From GATT to WTO模板国贸.doc

From GATT to WTOMajor International Economic and Trade Grade 2010 Clas s 1 Group Members演讲者： 01210132，孙云楠 01210111，左合敬 01210108，王丹 组员： 01210117，张阳阳 01210118，师佳媛 01210119，李文圣 01210120，高嘉锶 01210121，刘洋 01210122，金欣 01210123，朱春兰 01210124，张茜 01210125，王志飞 01210126，谢梦琦 01210127，雷斌 01210128，宋振华 01210130，朱作发 01210133，张森 01210134，顾颖 01210135，王阳 01210136，杨辉 From GATT to WTO1、是调整大多数国家间的经济贸易关系中有关关税和贸易政策的政府间的多边协定。GATT is to adjust the most countries of the economic and trade relations between the tariffs and trade policy between the government of the multilateral agreement.2、时间：1948年1月1日- 1995年12月31日2, time On January 1, 1948 - - - - On December 31, 19953、目的: 在于实现贸易自由化，逐步降低关税并消除各种非关税壁垒，为世界创造一个有保障的和可预见的国际贸易环境，促进世界经济的增长和发展。3, objective:In trade liberalization, and gradually reduce tariff and remove all kinds of non-tariff barriers, for the world to create a guaranteed and the foreseeable international trade environment, promote world economic growth and development.23个成员国23 members4、基本宗旨： a.各缔约国本着提高生活水平、保证充分就业、保障实际收入和有效需求大量稳定增长，充分利用世界资源，扩大商品生产和交换，促进经济发展的目的，来处理它们在贸易和经济发展方面的相互关系； Four, basic tenet:A. the high contracting parties undertake, in line with the improvement of the living standards, ensure full employment, security real income and effective demand a large number of stable growth, make full use of the world resources, expand commodity production and exchange, promote economic development purpose, to deal with them in trade and economic development relationship;b.彼此减让关税，取消各种贸易壁垒和歧视性待遇，实现贸易自由化。B. each other tariff concession, cancel all kinds of trade barriers and discriminatory treatment, trade liberalization.五、GATT的内容Five, the content of the GATT第一部分 一般最惠国待遇、减让表The first part General most-favoured-nation treatment, schedules第二部分针对非关税壁垒的约束及国 民待遇等The second partAccording to the constraints of non-tariff barriers and countriesPeople such as treatment第三部分 规定了对的接受、生效、登记；减让的修改、撤消、停止；加入、退出及对边贸、关税同盟及自由贸易区的规定The third part stipulated to GATT accept, effect, registration. Concession revision, the undo, stop; Join, exit and border trade, tariff cartel and the provisions of the free trade area第四部分 有关贸易与发展的问题The fourth partAbout the problem of trade and development六、GATT的基本原则Six, the basic principle of GATT自由竞争原则互惠原则或对等原则非歧视原则Free competition principleThe principle of reciprocity or equivalence principleNondiscrimination关税保护原则、贸易壁垒递减原则、公平贸易原则、一般禁止数量限制原则、透明度原则Tariff protection principle, trade barriers decreasing principle, fair trade principle, general ban of quantitative restrictions, the transparency principle二、被取代的原因Second, the cause of the GATT is being replaced从法律上来讲不是一个国际组织。争端解决机制存在缺陷。条文漏洞较多；还有许多例外条款；基本原则难以执行。From the legal terms is not an international organization.GATT dispute settlement mechanism defects.GATT provisions loophole more; There are many exceptions clause; The basic principle is difficult to implement.区域经济一体化使的地位下降。国际经济活动复杂化，原有的规则难以规范。大国一手操纵的缺陷最终暴露The integration of regional economy make GATT position down.The international economic activities complicated, the original GATT rules to regulate.Big hand control defects finally exposed.八轮谈判The eighth round of talks第一轮谈判The first round of talks1、时间：1947年4-10月，1, time: in 1947, 4 - October,2、地点：瑞士日内瓦2 location: Geneva, Switzerland3、参加国家数量： 23（缔约）国； 加入国3, participate in national quantity:23 (contracting) kingdom. acceding countries 4、成果： 通过谈判达成了双边减税协议123项，占进口值的54%的商品平均降低关税35%； GATT4, results:Through the negotiators reached the agreement a bilateral tax 123, accounting for 54% of the goods but imports jumped the average tariff cut 35%; The GATT一共23个“缔约国”:A total of 23 contracting party第二轮 1、时间：1949年月4-10月，The second round1, time: 1949 years 4 to 10 months,2、地点：法国的安内西，2, location: French Ann in the west,3、参加国家数量：33国；3, participate in national quantity: 33 kingdom. 4、成果： 通过谈判达成了双边减税协议147项，使应税进口值的56%的商品平均降低关税35%；4, results:Through the negotiators reached the bilateral tax agreement 147 items, make taxable but imports jumped 56% of the commodity average tariff cut 35%;第三轮1、时间： 1950年9月-1951年4月，The third round1, time: in September 1950 - in April, 1951,2、地点：英国的托尔奎，2, location: British thor Krishna,3、参加国家的数量：39国；3, to participate in the number of countries: 39 kingdom.4、成果： 通过谈判达成了减税协议150项，占进口值的11。7%的商品平均降低关税26%；4, results:Through the negotiated tax agreement 150 item, accounting for but imports jumped 11. 7% of the commodity average tariff cut 26%;第四轮 1、时间： 1955年9月-1956年7月；The fourth1, time: in September 1955 - July 1956;2、地点：瑞士，2, location: Switzerland,3、参加国家数量： 28国；3, participate in national quantity: 28 kingdom.4、成果： 通过谈判 ，占进口值的16%的商品平均降低关税15%；日本加入GATT。4, results:Through the negotiation, accounting for 16% of the goods but imports jumped the average tariff cut 15%; 第五轮 （狄龙回合）1、时间：1960年9月-1962年7月，The fifth wheel (Dillon round)1, time: in September 1960 - July 1962,2、地点：日内瓦，2, location: Geneva,3、参加国家数量： 45国；3, participate in national quantity: 45 kingdom.4、成果： 通过谈判使占进口值的20%的商品平均降低关税20%；4, results:Through the negotiation make occupied but imports jumped 20% of the commodity average tariff cut 20%;第六轮（肯尼迪回合）1、时间：1964年5月-1967年7月，The 6th round (Kennedy round)1, time: in May 1964 - July 1967,2、地点：日内瓦，2, location: Geneva,3、参加国家数量： 54国；3, participate in national quantity: 54 kingdom.4、成果： 通过谈判，使工业品进口税率平均降低关税35%，影响400亿美元的进口额； 增加了GATT的第四部分内容。 4, results:Through the negotiation, make industrial products import tariff average tariff cut 35%, the influence of the amount of imports $40第七轮 （尼克松回合、东京回合）1、时间：1973年9月-1979年11月，The seventh wheel (Nixon round, Tokyo round)1, time: in September 1973 - November 1979,2、地点：东京，日内瓦。 2, location: Tokyo, Geneva.3、参加国家数量： 99国3, participate in national quantity: 99 countries,4、成果： 通过谈判达成到1987年商品平均降低关税33%；涉及非关税壁垒的谈判；4, results:Through the negotiators reached to 1987 commodity average tariff cut 33%; Involving non-tariff barriers negotiation;第八轮 （乌拉圭回合）1、时间：1986年9月-1993年12月15日，The eighth round (Uruguay round)1, time: in September 1986-15 December 1993.2、地点：埃斯特角城， 日内瓦。2, location: AiSiTeJiaoCheng, Geneva3、参加国家数量： 117国3, participate in national quantity: 117 countries4、成果： 通过谈判达成了乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判成果的最后文件；28个协议与协定. 成立WTO。4, results:Through the negotiated the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations results finally file ; 28 agreement and agreement.WTO was established.三、 WTO的核心： 门户开放和市场准入 Three, WTO core:Open door and market access四、成员： 创始成员（75个创始会员） 加入成员。 2008年 ,150个国家和地区 （全世界 224个国家和地区 ）。 2009年7月,154个成员方。 Four, members:Founding member (75 a founding member)Join members.In 2008, 150 countries and regions(the world 224 countries and regions).五、基本原则:非歧视待遇、可预见的和不断扩大的市场准、促进公平竞争、鼓励发展与经济改革Five, basic principles: non-discriminatory treatment, the foreseeable and expanding market quasi, promote fair competition, encourage the development and economic reform六、基本宗旨Six, the basic purpose加强世界经济与贸易的联系与合作，充分开发和利用世界资源，增加生产，增加货物与服务贸易Strengthen the world economic and trade contacts and cooperation, so as to fully develop and utilize the world resources, increase production and increase trade in goods and services通过实施切实有效的计划，以确保发展中国家在国际贸易增长中的份额，适应经济发展的需要Through the implementation of practical and effective plan, to ensure that developing countries in international trade growing share, adapt to the need of economic development通过互惠互利的安排，以便实质性地降低关税，减少其他贸易壁垒，并在国际贸易交往中消除歧视性待遇Through the arrangement of the mutual reciprocity and mutual benefit, so as to substantially reduce tariffs, reduce other barriers to trade, and in the international trade eliminate discriminatory treatment七、世界贸易组织的目标 The world trade organizations goals建立一个完整的、更具活力和永久性的多边贸易体制，以巩固原来的关贸总协定为贸易自由化所作的努力和乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判的所有成果。To establish a complete, more dynamic and permanent multilateral trade system, to consolidate the original gatt for trade liberalization of the efforts of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations and all the achievements.为实现这些目标，各成员应通过互惠互利的安排，切实降低关税和其他贸易壁垒，在国际贸易中消除歧视性待遇。To achieve these goals, the member should through the arrangement of the mutual reciprocity and mutual benefit, and reduce tariffs and other trade barriers, in international trade, eliminate discriminatory treatment.八 从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织，从“临时规则”到正式法人。From gatt to the world trade organization, from temporary rules to the formal legal person. A 法律地位不同 ； B 管辖范围不同； C 承担义务的统一性不同； D 组织机构不同； E 决策方式不同； F 贸易政策审议机制不同； G 争端解决机制不同；A legal status is different;B jurisdiction is different;C the unity of obligations is different;D organization is different;E decision in a different way;F the trade policy review mechanism is different;G dispute settlement mechanism is different;H members different range.九、WTO 主持的新一轮谈判The WTO a new round of negotiations1、自1997亚洲金融危机之后，许多国家的贸易保护主义再次抬头，各种贸易限制措施不