初中英语名词语法及练习(最新、最全、有答案).doc

一、 名词的种类与用途专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词France法兰西Mrs Smith史密斯夫人 Tom汤姆dog狗man男人table桌子crowd人群group组swarm大群team队beauty美丽 charity慈善courage勇气 fear恐惧joy快乐rice, water, cotton作动词的主语：Tom arrived汤姆到了。作be，become，seem等系动词的表语：Tom is an actor汤姆是个演员。作动词的宾语：I saw Tom我看到了汤姆。作介词的宾语：I spoke to Tom我跟汤姆说话。名词也可以所有格形式出现：Toms books汤姆的书二、名词的复数1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用刀（knife）和一捆（sheaf）树叶（leaf）把狼（wolf）劈成了两半（half），结束了其（itself）生命（life）。小精灵（elf）和菜牛（calf）吃书架（bookshelf）上的面包块（loaf）。加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：two dollars，two meters3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents。若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff。不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party。如crew，family，team等用单数或复数动词都可以。当这个词表示的是一个群体或单位，可用单数动词：当它表示的是这个队的所有成员，就用复数动词。6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如：make friends with (与交朋友)，shake hands with (与握手)7以s结尾，仍为单数的名词maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。8表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans。the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如：The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen9合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friendsbreakins入室盗窃无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches。hangers-on食客，奉承者，lookers-on旁观者，runners-up（在赛跑中）第二的人，亚军将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants，women drivers女司机首字母缩写词也可有复数形式VIPs（very important persons）贵宾，UFOs（unidentified flying objects）不明飞行物三、不可数名词1、各种物质的统称：bread面包，beer啤酒，cloth布，coffee咖啡，cream奶油，dust尘土，glass玻璃， gold黄金，ice冰，jam果酱，oil油，paper纸，sand沙，soap肥皂，stone石头，tea茶，water水，wine葡萄酒，wood木头2、抽象名词：advice忠告主意，beauty美丽，漂亮，courage勇气，death死亡，experience经验，fear担心，help帮助，hope希望，horror恐惧，information消息信息，knowledge知识， mercy仁慈，pity同情，relief救济，work工作3、在英文中下列名词也是不可数名词：baggage行李，camping露营，damage损害，furniture家具，luggage 行李，parking停车，shopping购物，weather气候4、不可数名词没有复数形式，不能和aan一起连用：I dont want（any） advice or help我不需要任何忠告或帮助。I want（some）information我想得到一些信息。He has had no experience in this sort of work他干这种活没经验。这些名词前往往加some（一些），any（任何），no（没有），a little（少许）等词，或加名词bit（一点儿），piece（片），slice（一部分）等+of结构：a bit of news一件消息，a cake of soap一块肥皂，a drop of oil一滴油，a grain of sand一粒沙子，a piece of advice一条忠告，a pot of jam一罐果酱，a sheet of paper一页纸experience指某人的经历时是可数名词：He had an exciting experiencesome exciting experiences（adventures）last week上星期他有一次一些激动人心的经历。work指职业就业工作时是不可数名词：He is looking for workfor a job他在求职找一份工作。works（只有复数形式）可意为“工厂”或“机器的运转部分”。works（通常用复数形式）指文学或音乐作品：Shakespeares complete works莎士比亚全集5. 不可数名词的转化 (1) 物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：glass (玻璃) a glass (一个玻璃杯)，tea (茶) two teas (两杯茶)，ice (冰) three ices (三个冰淇淋)。 (2) 抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：beauty (美丽) a beauty (一个美人)，youth (青春) a youth (一个青年)。 (3) 表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：a room (一个房间) room (空间)，a chicken (一只小鸡) chicken(鸡肉)。 四、名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my unclesHes going to the dentists他去牙科诊所了。We had lunch at Bills我们在比尔家吃了午饭。复合名词是在最后一个词之后加s以构成其所有格形式my brother-in-laws guitar我姐/妹夫的吉他the PMs（Prime Ministers）secretary首相的秘书2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西（人、国家或动物），尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed4. 双重所有格双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：He is a friend of your fathers. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个) 。He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好) 五、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)六、部分名词用法辨析1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛) 2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) 4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音) 5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 theChinese, aChinese, twoChinese 瑞士人 theSwiss, aSwiss, twoSwiss 澳大利亚人theAustralians, anAustralian, twoAustralians 俄国人 theRussians, aRussian, twoRussians意大利人 theItalians, anItalian, twoItalians 希腊人 theGreek, aGreek, twoGreeks 法国人 theFrench, aFrenchman, twoFrenchmen 日本人 theJapanese, aJapanese, twoJapanese 美国人 theAmericans, anAmerican, twoAmericans 印度人 theIndians, anIndian, twoIndians 加拿大人 theCanadians, aCanadian, twoCanadians 德国人 theGermans, aGerman, twoGermans 英国人 theEnglish, anEnglishman, twoEnglishmen 瑞典人 theSwedish, aSwede, twoSwedes判断对错1、误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.2、误Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.3、误My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.4、误I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses眼镜，shoes鞋，trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：5、This pair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoozoos,pianopianos.6、误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。7、误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.8、误I want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。9、误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.10、误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.11、误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。12、误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat.13、误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.14、误Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth例： Ill tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.15、误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes walk.16、误Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林17、误There is a flowers garden behind my house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。18、误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。19、误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。20、误I offered my son my congratulation on his success.正I offered my son my congratulations on his success.析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.21、误We have five German in this meeting.正We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。22、误There are two As in this word.正There are two As in this word.析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，则要用s即As，Is23、误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s24、误We have many woman teachers in our school.正We have many women teachers in our school.析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是boy student则变为boy students25、误Physics are very difficult to learn.正Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)26、误There is a people in the room.正There is a person in the room.正There is a man in the room.析people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。27、误Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)28、误I paid five pennies for the sweet.正I paid five pence for the sweet.析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。29、误There are many fruit in the shop.正There are many fruits in the shop.析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。30、误There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car. It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s如：Marys car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s如：girl friend girl friends someone elsesomeone elses a week or threea week or threes如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Marys and Jones homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。31、误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.正It is really beautiful. It is a Natures work.析无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 表示长度的词：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds weight价格名词：two dollarsworth拟人化的名词：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the universitys library32、误He is an old friend of my father.正He is an old friend of my fathers.析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Toms.33、误My father is a good cooker.正My father is a good cook.析一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)teacher(老师),think(想)thinker(思想家),drive(开车)driver(司机),sell(卖)seller(卖物者)但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。34、误The young is dancing there.正The young are dancing there.析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。35、误The stories of the book was written many years ago.正The stories of the book were written many years ago.析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。36、误This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary.正This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.析o