英语中的复合句.doc

宾语从句 一、宾语从句的连接词：1、 连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.2、 连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.He asked me whether or not I was coming.一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下情况只能用whether：与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not. 在介词后：It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.3、 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， eg. The teacher asked the new students （ ） class he was in.I wonder where he got so much money.2、 宾语从句的语序：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序Can you tell me whom do we have to see?Can you tell me whom we have to see?3、 时态主从一致【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称：直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。如果主句谓语动词为现在范畴的时态或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时要注意在以下几种情况：（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： He said to me, I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, Im a boy, not a girl.He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4) 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语时，时态不变。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.(7) 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。定语从句 修饰限定名词或代词的成分被称为定语。1. 关系词的分类：1）关系代词： who, whom, which, that, whose 2）关系副词： when, where, why (作状语)l who, whom的用法 1) who在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省。 I like the person（ who ）you are talking to. 2) l that和which的用法 1) 限制性定语从句中，通常情况下可以互换。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 The room in _ I live is very big. = The room _ I live in is very big. 2） 只用that“人物最不避人物” “人物”that既可指人，也可指物 Is this the museum that you visited the other day? (指_,可用_) Jack is no longer the person that I met five years ago. （指_, 可用_、_） “最”极端修饰：最高级、序数词、the only, the same, the same等 This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city. (先行词被_修饰) The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide. （先行词被_修饰） “不”不定代词 (all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, 等) All the apples _that_ fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs. There is not much_ ought to be done right now. (先行词为_) He did everythingcould help us. (先行词为_) (10 全国2) I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. A. which B. whose C. who D. that “避”避免重复 Who is the person that is standing at the school gate? （前有_） 哪辆自行车是你弄丢的那辆？ _ is the bike _ you lost? “人物”先行词有人也有物 Tell us about the people and the places_that are different from ours. Im going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.（先行词是_） 3) 只用which 在非限制性定语从句中 She lost the game, which depressed her greatly. Tokyo, _ is the capital of Japan, sees great changes every day. 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. The pen with _ you are writing is Jeffs. 如果有两个定语从句，其中前一个关系代词用that，后一个宜用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 表语从句 1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2 引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。在从句中不做成分。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 造句：原因是他上学迟到了 The reason was that he was late for school. (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： 1. He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 2. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 造句： 1. 关键是我们是否能解决问题。 The key is whether we can solve the problem. 2. 看起来好像要下雨。 It looked as if it was going to rain. 注：能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look，sound等。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 造句：听起来好像有人在敲门。 It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 在表语从句中做主语、宾语等。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 造句： 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The problem is who we can get to replace her. 我想问的是谁离开了。 My question is who left. (4) 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。 This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。 造句：这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。 That is why he didnt come here. 造句：问题是他是如何做此事的。 The question is how he did it. (5) 连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 造句：这是仅仅因为他不认识她。 Its just because he doesnt know her. Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。 (Thats because.强调原因) Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。 (Thats why.强调结果) (6) 解释： 2 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。系动词分类： 1、 根据系动词后所跟结构，我们可以把英语系动词分为两大类：完全系动词（其后只能跟表语的动词，如be, seem）和半系动词（其后既可跟表语作系动词用法，也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用，如look）二、根据系动词的意义，我们把英语系动词分为四类：A五大感官系动词B状态系动词C动态系动词D双谓语系动词A五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。1look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。 The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.这位女孩咬着嘴唇，看上去若有所思。 2 smell“闻起来”，后接adj.分词。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味真香。 3 sound“听起来”，后接adj.分词。 The music sounds sweet.这首诗听起来真悦耳。 4taste“尝起来”，后接adj.分词。The apples taste very good. 这些苹果很好吃。 5Feel “摸起来，给感觉”；“觉得”，后接adj./p.p. You will feel better after a nights sleep. 睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。 B状态系动词： 1be，“是”，属完全系动词。 I am a student. 我是一个学生。 2seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。 They seem quite happy. 他们似乎很快乐。 3appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。 It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。 4keep, “保持的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。 Youd better go to bed and keep warm. 你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。5remain,“仍是”，半系动词。 I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。 6stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。 The window stayed open all the night. 7.prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.n. The treatment proved to be successful. 这种疗法证明是成功的。 C动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。 1 get“变成，变得起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。 2fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词： asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat. The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent. 那位老人说不清自己的意思，就不做声了。 My father fell ill and died. 我的父亲生病死了。 3grow“渐渐变得起来，长得” Its growing warm. 天气渐渐暖和起来了。 4turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。 Maple trees turn red in autumn. 枫叶在秋天变红了。 It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine. 今天早上是阴天，幸好已经转晴了。 5go，“变成（某种坏的状态）” The telephone has gone dead. 电话不通了。 The material