1.History and Mythology

WesternCulture AnIntroduction Chapter1CultureinAncientGreece Contents I BriefIntroductiontoGreeceII DivisionsofAncientGreeceIII TheEarlyPeriodofGreekCivilizationIV TheDevelopmentandEndofGreekCivilizationV GreekCulture I BriefIntroductiontoGreece 1 GeographyofGreece2 TheCradleofWesternCivilization 1 GeographyofGreece asmallcountryinEuropeneartheMediterraneanSeathemainpartisonapeninsulaTherestismadeupofislands ThemountainouslandalsomeantthatitwasdifficulttoinvadeGreeklands TheBalkanMountainsinthenorthandtheMediterraneanSeaformbarriersthatmadeitdifficultforoutsidertoattack 2 TheCradleofWesternCivilization ThecivilizationofancientGreecefloweredmorethan2500yearsagobutitinfluencesthewaywelivetoday 2004Mrs JoanCrick TheLegaciesofAncientGreece architecture philosophy Olympics epics Greekmythology tragedycomedy trialbyjury democracy scientificmethod SocraticMethod theater classification marathon HippocraticOath TheGreeksvaluedbeautyandimagination Theywrotemanystoriesandplaysthatcontinuetobeperformedtoday ThepeopleofancientGreececouldnotfarmmostoftheirmountainous rockyland sotheybecameexcellentsailorswhotraveledtodistantlands TheGreekslearnedthealphabetfromthePhoenicians aseafaringpeoplefrommoderndaySyriaandLebanon OlympicGames FestivalheldinOlympiatohonorZeusEveryfouryears began776B C Onlymen womencouldn twatchOlympianssworenottocheatCalledatrucefromwarWonanolivewreathWinnerswereheroes 2004Mrs JoanCrick OlympicGames Footraces Pancratium Boxing Warrior sRace Wrestling Pentathlon Javelin Discus Messengers Trumpeters II DivisionsofAncientGreece 1PrehistoricandBronzeAgecivilization 史前与青铜时代文明 2GreekDarkAges 希腊黑暗时代 3Archaicperiod 古风时期 或译为古朴时期 4ClassicalGreece 古典希腊 5HellenisticGreece 希腊化时代 1 PrehistoricandBronzeAgecivilization 1 NeolithicPeriod 6000 2900BC neolithic ni li ik 新石器时代2 EarlyBronze 2900 2000BC 3 MinoanAge 克里特文明 2000 1400BC Minoan mi n u n BronzeAgecivilizationcenteringontheislandofCretenamedafterthelegendarykingMinos TheMinotaur main t 米诺陶acreaturewiththeheadofabullonthebodyofamaninGreekmythology partmanandpartbull describedbyRomanpoetOvid HedweltatthecenteroftheCretanLabyrinth l b rin 迷宫 anelaborateconstructionbuiltforKingMinosofCretedesignedbythearchitectDaedalus hissonIcarus Daedalus di d l s 代达鲁斯Icarus aik r s 伊卡鲁斯 TheMinotaurwaseventuallykilledbytheAthenianheroTheseus 忒修斯 i sju s 4 MycenaeanAge 迈锡尼时代 1600 1100BC periodofhighculturalachievementformingthebackdropandbasisforsubsequentmythsoftheheroesnamedforthekingdomofMycenae 2 TheDarkAges 1100 750BC TheperiodbetweenthefalloftheMycenaeancivilizationsandthereadoptionofwritinginthe8thor7thcenturyBC AftertheTrojanWarstheMycenaeanswasweakandatribecalledtheDorianstookover TheDorians 多利安人oneofthethreemaingroupsofpeopleofancientGreecetheothersbeingtheAeolians 伊奥利亚人 andtheIonians ai uni n 爱奥尼亚人 whoinvadedfromthenorthinthe12thand11thcenturiesBC 3 ArchaicPeriod 750 500BC Theageisdefinedthroughthedevelopmentofartatthistime specificallythroughthestyleofpotteryandsculpture showingthespecificcharacteristicsthatwouldlaterbedevelopedintothemorenaturalisticstyleoftheClassicalperiod 4 ClassicalPeriod 500 336BC betweenabout500B C whentheGreeksbegantocomeintoconflictwiththekingdomofPersiatotheeastandthedeathoftheMacedoniankingandconquerorAlexandertheGreatin323B C InthisperiodAthensreacheditsgreatestpoliticalandculturalheights A thefulldevelopmentofthedemocraticsystemofgovernmentundertheAthenianstatesmanPericles p ri kliz 伯利克里 B thebuildingoftheParthenonontheAcropolis Parthenon p in n 帕特农神庙Acropolis kr p lis 雅典卫城 Parthenon C thecreationofthetragediesofSophocles AeschylusandEuripidesD thefoundingofthephilosophicalschoolsofSocratesandPlato 5 HellenisticPeriod 336 146BC betweentheconquestofthePersianEmpirebyAlexandertheGreatandtheestablishmentofRomansupremacy inwhichGreekcultureandlearningwerepre eminentintheMediterraneanandAsiaMinor LaocoonandSonsfromtheHellenisticPeriod Laocoon lei k u n 拉奥孔 ItiscalledHellenistic Greek Hellas Greece todistinguishitfromtheHelleniccultureofclassicalGreece II TheEarlyPeriodofGreekCivilization 1 CretanCivilization2 MycenaeanSocietyandCulturalAchievements III TheDevelopmentandEndofGreekCivilization 1 TheCity States2 TheReformandTyrantRule3 TheCulminationandDeclineofGreekCivilization 1 TheCity States Poli AncientGreecewasnotaunifiednation butacollectionof poli Poliisthepluralofpolis 城邦 awordoftentranslatedascity butapolisismuchmore Acity stateisacitywithitsownlaws rulers andmoney City stateswerecitiesthatactedlikecountries Theword politics isderivedfromtheGreekpolis Sparta aGreekcity stateverypowerfulandhaditsownarmyconqueredothercity statestogainwealthandpower Spartawasapolisthatvaluedphysicalcourage strength andbraveryinwar TheSpartansgavetheircompleteloyaltytothepolis Seven year oldSpartanboyslefttheirhomestotrainassoldiersinmilitarycamps TheSpartanswerenotinterestedinotherwaysoflifeanddidnotwanttobringnewideastotheirpolis Leonidas KingofSparta c 490 480BC notedforhisheroicstandagainstthePersians epitaph 来往的过客啊 请去告诉拉斯地蒙人 说我们忠于他们的嘱托 在这里牺牲 希罗多德 历史 Polis TheGoldenAgeofAthens AthenswasanotherimportantGreekcity state ThepeopleofAthenswantedtorulethemselvesandnothaveakingorqueen ThegeographyofAthens Athensbecametheworld sfirstdemocracyaround508B C Ademocracyisagovernmentinwhichallcitizenscanvoteandhaveequalsayinwhathappens Democracy Greekwordmeaning powerofthepeople Agovernmentwherethepeoplehavetherighttomakedecisionsaboutleadersandlaws AthensdevelopedthefirstdemocracyTheU S governmentisbasedonAtheniandemocracy Pericles PericleswastheleaderofcreatingdemocracyinAthens Hehadmanybuildingsconstructed PericleshadtheParthenonandtheAcropolisbuilt ParthenonandAcropolis Everymanhadasayinwhethertodeclarewarorstayinpeace Basicallyanythingthatrequiredagovernmentdecision allmalecitizenswereallowedtoparticipatein EducationinAthens EducationwasveryimportantinAthens Boyswenttoschooltolearntoreadandwrite Theyalsolearnedmanysports Girlswerenotallowedtogotoschoolorlearntoplaysports TheGreekAlphabet TheGreeksborrowedtheiralphabetfromthePhoenicians MostEuropeanlanguages includingEnglishborrowedideasfromtheGreekalphabet IV GreekCulture 1 GreekMythologyandReligion2 GreekPhilosophy3 Literature4 History5 ArtandScience 1 GreekMythologyandReligion 1 MythologyMyths storiesaboutgods goddessesthatwereusedtoexplaineventsinnature 2 Greekreligionpolytheistic polytheistic p li i istik 多神教的 信奉多神教的 1 Mythology A Whatisamyth B MainStoriesofGreekMythC ThePrincipalGodsandGoddesses A ThePrincipalGodsandGoddesses A Whatisamyth Anunverifiablestorybasedonareligiousbelief Thecharactersofmythsaregodsandgoddesses ortheoffspringofthematingofgodsorgodessesandhumans unverifiable n verifai bl adj 不能证实的 无法检验的 Somemythsdetailthecreationoftheearth whileothersmaybeaboutlove adventure trickery orrevenge Inallcases itisthegodsandgoddesseswhocontrolevents whilehumansmaybeaidedorvictimized Itissaidthatthecreationofmythswerethemethodbywhichancient superstitioushumansattemptedtoaccountfornaturalorhistoricalphenomena B MainStoriesofGreekMyth Inthebeginning wasChaos 混沌 Chaoshadtwochildren Night darkness Erebus death Allwasblack empty silent endless Mysteriously Lovewasbornofdarknessanddeath Andthen WhenLovewasborn orderandbeautybegantoflourish LovecreatedLightandDay Earthwascreated Shewasthesolidground butalsoapersonality TheEarthboreHeaventocoverherandbeahomeforthegods TheFirstParents MotherEarth Gaea Gaia FatherHeaven Ouranos Uranus Theyhadthreekindsofchildren Threemonsterswith100handsand50headsThreecyclopesThetitansThesewerethefirstcharactersthathadtheappearanceoflife althoughitwasunlikeanylifeknowntoman TheTitans TheElderGods Thereweremanyofthem Enormoussize incrediblestrengthCronos Saturn RulerofthetitansRhea WifeofCronosOcean RiverthatencircledtheworldIapetus FatherofPrometheus Epimetheus andAtlas alsotitans 12MajorGods GoddessesofMt Olympus Hera Apollo Artemis Athena Demeter Aphrodite Ares Poseidon Hades Hermes Hephaestus Zeus ThePrincipalGods CronosandRheawereparentsofZeus Jupiter Jove Poseidon Neptune Hades Pluto Hera Juno Hestia Vesta Demeter Ceres OtherOlympiansincludeAthena Minerva Ares Mars Hebe Juventas Hephaestus Vulcan Apollo Apollo Artemis Diana Hermes Mercury Aphrodite Venus Dionysus Bacchus Persephone TheOlympians Zeus 宙斯 kingofgodsandmenRomanName Jupiter alsoJove 朱庇特 SupremegodoftheOlympians Fatheredmanycharactersinmythology Hera hi r 赫拉 天后 RomanName Juno 朱诺 Zeus ssisterandwifeJealousprotectorofmarriagePunishedthewomenZeusfellinlovewith Poseidon p said n 波塞冬RomanName NeptuneGodoftheSeasandWaters 海神 TheEarthshaker Hades RomanName PlutoGodoftheUnderworld DeadKidnappedPersephone Hestia RomanName VestaGoddessofHomePowerfulProtector Athena 雅典娜 RomanName Minerva 密涅瓦GoddessofWisdomandWarSprangfromZeus shead Athena orMinerva Athena l i n PallasAthena Minerva mi n v 雅典娜 密涅瓦 thegoddessofwisdom courage inspiration civilization warfare strength strategy femalearts crafts justiceandskill Minerva Athena sRomanincarnation embodiessimilarattributes SheisthevirginpatronofAthens 雅典城 TheAtheniansbuilttheParthenonontheAcropolis kr p lis ofhernamesakecity Athens inherhonour ThestatuestoodintheParthenon lp in n 帕特农神庙thetempleofMinerva Athena atAthens Thegoddesswasrepresentedstanding Thestatuewasfortyfeetinheightcomposedofivoryandgold Inonehandsheheldaspear intheotherastatueofVictory Nike naiki Herhelmet highlydecorated wassurmountedbyaSphinx Ares 阿瑞斯 RomanName Mars 马尔斯GodofWarSonofZeusandHeraBloodthirst