土木工程外文翻译--建设项目管理.doc

武汉工业学院毕业设计外文参考文献译文本2011届毕业设计译文出处：万方数据库 毕业设计题目：建设项目乙施工组织设计院 （系）土木工程与建筑学院 专 业 名 称 工 程 管 理 学 生 姓 名 魏 磊 学 生 学 号 070602225 指 导 教 师 刘 菁 菁 2011年6月9日18CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENTThis work tries to define and present the characteristics and of project management and construction projects. One can find arguments for the need to use project management in the construction industry and the main management procedures making the essence of construction project management.Key words: project, management, construction, invest1. Project Management - definition, characteristicsProject management is a specialized branch of management appeared in 1950 for coordination and control of complex modern industry. Its emergence and development are mainly related to the initiation and conduct of the NASA space programs, to the competition between nations for supremacy in the military field, to the pressure of the clients who wanted their projects to be completed as soon as possible so that they could recover faster their investment.In the construction industry, project management began to be used only in the latter 20-30 years, but development in this field has been very pronounced whereas corresponds very well to the needs of this industry.Although it appeared in the U.S., project management was quickly apprehended in Europe. The first attempts to standardize practices in the field date from 1979 and belong to an institute in the UK - The Chartered Institute of Building. It has now become, along with other organizations such as Project Management Institute, an organization that certifies both project managers and training programs in the field throughout the world. Also at European level, there have been developed quality procedures for project management, procedures included in ISO standards.Project management includes progressive and logical decision-making processes, an appropriate organization, financial management and effective marketing, a special attention in preparing documents and administrative tasks and application of methods and techniques of traditional management adapted accordingly.Construction Projects management” consists of planning, organizing, coordinating and monitoring of the project, from the beginning to the end, with the aim of achieving customer requirements on producing a viable project, financially and functionally, in compliance with quality standards, costs and implementation deadlines agreed upon. Project management involves setting of benchmarks according to which there shall be established guidelines to be followed, observing the progress in achieving the correct execution of tasks and projects, according to the differences observed between the actual and the planned benchmarks.In order to realize a construction project there must be involved various entities: beneficiary, investor, funding bodies, builder, draftsman, consultants, suppliers of materials and equipment, etc., which requires focus on coordinating and adjusting all the necessary inputs. Thus, the project manager must work predominantly with people from other organizations than the one he belongs to. In such circumstances, his authority is conferred by contract terms and is less direct than that of a regular manager.Project management is conducted, in most cases, by staff belonging to different organizations, closely cooperating to achieve different objectives, often contradictory, of the parties involved.Responsibility for the project management lies, as mentioned, to different organizations, depending on customers preferences and competences and on the nature of the contractual terms between parties. Whether project management is exercised by the client, the designer, the builder or by a specialized independent organization, relevant managerial procedures are largely the same. In order to have an unitary point of view, management methods presented in this work will be approached from the general contractors perspective.2. Construction ProjectThe main subject in the construction projects management is the construction project. The construction project is an entity with limited time of action, designed for achievement, rehabilitation or demolition of a building objective, executing variable and non-standard works in a given period, with a certain budget and in compliance with the agreed quality specifications.A construction project has the following characteristics: it requires the construction of a self-organizational network: the project team; it is temporary, the achievement terms being indicated by contractual provisions; you must meet certain targets relating to time, cost and quality; its result is a building objective (consisting of one or more construction objects); it requires input from several organizations for its achievement, thus leading to potential communication problems and a high potential conflict; it requires major and diversified financial, material and human resources; it requires implementation of activities with complex technological and organizational conditioning; it describes all the peculiarities of the construction process and production.Realizing a construction project means going through several phases that make up the life cycle of the project. In the specialized literature there are various approaches of this matter.Thus, within the methodology O.N.U.D.I. for the development of feasibility studies, the life cycle of the project includes the following phases:I. Pre-investment phases: Identification studies of investments needs and opportunities Previous feasibility studies Feasibility studies Evaluation and decision studiesII. Investment Negotiation and contracting Design Building Putting in serviceIII. OperationalAn other reputable specialist Ronald Mc Caffer (1995) presents the life cycle of the project using the following scheme:PHASE ACTIVITY ACTIVITIESSUCCESSIONInitiation Product identification Definition of the needPreliminary Feasibility studies， Decision to realize the studystrategic and financial planning General design Design and costs estimation Decision to carry out the projectDetailed design Detailed design Starting auction organization or negotiationsContracting Negotiation or auction Conclusion of contractsoffering and contractingBuilding Building Final reception of theworksFinalizing Works finalizing and Designed parametersfinal reception achievementOperation and Operation andMaintenance Maintenance Genesis of a construction project comprises the following steps:A. DefinitionAfter the owner (investor, author, client, beneficiary) has identified the need to realize the construction, he should define requirements and budgetary constraints.Defining the project includes establishing its general characteristics such as: location, size, configuration, performance criteria, equipment needed etc. In this phase the general project is carried out of the future objective, this work being the responsibility of the owner, but he may use a designer.Figure 1. Genesis of a construction projectSource: Mc Caffer, Harris, 1995B. DesignThis phase consists in carrying out previous feasibility studies and feasibility studies, ending, should the beneficiary take the decision to realize the project, with the technical drafting.In practice, if certain types of contractual arrangements, design, supply and construction overlap, the construction being realized as the design progresses.The design can be achieved by the beneficiary, but, as in most cases, he is not a specialist in the field, a specialized designer or consultants are needed (for previous feasibility studies and feasibility studies).C. ContractingThis phase consists in concluding the construction contract.D. Supply and ConstructionSupply refers to ordering and receiving equipment and key materials needed for the project, particularly those having long intervals between orders launching and receipt. Supply may be done by the general contractor, by the customer or by a specialized company hired by the customer.Construction is the process of laying materials and equipment. This involves providing human resources, equipment, materials and overseeing the completion of work.E. Maintenance and repairingAfter putting in operation and designed parameters achievement the construction may require execution maintenance and repairing works. To achieve them, one can use the services of the initial builder (surely during the warranty period) or those of another construction firm, if the beneficiary does not have a specialized department.F. Demolition or conversionAfter expiration of the normal life of the objective or even earlier, if economic or technological reasons requires it, an objective may be demolished or altered. This requires the services of a construction company.CONCLUSIONSFor a project to be built respecting the budget and implementation deadlines, a professional management of operations carried out on site, is needed. The technical complexity, the importance of works realization on due time, constraints related to resources and substantial costs impose thorough planning, programming and controlThe construction process is not a self adjusting mechanism, but it requires coordinated intervention of experts for the activities to be conducted according to the plans. The construction realization can be deeply affected by events that are difficult or impossible to predict. In such changing circumstances, cost and duration are constantly altering and can suddenly deteriorate. An effective management is not only desirable, but is needed in order to achieve a satisfactory final result. Regardless of the contractual arrangement chosen for the construction project realization, the safest way to achieve objectives is to apply a project management system.Two Points on the Cost Management of Engineering ProjectsAbstract-Cost management of engineering projects is an everlasting topic for construction enterprisesHow to manage the cost and what the performance of the cost management is directly relevant to the economic benefits，survival and development of the construction enterprisesTo reduce the engineering cost，we should minimize the material and labor consumption through the whole process and in every aspect of the constructionAnd the root way to enhance the market competitive strength of the construction enterprise is to control all the consumptions influencing the engineering cost within the planned scope The article makes a primary probe into the management of the cost from two aspects：the a11-sided management and the whole life-span cycle management of theEngineering cost. Index Terms-Construction engineering，project management and cost contro1IINTRODUCTIONEngineering project is the cost center of the construction enterprises as well as the main source of the profitsWhen the industry competition is becoming fiercer and the profit making space is becoming smaller, in this situation，the most important thing for a construction enterprise to enhance the market competitive strength is minimizing the material and labor consumption in the construction course to reduce the cost and control all the consumptions influencing the cost within the planned scopeTherefore，a construction enterprise must strengthen the cost management so as to stand still in the fierce competition for further developmentIIALLSIDED COST MANAGEMENT OF THE ENGINEERING PROJECTThe engineering project cost mainly consists of material cost，cost of machine use，labor cost，temporary facility fee.other prime cost and project management feeThe control of these costs involves the cooperation and coordination of such management departments as technology，financematerial， equipmentadministration and logisticsSo cost management must focus on the internal control among each department and whole control of the engineering project and conduct an all-sided management1) To set up and better the cost control systemThe cost control system is a organizing system and management system，whose ultimate objective and major task is cost management，to assign the project manager as the person firstly responsible，and make every one of each management team and construction team engaged in itIn the cost control system，every one from the project manager, technical principal to spot administrator is endowed with a certain task and authority of cost management，and takes on corresponding responsibilities Every one in each administrative level must have a definite understanding of what the management content is, what control aim should be reached and how to control effectivelyThe cost control system should be adjusted and improved timely according to the projects progress and demandIn the meantime, the operational training of the administrative personnel should be paid attention to enhance their professional quality and management level 2) To formulate regulations and standardize the operational behaviorThe effect of the cost control relies largely on the integrity and careful implementation of the administrative systems, especially the segments of material，equipment and management feeMaterial management：Material always accounts for 60 of the engineering cost in the constructionThus material management is the most important in cost management and strict material management system must be established. Material management should start from the purchasingStaple materials should be purchased by the material department，to invite public bidding as much as possible and to reduce the cost by intensive managementRegarding the materials bought by project department themselves，they must know well about the market，price，quality，service，credit and longterm cooperation strategy to choose and decide thesuppliersRigorous verification and examination must be done before signing the contracts and black case work must be rooted outOther segments as material receipt, storage and distribution must be charged by a specific person to reach the material quantity in accordance with the accountThe internal monitoring and restriction in every segment should be focused onEquipment management：Equipment management depart should equip machines in reason according to the engineering quality，construction progress and equipment capacityRenting facilities from outside should be considered from the point of reducing the cost，in way of different lease modes, such as according to the shifts，workload and lease periodRations of equipment maintenance and oil consumption should be drawn and checked monthlySet up maintenance system and organize to implement carefully in order to assure the intact equipment, root out the machine accidents and try hard to reduce the use cost of the machine Administration expense since the flexibility of the management expense is very big, it must be strictly controlled. We should fix a reasonable proportion according to the projects volume to control the total amount and assess item by itemThe establishment of the project administrative team should be effective and not overstaffed to lessen the total expense of the salaryExpenses in working，transportation and business trips must be strictly enforced with saving and adopt the way of expenses handled by each department and rewarding the economizersBusiness expenses should follow the principle of necessity and strictnessStrict examination and approval and reimbursement application system should be set up and the regulated authority cannot be broke through. Finance department should carefully carry out the relevant systems and lead supervisionIIIWHOLE LIFE-SPAN CYCLEMANAGEMENT OF THE ENGINEERING COST The engineering cost control should manage the lifespan cycle of the whole project，not only conducting a simple accounting cost calculation at the end of the program1) Good control before actionAn idea is clear in mind when calculate before take actionBefore carry on a project，we can do a risk forecast，making a risk assessment of the projects feasibility to minimize the risk possibilityMaking use of the functional demand of value engineering，in premise of guaranteed engineering quality，put forth kinds of construction plans，compare andevaluate technologically and economicallyFor example，to cope with the big price increase of the building materials， price discrepancy analysis should be done in the beginning of the project start and then reported to the decision, making departmentBesides，the reliability of the estimation of the project volume should be enhanced as much as possible in the bidding so that the macro-controlled bidding price can guarantee the successful bidding as well as the cost and reasonable profit Based on the functional analysis of project and capability analysis of materials，we strive to use lowprice materials，by changing the proportion and using additive to decrease the material consumption expenseThrough setting up a data base of subcontractors and material suppliers, choose suitable suppliersAlso we can make bidding，comparing different suppliers to choose the supplier who has strong economic strength，spot management experience，good technologies and experienced workers as well as qualified products, assured delivery and good creditAt the same time，we should use program evaluation and review technique to reach a favorable collocation of the production factorsWe should check and compare time