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第一章名词noun一、种类:专有名词和普通名词例如: jerry likes cookies,and his favorite is oreo.(普通名词 )(专有名词)tina wants to be a writer in the future,just like jane austen(普通名词 )(专有名词)(一)专有名词人名: john , linda , einstein国家名、地名、山河名:china , hong kong , the west lake,the great wall机构、报刊:china daily(中国日报) , the unite nations(联合国) 星期几、节日:friday ,national day(国庆节), christmas专有名词的首字母要大写,节假日前不用冠词,江河湖海的名字需要与定冠词the 连 用(二)普通名词1、可数名词:单数名词和复数名词(1 )单数名词用法首字母发音为辅音时,使用不定冠词a, 例如: a dog,a uniform ?ju:n ?f?:m首字母的发音为元音时,使用不定冠词an, 例如: an apple,an hour a? r(2) 复数名词规则变化:直接加 s:snakes,beds,bars元音字母加y 结尾,直接加s:boys,keys,toys以 s,x,sh,ch结尾,加es:buses,boxes,watches辅音字母加y 结尾,变y 为 i 加 es: babies,ladies,flies以 f、fe 结尾,变f、fe 为 v, 加 es:knife-knives;leaf-leaves;wolf-wolves以 o 结尾,表示人物、动植物的单词,加es:potatoes,tomatoes,heroes以 o 结尾,表示无生命体的物体,多数加s:photos , radios , pianos,zoos不规则变化单复数同行:deer,sheep,chinese改变中间元音:goose-geese, tooth-teeth , foot-feet改变词尾: ox-oxen,child-children,man-men,woman-women,mouse-mice注意: roof-roofs,handkerchief- handkerchiefs,scarf-scarfsscarvesfish 用作可数名词时是指鱼的条数,单复数同行two fish ; 指鱼的种类时复数形式为fishes做不可数名词时指鱼肉有的名词总是复数形式,常与复数动词连用,例 如 clothes ,police are ,glass ,scissors(剪刀), trousers (裤子)有些名词的复数形式,通常是把最后一个词变作复数形式,如boy students;但 如 果 man 和woman 位于复合名词的第一部分,两部分都要变成复数。如men drivers,women drivers2、不可数名词用法:不能与不定冠词aan 连用:正确: i need some sugar,salt and flour to make a cake 错误: i need a sugar, a salt and a flour to make a cake 不可数名词在句子中用作单数名词来使用正确: there is some bread on the table错误: there are some bread on the table不可数名词的量可以借助piece ,slice , drop 等单位词来表示paper/bread/furniture:2 pieces of paper/bread/furniture water:2 glasses of watersoap:2 bars of soap rice:2 bowls of rice不可数名词可以用some ,any ,little/a little,much,a lot of来修饰,但是不能用many ,few/ a few正确: jerry has many homeworks today错误: jerry has much homework today对不可数名词量的提问应该用how much ,对可数名词个数的提问应该用how many , 如: the monkey eats 2 kilos of fruit every day二、名词的所有格表示名词与名词之间的一种所属关系,意思为“的”is this linda s umbrella ?no,it isn t.it s peter s.构成:1、 单数名词和不以s 结尾的复数名词后加s the boy s ballthe child s pet children s day women s clothes2、 以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词后面加the boys balls teachers daythe ladies dresses3、 在并列的几个名词后面各加 s,表示物体分别属于某人;在并列的几个名词的最后一个名词后加 s,表示物体为几个人共同拥有的。lucy and lilys pet这只宠物为lucy 和 lily 共 同 拥 有lucy s and lily s pets这些宠物分别属于lucy 和 lily4、“of+ 名词” 一般用来表示无生命的物体间的所属关系,而且也经常可以转化为 s 的格式,如:天空的颜色the color of the sky the sky s color自行车铃the bell of the bicycle the bicycle s bell画框the frame of the picture the picture s frame书的标题the title of the book the book s title5、双重所有格, “of+ 名词所有格 ” ,通常用来表示整体中的一个或部分peter 的一位朋友:a friend of peter smartin 的一些亲戚:some relatives of martin s=some of martin s relatives第二章冠词article冠词是置于名词前,对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词在用法上分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三种。一、不定冠词(a/an )首字母发音为辅音或半元音/j/、/w/ 时,使用不定冠词a, 例如:a dog,a uniform ?ju:n ?f?:m首字母的发音为元音时,使用不定冠词an, 例如: an apple,an hour a? r用法:1、用于可数名词的单数形式,表示“一” : i have a new pencil-box 2、表示一类人或物:an elephant is strong3、第一次提到的人或物:look,a boy is crying in the street.4、表示“每一”的意思,通常在时间或计算单位前:i go swimming once a week固定搭配have a look看一下a lot of许多,大量have a good time玩的愉快a great deal of( +不可数名词)大量take a break休息一下a number of( +可数名词)许多take a walk散步a few( +可数名词)一些in a hurry急匆匆地a little(+ 不可数名词)一些half an hour半小时二、定冠词(the ) 用法:特指某些人或物the man in black is my father.指前面提到过的人或物i have a dog.the dog is white.指谈话双方都知道的人或物what do you think of the film?指宇宙间独一无二的东西the earth goes around the sun. 用于单数名词前表示一类人或事the horse is a useful animal.用于序数词前january is the first month of the year.用于形容词的最高级who is the tallest student in your class?用于方位和位置前at the top/back/bottom ofin the middle of用于某些专有名词前the yangtze riverthe pacific oceanthe alpsthe tianshan mountainsthe yellow seathe west lakethe hawaiian islandsthe new york timesthe british museum the ming dynasty the united nations用于含有普通名词的专有名称the united states of america美利坚合众国the people s republic of china中华人民共和国the summer palace颐 和 园 用于姓氏复数形式前,表示一家人the wangs are having dinner now用于乐器名词前play the piano/the violin/the guitar用于形容词前,表示某一类人,注意后面的动词要用复数the poor穷人the rich富人the sick病人the young should respect the old.固定搭配:make the bed铺床at the beginning of在开始的时候lay the table摆餐具in the end最后on the right/left在右/左边to tell the truth说实话by the way顺便说一下in the morning/afternoon/evening go to the cinema去看电影三、零冠词以下几种情况不用任何冠词一些专有名词前不用加任何冠词:china europe月份、星期、季节前不用加冠词:i like autumn best.一日三餐前不加冠词:all the students have lunch at school.某些节假日前不用加冠词:christmas daynew year s day但我国用festival构成的传统节日通常用定冠词:thespringfestival春节/ the mid-autumn festival.可数名词的复数不用加冠词,表示“一类” : l likes apples表示交通或通讯方式的名词前不加冠词:by bus/car/taxi/train/planeon foot by/radio/telephone/e-mail固定搭配 :go to schoolat school go to townat nightgo to bedat noonat homein hospital第三章数词numeral表示数目多少或顺序如何的词,数词可分为基数词和序数词一、基数词:表示人或物数量的多少1、 1-12 :one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2、 13-19:thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 3、 20-90( 整十数 ):twenty thirty forty fifty seventy eighty ninety4、 21-99 (非整十数) :个位数同1-9,在十位和个位之间加连字号“-”,twenty-onethirty-nineforty-six5、三位数的表示方法:百位和十位(没十位则和个位)之间要加and 345 :three hundred and forty-five107 :one hundred and seven 260 : two hundred and sixty6、四位数以上的数字表达方法:在数字超过四位数时,每三位标一个逗号2,134,543,682billon million thousand十亿百万千2,678:two thousand six hundred and seventy-eight 25,000:twenty-five thousand679,328:six hundred and seventy-nine thousand three hundred and twenty-eight注意: hundred million billion在表示确切数字时,只用其单数形式;在表示不确切数字时要用其复数形式,并与of 短语连用,如hundreds of students成百上千个学生二、序数词:表示顺序,与基数词相比较形式如下基数词序数词说明1one1stfirst1-32two2ndsecond序数词为独立单词3three3rdthird4four4thfourth5five5thfifth6six6thsixth7seven7thseventh8eight8theighth9nine9thninth10ten10thtenth11eleven11theleventh12twelve12thtwelfth13thirteen13ththirteenth14fourteen14thfourteenth15fifteen15thfifteenth16sixteen16thsixteenth17seventeen17thseventeenth18eighteen18theighteenth19nineteen19thnineteenth20twenty20thtwentieth21twenty-one21sttwenty-first29twenty-nine29thtwenty-ninth30thirty30ththirtieth40forty40thfortieth50fifty50thfiftieth4-19 序数词在其数词的词尾加th20-90 整十位数的序数词, 将相应基数词词尾的 y 变成 i,再加eth21-99 非整十数的序数词,由70seventy70thseventieth数词”组成80eighty80theightieth90ninety90thninetieth100onehundred100thone hundredth整百位序数词在hundred加 th9x8=72 nine times eight is seventy-two16 2=8 sixteen divided by two is eight 2、 小数3.14 three point one four或 three point fourteen0.35 (zero) point three five(thirty-five) 3、分数分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词,分子大于1 时,分母加s 表示复数三分之一one third五分之二two fifths 4、年份用基数词,两位一读1998 nineteen ninety-eight2000 two thousand2008 two thousand and eight1905 nineteen o five/nineteen hundred and five 5、倍数或次数的表示法oncetwicethree timesfour times6、年龄的表达表示几岁,用基数词+ years old he is twelve years old表示在年龄时,用at the age of +基数词at the age of six ,she began to learn english 7、半的表达一半: half a/an +名词a half +名词一个半: a/an/one +名词+ and a halfone and a half +名词如: an/one hour and a half或 one and a half hours8、车路、车次、航班次、房间号、楼层、页数等的表示法12 路 车:bus 12/no.12 bus/bus no.12 36 次列车: train 364019 次航班: flight 4019101 房 间 : room 101第 50 页 : page 50第二课: lesson two/the second lesson五楼: floor 5/the fifth floor四、时间和日期的表达方法1、时间表达用基数词,主要有两种方法顺读法1: 20 one twenty6: 35 six thirty-five倒读法不超过三十分钟:分钟+ past +钟点数,表示几点过几分4: 25 twenty-five past four10:13 thirteen past ten超过三十分钟:分钟 past (钟点数 1 ),表示几点差几分7: 55 five to eight11:40 twentyto twelve30 分 用 half , 15 分用a quarter9:30 half past nine5:45 a quarter to six 3、 日期的表达方法日 期 october 1st/oct.1st读作: october(the ) first/the first of october 7 月 18 日 july 18th/jul.18th读作: july( the ) eighteenth/the of july january jan.febuary feb.march mar.april apr.mayjune jun.july jul. august aug. september sep. october oct. november nov. december dec.五、数量词的用法1、 表示长、宽、高、面积等,用基数词单位词(meter foot inch kilogram)形容词( long wide,high)two meters long两米长three feet high三英尺高four inches wide四英尺宽2、 表示时间、距离时,用含有数词的名词所有格形式作定语five minutes walkit s an hours ride from my home to the university3、 由数词和其他名词组成的符合数词,其中的名词用作单数形式,各部分之间用连字符来连接a three-month-old babya five-day holiday注意:复合名词相当于一个形容词用来修饰名词,不能做表语the building is ten meters high this is a ten-meter-high building第四章代词pronoun?pro ?na ?n代词就是代替名词的词,同属名词词性。代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、 反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词一、人身代词第一人称单数第一人称复数第二人称单、复数第三人称单数第三人称复数主格i宾格meweusyouyouhe she ithim her ittheythem用法:主格用作主语、表语i like sport(i作主语 )it was she who helped us a lot(she 用作表语)宾格用作宾语(用于动词和介词的后面)口语中也可作为表语please give me a pen(宾格 me 用于动词give 后 面 ) this present is for her(宾格 her 用于介词for 后面)who s there? it s me(宾格 me 用作表语) 人称代词的顺序单数; you,he/she and i复数 :we,you and theyyou,she and i are in the same school你我她在同一所学校里these apples are for mary and me we,you and they are all from beijingit 的特殊用法it 除了指“事”或“物”的它以外,还常用于指时间、天气、距离、形式主语和形式宾语等what time is it? (it指时间 )it is a fine day today. (it指天气 ) it s hard to say (it作形式主语 )i think it important to keep healthy(it作形式宾语 )二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,有两种 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs名词性物主代词起名词作用,可以单独使用,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词” your shoes are white.mine are black( mine = my shoes)固定搭配:on one s way (to)在某人去的路上of one s own某人自己的do one s homework做某人的作业to one s surprise/joy高兴的是三、反身代词强调的是某人自己,共有八个:myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherself itself themselves用法:用作宾语或介词宾语i finished the work by myself.(myself用作介词by 的宾语 )用作同位语the teacher herself will visit peter s parents.(herself是 the teacher的同位语 )固定搭配:by oneself独自help oneself to随便吃make oneself at home像在自己家一样,别拘束enjoy oneself玩的开心hurt oneself弄伤自己teach oneself自 学 say to oneself自言自语look at oneself in the mirror照镜子四、指示代词表示“这个、那个、这些、那些”指向性的代词this these 指在时间或空间上里说话人较近的人或物that those 指在时间或空间上里说话人较远的人或物this that 指单数名词 these those 指复数名词用法:1、作主语: that is an apple2、作定语: these desks are new问句中有指示代词,在回答时要用人称代词it 代 替 this 和 that,they代 替 these 和 those what s this on the desk? it s a ruler3、电话用语中:this is表示“我是”is that表示“你是吗?”4、that,those常用来代替前面的名词或名词词组,以免重复:the weather in winter in shanghai is much warmer than that in beijing. 5、this,that有时用于代替上文或下文中的一句话或情况:that is why i think english is important to us.the wonderful song goes like this:(这首美妙的歌是这样唱的)五、疑问代词疑问代词主要有which who/whom whose what它们和一些疑问副词如:how when where why等用法类似,放在句首,后面跟一般疑问句句型,构成特殊疑问句which do you prefer,tea or coffee?what color is your new dress?this blue bag is mike s( 对划线部分提问) whose is this blue bag?针对名词性的物主代词mike s 用 whose提问,后面加上一般疑问句句型is this blue bag,构成特殊疑问句。六、不定代词不定代词是不明确代替哪个具体名词的代词。 常用的不定代词有: one ones both all either neither other another none each every some any many much few little还 有 由 some- any- no- every- 合成的不定代词。1、one 和 ones 的用法one 指人或物,表示一个或一个人。可作主语、表语、宾语、定语作主语: one has one s own right to choose作表语: that is the one he is looking for.one 用来代替前面的单数名词,ones 用来代替前面的复数名词,以免重复i lost my old camera;this is a new onered apples often taste better than green ones 2、either neither both all的用法either 指两者中的一个,用单数形式neither两者都否定,一个都没有,用单数形式both 两者全肯定,用复数形式all 指三个、三个以上的人或物,用复数形式either of his parents is a teacher neither of his parents are teachers both of his parents are teachersall of the students are happy on children s day3、the other 和 another 用法the other 表示两者中的另一个another 表示多个中的另一个i have two uncles.one is a policeman,the other is a doctorhere are three apples.one is red,another is green and the third is yellow. 4、others和 the others的用法others 表示别的,另一些,不包含所有其余的the others表示所有其余的after class,some students are talking with each other,others are playing games(可能还有一些学生在做别的事)there are 30 students in our class.16 are boys and the others are girls.(其余指余下的14位)5、some 和 any 的用法some 表示一些,一般用于肯定句中 ;一般疑问句一般不用 some ,只有当表示当表示邀请或期待对方作出肯定回答时才能用 some;some 修饰可数名词单数时,不是“一些”的含义,而是“某个”i have some here.do you have any? would you like some coffee?he s waiting for some friend.他在等某个朋友any 表示一些,用于否定句和一般疑问句中any 用于肯定句,后面修饰可数名词单数时,表示“任一”the teacher likes any student in her class这位老师喜欢她班里的每一位学生6、( a) few 和( a) little 的用法few,little: 几乎没有(否定语气)a few: 一些,少数几个(肯定语气)a little :一点点(肯定语气)few,a few指可数的事物,只能与可数名词复数搭配little,a little指不可数事物,只能与不可数名词搭配let s buy some milk.there is little in the fridge.(我们去买些牛奶吧,冰箱里几乎没有了) he has a few friends.he often plays with them.only quite just still后面只能搭配a few 或 a little, 表示肯定语气7、many 和 much 的用法many 表示许多 ,只能与可数名词复数搭配much 表示许多,只能与不可数名词搭配would you like to have a look at my stamps ? i have many.he doesn t know much about this company. 8、some-,any-,every-,no-合成的不定代词它们可以分别和-thing,-body,-one合成不定代词something表示某事 , 用于肯定句anything表示某事时,用于否定句和一般疑问句;表示任何事时,可用于肯定句everything表示一切事nothing 表示没什么i have something to tell you我有事要告诉你do you have anything to say?你有话要说吗he has nothing to say他 无 话 可 说 everything is ok with me我一切安好第五章介词preposition ?pr?p?z?n介词是一种虚词,必须与名词、代词、动名词、形容词、数词、动词等一起构成句子成分。一、表示时间的介词用 at 的时间短语具体时刻: at 7 o clockat 9:15用餐时间: at lunch timeat tea break节日: at christmasat easter年龄: at ten/at the age of ten其他时间: at noonat night/midnightat that time用 on 的时间短语(主要表示具体某一天,包括某一天的上午、下午或晚上) 星期几: on thursday星期几的上午:on sunday afternoon日 期 : on may 21 st日期的上午:on the morning of january 22nd节日: on childrens day用 in 的时间短语泛指一天的上午、中午或晚上:in the morning月份: in september年份: in 2010季节: in spring/summer/autumn/winter年龄: in her twentiesbefor after in的用法before 表示在某一时间或某件事情之前after 表示在某一时间或某件事情之后in一段时间:表示一段时间之后,用于将来时i always brush my teeth before going to bedmy grandma often takes a walk after supper my uncle will come to my home in two days二、表示空间和方位的介词at,in 的用法at 用于建筑厂、机场、车站等范围较小的地点;in 用于国家、城市等较大范围的地点at homeat schoolat the sports meetat the partyat the airport at the railway stationat the bus stopin the worldin our cityon above over below under的用法on 表示“在上面”,有接触面 ,但不强调是否垂直 the bowls are on the tableabove表示“在上方”, 不接触,但不强调是否垂直there are some birds flying above the tree. over 表示“在 正上方”, 不接触,垂直 there is a bridge over the river.below 表示“在下方”不接触,但不强调是否垂直there is a street below my windowsunder 表示“在的下面” 不接触,垂直there is a football under the deskabove与 below 相 对 , over 与 under 相 对at,by,beside,next,nearat,by,beside均表示“在旁边” next to 表示“紧靠旁 边 ” near 表示“在附近”she sat down at the table and drank the coffee she sat by her motherhe put the umbrella beside the door classroomthe music room is next to ourthere is a supermarket near my homebetween,amongbetween表示在两者之间among表示在三者或三者以上的中间he stood between his two brothers. he sat among his toys.in,toin 表示某事物或某地在一个区域内to 表示某事物或某地相对于另一事物或地方的位置shanghai is in the east of chinajapan is to theeast of china日本在中国的东面there is a photo on the newspaper表示一张照片在报纸的上方there is a photo in the newspaper表 示 报 纸 上 有 张 照 片 there is a bird in the treethere is an apple on the treein front of,in the front ofin front of表示在某一空间外部的前面,反义词为behindin the front of表示在某一空间内部的前面,反义词为at the back of don t stand in front of the busdon t sit in the front of the bus across,throughacross 表示在表面穿过:walk across the roadswim across the river through表示在里面穿过:go through the tunnel穿过隧道三、表示手段和材料的介词by 表示用某种方式,多用于交通lucy always goes to school by bus/in a bus we often keep in touch by e-mailon 表示“以方式”,多用于固定词组they talked on the telephoneshe learns english on the radio/on tvwith 表示用某种工具i often do my homework with a ball pen he broke the window with a stonewith 表示某种工具时,必须用冠词或物主代词draw in pencil/draw with a pencilin 表示用某种材料、语言或穿颜色的衣服she wrote the letter in ink.they talk in english.the boy in black is our monitor.of, from都表示某种材料制成,但是使用of 表示
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