高三英语(人教版)第二轮复习专题讲座讲座六阅读理.doc

欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 子 新课标高三英语（人教版）第二轮复习专题讲座第六讲 阅读理解1高考阅读理解的解题技巧阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，考试大纲提出了明确的要求：“要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。”高考英语阅读理解也围绕这一要求来命题，基本上可分为五类：1细节判断题；2猜测词义题；3主旨大意题；4推理引申题；5篇章结构题。下面以2004、2005、2006年全国统一高考英语科试题为例来分析上述五种试题的命题特点、具体要求以及解题技巧和方法。第一节 细节判断题解题技巧普通高中英语课程标准中达到英语学科的高中毕业要求为七级，其有关阅读最基本的要求是：“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：细节判断。这类题在高考阅读理解题中占一定的比例，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。细节判断题题干常见的问句形式多种多样。如：Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following statements is NOT true?Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?Which of the following is NOT considered as ?According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for ?How many ？What/who/when/where/how/why ?做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分、分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。这类细节性问题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过简单的数学运算确定时间、距离、次数、数量等；有的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。例如：（注：本书例题练习中选用全国各地高考题均保留原题号）（05全国卷II B篇）The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.“My grandmothers didnt do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,” said Emily Comette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers(生育高峰期出生的人), and the same people who refused their parents way of being young are now trying a new way of growing old.If you take into consideration feminism(女权主义), a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable(必然的). In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple(紫色的) clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and light purple clothing.“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesnt go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.“The point of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,” Cooper said. “Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.” This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. “Were a ladies play group. It couldnt be more simple,” added Coopers assistant Joe Heywood.47Who set up the Red Hat Society ?AEmily Comette.BEllen Cooper.CJenny Joseph. DJoe Heywood.48Women join the Red Hat Society because .Athey want to stay young Bthey would like to appear more attractive Cthey would like to have fun and live for themselves Dthey want to be more like their parents 解析：这两题都是细节判断题。和47题相关的信息句是文中的：“The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesnt go.” said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. 理解了这句话，我们不难得出答案B。 通过浏览我们了解了“the Red Hat Society”这个社团的性质和作用，再结合信息句 “Enter the Red Hat Society a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.”，我们很容易得出48题正确答案为C。（05 福建卷 A 篇）Paul Zindels death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindels autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindels books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.56Which of Paul Zindels books was the most popular with young adults in the 20th century?AThe Pigman.BThe Doom Stone.CThe Pigman and Me.DThe Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.57Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?AHis books were widely read by children.BHis books were interesting and helpful to adults.CHe made great contributions to contemporary literature.DHe wrote a number of horror books for young adults.58When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize?AIn 2002BIn 2003CBetween 1967 and 1992DBetween 2002 and 200359Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.a.The Pigman and Me was one of the Best Books for teenagers.b.Zindel was one of the earliest writers who wrote for adults only.c.The Doom Stone and Rats are not popular with young adults.d.Zindel was given four prizes for literature before he died.e.At least eight of Zindels books were very popular in his times.Ac, d, eBa, b, cCa, b, dDa, d, e解析：这四题都是细节判断题。56、57、58三题, 只要我们根据题干的问句找到信息源，很快就能找到正确答案分别是：A、C、A，做第59题时我们要对五个陈述作出正误判断，b、c两个说法是错误的，因此，正确答案为D。下面请同学们实战演练上述方法和技巧。【实战演练练习一】（05北京卷 A 篇）ChancesI really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career（职业）.I wasnt an excellent student because I didnt do much schoolwork. In my final term I started thinking what I might do and found I didnt have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasnt the type to have a career.I then found myself a job. Looking after two little girls, It wasnt too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in, so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, shed give me time off the next. But unfortunately, it didnt often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, and met Megan who used to go to school with me, I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification（资格证书）if I wanted to work with children. I didnt think I would be accepted because I didnt take many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local college and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.Now Ive got a full time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you arent top of the class at school.56What is the authors present job?AWorking part time in a college.BTaking care of children for a family.CHelping children with their schoolwork.DLooking after children at a kindergarten.57When staying with the two girls family, the author .Awas paid for extra workBoften worked long hoursCgot much help from her bossDtook a day off every other week58Why did the author leave her first job?AShe found a full time job.BShe was fed up with children.CShe decided to attend a part time course.DShe needed a rest after working extra hours.【实战演练练习二】（05湖南卷 A 篇）We were on tour a few summers ago, driving through Chicago, when right outside of the city, we got pulled over. A middle-aged policeman came up to the car and was really being troublesome at first. Lecturing us, he said,“You were speeding. Where are you going in such a hurry?” Our guitarist, Tim, told him that we were on our way to Wisconsin to play a show. His way towards us totally changed. He asked, “Oh, so you boys are in a band（乐队）？”We told him that we were. He then asked all the usual band questions about the type of music we played, and how long we had been at it. Suddenly, he stopped and said, “Tim, you want to get out of this ticket, dont you?” Tim said,“Yes.” So the officer asked him to step out of the car. The rest of us, inside the car, didnt know what to think as we watched the policeman talk to Tim. Next thing we knew, the policeman was putting Tim in the back of the police car he had parked in front of us. With that, he threw the car into reverse（倒车），stopping a few feet in back of our car. Now we suddenly felt frightened. We didnt know if we were all going to prison, or if the policeman was going to sell Tim on the black market or something. All of a sudden, the policemans voice came over his loudspeaker. He said, “Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time ever, we have Tim here singing on Route 90”Turns out, the policeman had told Tim that the only way he was getting out of the ticket was if he sang part of one of our songs over the loudspeaker in the police car. Seconds later, Tim started screaming into the receiver. The policeman enjoyed the performance, and sent us on our way without a ticket. 56The policeman stopped the boys to .Aput them into prisonBgive them a ticketCenjoy their performanceDask some band questions57The policeman became friendly to the boys when he knew they .Ahad long been at the bandBplayed the music he lovedCwere driving for a showDpromised him a performance【实战演练练习三】（06江西卷 B 篇）Buster Biown was a thiefand a good one, too, he thought. Hed never been caught by the police because he never took chances. He was always prepared for any unforeseenf event or emergency.Confidently, he stood outside the house of his intended victim(受害者) and read the sign on the front gate of the house. “Dont worry the dogbe aware of the owner!” it said. Buster smiled and found his way in.The house looked quite normal outside, but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display. As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged its tail madly and went over to him, licking his outstretched hand. “Good boy,” Buster whispered. “What a great guard dog you aretrying to lick me to death.”Satisfied hed made friends with the dog, Buster began to wander round the house, choosing items to put in his bag. His skilled eye picked out only the best antiques (古董): a pair of silver candle holders, a silver tea-and-coffce service, etc . His new friend, the dog , sat and watched, as if wondering what was happening.“Well, boy,” Buster whispered finally. “That might do. Any more and I wont be able to carry it ! ” Her swung the heavy bag onto his shouiders, just as the lights came on, nearly blinding him . He shielded his eyes with his hand.“You re a very silly person,” the figure in the doorway said, his voice dry as dust. As the man came closer, Bustor could see he was well dressed. His face seemed familiar, but Buster couldnt quite sure where he had seen him before.“You should have taken more notice of the sign outside.” The man rasped, “I knew about this attempted robbery Iast week and I also know you will end up behind bars for 20 years. Fancy trying to rob the house of the world s greatest fortune-teller!”60 Why was Buster so confident?A. He was not afraid of dogs. B. He knew the owner of the house lived alone.C. He had never been caught by the police.D. The house had no security alarm.61 Which of the definitions id closest in meaning to the word “exoticc” in the 3rd paragraph?A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expenaive.C. Comfortable and calming D. Foreign and unusual62 How did Buster decide wlich objects to take?A. He took those the were easy to carry in his bag.B. He took only the best antiques.C. He took those that he knew he could sell easily.D. He looked for silver objects. 63 What punishment waits for Buster Brown?A. A prison sentence with hard labour.B. A long prison sentence.C. A heavy fine D.Community service for 20 years.第二节 猜测词义题解题技巧在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。这种题常见的提问方式有：The word “” in paragraph can best be replaced by .The underlined word “” most probably means .By saying “”, the author means The expression “” is closest to According to the passage, the phrase “” suggests The underlined part “ ” (in Para. ) means .做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索：一 针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1 根据定义（definition）猜测词义 如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例如：（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。（04 浙江卷B段）Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.由定义我们可以推断这里 Green building 指的是什么。2根据复述推测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”（意义范围）。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。 同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等。 例如：（05浙江卷B段）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。 定语从句复述：例如：（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .According the passage, The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the valleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food 通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。2 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例如：（04 辽宁卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。二 内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。1 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests 根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。2 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。3 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例如：（05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.Afull of respect Btoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet 根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。（05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。4 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如：（05 江苏卷E段）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means . AsimpleBmixedCsadDhappy句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：B。（04 湖北卷C段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。三 通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1 根据前缀猜测词义例如：（05江西卷E段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。