter to treating illnesses, alchemists will also think saltpeter as an important material. Gunpowder was used in the manufacture of fireworks, will soon be applied to military. With the development of gunpowder and gunpowder weapons, they began to use gunpowder to make explosive. Powder burning can produce large amounts of gas and heat. Originally the small size of the solid powder, volume expansion, suddenly jumped to thousands of times, when the container would explode, that are the explosion of gunpowder performance. Use of combustion and explosion of gunpowder performance can make all kinds of firearms. The use of the northern song dynasty period uses different gunpowder is made by using the principle of black powder burning explosion. In Song dynasty the military use of gunpowder are quite mature, makes a commanding lead in the world of science and technology of China. People loaded the gunpowder in the bamboo tube, invented the worlds first gunpowder-the rockets. Muskets, rockets, artillery and other weapons all invented by China, due to the low quality of the individual soldiers in the Song dynasty, therefore vigorously develops the military science and technology, in order to balance, influence the world of gunpowder weapons was born. Yuan and Ming, this kind of bamboo tube manufacturing original tubular firearms replaced by copper or iron, cast into cannons, and referred to as the ware. In the Ming dynasty in terms of operational firearms, invented a variety of multiple rockets. This is the worlds oldest multiple rocket salvos, is the founder of modern multiple rocket launchers. During the Ming dynasty was carried out on all sorts of gunpowder weapons are quite a lot of transformation, so the Ming dynasty military technology reached the top of the world. The development of the rocket make the person produces the use of the desire of the thrust of rocket fly on the sky. According to historical records, the 14th century, one of the Ming dynasty the brave Wan Hu sit in a chair with 47 the largest rocket, in each hand holding a big kite, tried to use the rocket thrust and lift realize the dream of flying a kite. Although this is a failed attempt, but thousands of people was regarded as the first use of rocket flight. In Qing dynasty, the rulers launched a series of crusade against the war to consolidate their feudal regime. The Qing operations depend on the firearm. So in Qing dynasty rulers vigorously develop firearms, combined with economic prosperity, manufacturing technology is developed. But after JiaQing, the firearm manufacturing industry has been declining. In Qing dynasty, the rulers launched a series of crusade against the war to consolidate their feudal regime. The Qing operations depend on the firearm. So in Qing dynasty rulers vigorously develop firearms, combined with economic prosperity, manufacturing technology is developed. But after JiaQing, the firearm manufacturing industry has been declining. By the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, our country ancient firearm was replaced by the modern guns, out of the history of the war. By the end of the 19th century early 20th century, our country ancient firearm was replaced by the modern guns, out of the history of the war. The Qing dynasty is at the end of the feudal society of our country, compared with the rising feudal society period, the political corruption of the dark, recession, backwardness of science and technology. Combined with the Qing dynasty rulers internally cruel oppression and ethnic oppression, closed, do not take the absorption of foreign advanced science and technology. That are influence the development of weapons and equipment especially firearms artillery directly or indirectly. During the Late Ming and early Qing dynasty, the multi-dimensional manner were introduced from the west advanced technology of firearms, this has major historical significance: 1. Improved Chinas military weapons and equipment at that time, to strengthen the armys fighting capacity, to strengthen border or putting down the rebellions and played an important role in the war. 2. The rich variety of ancient Chinese firearms, further promote the development and prosperity of ancient Chinese current. 3. Improve the performance of our country ancient firearm technology, due to the introduction of advanced western firearm technology, improved the shape of some Chinese ancient firearms and improve the technical performance of Chinas ancient firearms. 4. To promote the cultural exchange between Chinese and western science and technology and has made a positive contribution on spread and communication of science and technology of Chinese and western culture has made a positive contribution.But advanced western firearm was introduced into China has certain disadvantages. From subjective view, the ultimate goal is to strengthen the autocratic monarchy, to further consolidate the dominance of the feudal ruling class itself.In modern life, gunpowder was used in fireworks and gunpowder. Its structure contains black powder and medicine. Lit fireworks, similar to the above mentioned the explosion of the chemical reaction, the energy released by the explosion process, most of the present in our eyes is converted into light energy. In the process of making fireworks to join in some send lubricious agent can make the color of the fireworks out colorful. Otherwise, gunpowder is also applied in many aspects; we can make use of explosive blasting building, mining and road. Experts also use the experience to make weapons, such like guns, rockets, bombs, missiles, shells, aviation bombs, missiles, mines, torpedoes, grenades and so on the explosion of the ammunition charge, also can be used for the detonation of a nuclear device and military blasting. In industry are widely used in mining, road construction, water conservancy, blasting, metal processing, etc., are widely used in seismic exploration in science and technology, etc.2.2 The Influence All Over the WorldGunpowder was introduced into Europe mainly through the war. In the middle of the middle ages, European and Arab happened long-term military conflicts. In the long war, Arabs were heavy use firearms. European countries developed gunpowder and firearms gradually. Arab and Persian make gunpowder nitrate is called snow in China. In the late 13th century, Europes books began to introduce gunpowder and the knowledge of firearms. Alberta Magnus and Roger Bacon was the first talked about the gunpowder in their book. After the 14th century, China technology of gunpowder weapons spread to Europe via Arabia. Back in 1260 A.D. army was defeated in the fight against Syria, Arab seized rockets, cupping, artillery, gunpowder weapons, such as to grasp the manufacture and use of gunpowder weapons. To the 15th century, European tube type of firearm, such as cannon, has great improvement. The Ottoman with artillery destroyed the walls of the Byzantine Empire also destroyed for Europeans is a powerful offensive barrier block from Asia. After half a century, the Ottoman empire to advance in Vienna in central Europe, and the rule of southwest Europe Islam from afar Europe felt the existential threat are closed in the mixed strategy. Edge political mutation stimulated a series of European social change, a series of technological innovation, especially the improvement of firearms and the use of printing change. The invention of the science and technology has been the first began in the military field. Concerned about the growth of military strength more than in other areas, many technicians, inventor will be attention to this aspect. People will see in the notes of Leonardo Da Vinci sketch of a machine gun. After learning the Chinese sound of the cannon, Europeans also began to cast gun. At the end of the 15th century, the European knight wind rise, cannon firearms developmental delay. After Europeans learning the Chinese sound of the cannon, they began to cast gun. In 16th century, they invented the wheel bolt and flintlock. The end of the 19th century, western countries with the development of capitalist economy, the progress of science and technology, firearms, especially gunnery had the very big development. Since then, the various types of gun have been expanding rapidly. Firearms technology can also help the development of European expansion. Germans invented a casting technology, smaller bronze cannon, equipment on the ships rail, new artillery can fired 50 to 60 pounds of iron pills, and it can destroy a hull at a range of 300 yards. It is these technical advantage that Europeans offshore exploration success. Due to the nature of the war has changed, and the medieval way of life has changed. Casting guns need more iron, copper and steel, which in turn stimulate the metallurgy and foundry technology progress. As a result, industry, handicraft industry has greatly strengthened specialization, and the corresponding stimulates the production of these areas. The improvement of firearms has entered a technology level. As western military scientist fuller says: the uses of gunpowder make all the people in the same height. The improvement of war tools needs bigger and more perfect economic system support. Financial institutions changed, first of all. Castle, armor and a knight to artillery, ships and musketeers at the same time, the emergence of market economy makes the various departments and regions for a unified country, in order to reduce tariffs and trade barriers. So, firearms have brought about a revolution in military. Then the corresponding political and economic organization change lead to the European social revolution. After this happens at the end of the Middle Ages, still have some of the characteristics of the middle ages. Europe has been in a state of political pluralism, the geopolitical pressure and impulsive force them to improve the weapons and equipment. The emergence of planes in World War, the emergence of nuclear weapons in the World War II , these were another two military revolution. But they cannot be compared with gunpowder weapons of promotion.The invention of gunpowder, changed the medieval mode of war, this is a landmark a great event in military history. Gunpowder becomes a sharp weapon for the European citizens against the feudal aristocracy. Engels said that the Europeans for the firearms used not only for fighting method itself, but also to rule and enslavement of political relations have played a role in change. To get the powder and firearms, industrial, and money is required. And both are occupied by people. Therefore, firearms are cities and cities as the leading emerging monarchy weapons against the feudal aristocracy. Until impregnability of the citizens of the stone walls of the castles in artillery; all the citizens of the bullet shoot through the knights armor. In the common ruin of the aristocratic rule with wearing armor noble cavalry. In modern life, gunpowder more applied in many aspects, such as mining, roads, plays a big role for social development. Powder and its application