中考英语总复习1词法名词A.doc

中考英语总复习1词法名词A25s全方位课堂第一篇 词法25s全方位课堂一、 名词25s全方位课堂(一) 知识概要 25s全方位课堂 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。25s全方位课堂 名词一览表25s全方位课堂种类 25s全方位课堂专有名词 25s全方位课堂London, John, the Communist Party of China 25s全方位课堂普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 25s全方位课堂集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 25s全方位课堂物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 25s全方位课堂抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 25s全方位课堂功用 25s全方位课堂主语 My family is now in New York. 25s全方位课堂表语 His father is a scientist. 25s全方位课堂宾语 We love our great motherland. 25s全方位课堂宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 25s全方位课堂定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 25s全方位课堂状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 25s全方位课堂同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 25s全方位课堂名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：25s全方位课堂1. 一般情况加s,如：pen-pens, doctor-doctors,boy-boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:map-map ， boy-boys.25s全方位课堂2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus-buses,class-classes,其读音为iz。25s全方位课堂3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为iz。25s全方位课堂4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作z，如：factory-factories,country-countries, family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy-boys,day-days。25s全方位课堂5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes;photo-photos,radio-radios,piano-pianos25s全方位课堂6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife-knives, leaf-leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。25s全方位课堂7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man-men,woman-women, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice25s全方位课堂8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer25s全方位课堂9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。?名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers25s全方位课堂(二) 正误辨析25s全方位课堂误Please give me a paper.25s全方位课堂正Please give me a piece of paper.25s全方位课堂析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.25s全方位课堂误Please give me two letter papers.25s全方位课堂正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.25s全方位课堂析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.25s全方位课堂误My glasses is broken.25s全方位课堂正My glasses are broken.25s全方位课堂误I want to buy two shoes.25s全方位课堂正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.25s全方位课堂析英语中glasses-眼镜，shoes-鞋，trousers-裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.25s全方位课堂误May I borrow two radioes?25s全方位课堂正May I borrow two radios?25s全方位课堂析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos.25s全方位课堂误This is a Marys dictionary.25s全方位课堂正This is Marys dictionary.25s全方位课堂析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。25s全方位课堂误There are much people in the garden.25s全方位课堂正There are many people in the garden.25s全方位课堂析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.25s全方位课堂误I want a few water.25s全方位课堂正I want a little water.25s全方位课堂析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。25s全方位课堂误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.25s全方位课堂正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.25s全方位课堂误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.25s全方位课堂正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.25s全方位课堂误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.25s全方位课堂正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.25s全方位课堂析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。25s全方位课堂误Dont eat too much meats.25s全方位课堂正Dont eat too much meat.25s全方位课堂误Food in that restaurant is very good.25s全方位课堂正The food in that restaurant is very good.25s全方位课堂析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.25s全方位课堂误Please give me two waters.25s全方位课堂正Please give me two glasses of water.25s全方位课堂正Please give me two coffees.25s全方位课堂析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，?如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,25s全方位课堂a piece of bread,a box of sugar,25s全方位课堂a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,25s全方位课堂a bag of earth25s全方位课堂?例： Ill tell you a piece of good news.25s全方位课堂但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.25s全方位课堂误Can you give me the newspaper of today?25s全方位课堂正Can you give me todays newspaper?25s全方位课堂析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes walk.25s全方位课堂误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.25s全方位课堂正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.25s全方位课堂析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，25s全方位课堂如： room为可数名词时为房间，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林25s全方位课堂误There is a flowers garden behind my house.25s全方位课堂正There is a flower garden behind my house.25s全方位课堂析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。25s全方位课堂误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.25s全方位课堂正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.25s全方位课堂析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。25s全方位课堂误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.25s全方位课堂正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.25s全方位课堂析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。25s全方位课堂误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.25s全方位课堂正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.25s全方位课堂析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.25s全方位课堂误We have five German in this meeting.25s全方位课堂正We have five Germans in this meeting.25s全方位课堂析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。25s全方位课堂误There are two As in this word.25s全方位课堂正There are two As in this word.25s全方位课堂析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，则要用s即As，Is25s全方位课堂误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.25s全方位课堂正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.25s全方位课堂析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s25s全方位课堂误We have many woman teachers in our school.25s全方位课堂正We have many women teachers in our school.25s全方位课堂析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：?25s全方位课堂half brother-half brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in law-daughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man driver-men drivers(男司机) woman doctor-women doctors(女大夫)grown up-grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student-则变为boy students25s全方位课堂误Physics are very difficult to learn.25s全方位课堂正Physics is very difficult to learn.25s全方位课堂析虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)25s全方位课堂误There is a people in the room.25s全方位课堂正There is a person in the room.25s全方位课堂正There is a man in the room.25s全方位课堂析people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。25s全方位课堂误Where is my shoe?25s全方位课堂正Where are my shoes?25s全方位课堂析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)25s全方位课堂误I paid five pennies for the sweet.25s全方位课堂正I paid five pence for the sweet.25s全方位课堂析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。25s全方位课堂误There are many fruit in the shop.25s全方位课堂正There are many fruits in the shop.25s全方位课堂析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。?25s全方位课堂误There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys.25s全方位课堂正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.25s全方位课堂析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s如：Marys car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s如：girl friend -girl friends someone else-someone elses a week or three-a week or threes如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。25s全方位课堂误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.25s全方位课堂正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work.25s全方位课堂析无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds weight价格名词：two dollarsworth拟人化的名词：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library25s全方位课堂误He is an old friend of my father.25s全方位课堂正He is an old friend of my fathers.25s全方位课堂析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.25s全方位课堂误My father is a good cooker.25s全方位课堂正My father is a good cook.25s全方位课堂析一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)-teacher(老师),think(想)-thinker(思想家),drive(开车)-driver(司机),sell(卖)-seller(卖物者)但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词做饭。而cook也可作为名词厨师讲，而cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。25s全方位课堂误The young is dancing there.25s全方位课堂正The young are dancing there.25s全方位课堂析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。25s全方位课堂误The stories of the book was written many years ago.25s全方位课堂正The stories of the book were written many years ago.25s全方位课堂析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。25s全方位课堂误This is one of the English?Chinese dictionary.25s全方位课堂正This is one of the English?Chinese dictionaries.25s全方位课堂析one of意为之一，of后面的名词要用复数形式。25s全方位课堂误Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.25s全方位课堂正Lets go to uncle Wangs for supper.25s全方位课堂析uncle Wangs 意为王叔叔家，doctors意为医院或私人诊所。25s全方位课堂误I think we will make a friend with each other.25s全方位课堂正I think we will make friends with each other.25s全方位课堂析make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。25s全方位课堂误I want to tell you much pieces of good news.25s全方位课堂正I want to tell you many pieces of good news.25s全方位课堂析news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.25s全方位课堂误The teacher with five students are coming here.25s全方位课堂正The teacher with five students is coming here.25s全方位课堂析要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。25s全方位课堂误There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them.25s全方位课堂正There is a lot of information here, but we dont need it.25s全方位课堂析information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.25s全方位课堂误Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.25s全方位课堂正Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.25s全方位课堂析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。25s全方位课堂误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.25s全方位课堂正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.25s全方位课堂析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为布，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。25s全方位课堂误I like to study the English.25s全方位课堂正I like to study English.25s全方位课堂析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.25s全方位课堂误The Browns is going to visit China.25s全方位课堂正The Browns are going to visit China.25s全方位课堂析定冠词加姓加s，则意为Brown先生一家人。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。25s全方位课堂(三) 例题解析25s全方位课堂1. Lucy and Lilyin the same class.25s全方位课堂A. am B. is C. are D. be 25s全方位课堂答案C.25s全方位课堂析由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。 25s全方位课堂2. Which is the to the bus stop， please?25s全方位课堂A road B way C street D address 25s全方位课堂答案B.25s全方位课堂析这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意为乡间公路，而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为地址。如：There is a car running along the country road. ?I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum? 25s全方位课堂3. Hurry up!There is time left.25s全方位课堂A little B a little C few D a few25s全方位课堂 答案A.25s全方位课堂析因time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little. 25s全方位课堂4. How many can you see in the picture?25s全方位课堂A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato25s全方位课堂 答案B.25s全方位课堂析用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es.25s全方位课堂 5. -is the meat. Please?25s全方位课堂-Ten yuan a kilo.25s全方位课堂A How much B How many C How old D How long25s全方位课堂 答案A.25s全方位课堂析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。25s全方位课堂 6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is.25s全方位课堂A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green25s全方位课堂?答案A.25s全方位课堂析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.25s全方位课堂 7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country.25s全方位课堂A city B citys C citys D cities25s全方位课堂?答案D.25s全方位课堂析复音字母以y结尾的单