智能型充电器的电源和显示的设计外文文献.doc

毕业设计（论文）外文文献 题 目：智能型充电器的电源和显示的设计院 （系）： 自动控制系 专 业： 工业自动化 姓 名： 指导老师： 填表日期： 2015年12日 The design of the lithium battery chargerIntroductionAccording to the size, weight and energy storage advantages of lithium ion rechargeable battery is being used in many applications. These batteries have been considered for the application of the preferred battery in portable computer, displacing NiMH and NiCad batteries, and cellular phones are quickly become the second major lithium battery market. The reason is obvious. Lithium ion batteries offer many advantages to the end consumer. In portable computers, lithium ion batteries in the same conditions and the size and weight of cases than NiCad and NiMH can provide more lasting power. The same advantages are true for cellular phones. A phone can be made smaller and lighter if using Li ion batteries so without sacrificing battery life. When the lithium ion battery costs down, even more applications will This will change to a lighter and smaller technology. As consumers continue to demand the convenience, indicating that the market trend of recharging a continual growth in all the cells. According to the market data show that approximately about two hundred million batteries will be lithium ion to be shipped in 1997 when compared with 600 million NiMH batteries. However, it is important to note that the electric core electric core three NiMH equivalent to a lithium ion when packaged into a battery pack. Therefore, the actual volume of the two is very close to the same year also marked the first.1997 yearli ion battery type used in the majority of portable computers, displacing NiMH for the top spot. The data show that in 1997 the European and Japanese batteries market showed a shift to lithium Ion in the application of the majority of phones. Lithium ion batteries is an exciting battery technology must be to a high degree of attention. To understand these new batteries, this design guide explains these principles, the charging requirements and circuits to meet these needs.With the advent of handheld appliances more and more, the high performance, small size, light weight of the battery charger is also increasing demand. Continued progress in battery technology also requires charging algorithm more complex to achieve rapid and safe charging. Therefore need to be monitored more precisely on the charging process to shorten the charging time. The maximum capacity of the battery, and to prevent damage to the battery.AVR is a step ahead in the competition, proved to be perfect the next generation charger control chip.Atmel AVR microprocessor is currently on the market can provide Flash with single, 8 of the most efficient RISC EEPROM and 10 ADC microprocessors. Since the program memory for Flash therefore, you can not like MASK ROM, there are several software versions of several models on the stock.Flash can be programmed before delivery, or after the PCB mount through ISP For programming, allowing the software update for.EEPROM can be used to save calibration coefficient and battery parameters at the last minute, such as the preservation of charging records can provide sufficient precision to improve the actual use of the battery capacity.10 A/D converter, the charge after the capacity is closer to its maximum capacity. While the other scheme in order to achieve this goal that may require external ADC, not only occupy PCB space, but also improve the 8 bit microprocessor.AT90S4433 reference design system of the cost of.AVR is a high-level language unique needle object C the current design is to use C to write the instructions in a high-level language for software design is the design of a simple.C code like how it is easy to adjust to fit the current and future battery. But the ATtiny15 reference design is written in assembly language, to achieve the maximum code density.Modern consumer appliances mainly use the following four kinds of batteries: 1 sealed lead acid battery (SLA) 2 nickel cadmium battery (NiCd) 3 nickel hydrogen battery (NiMH) 4 lithium battery (Li-Ion) In the correct choice of battery and charging algorithm need to know the background knowledge of these batteries.Sealed lead-acid battery (SLA) sealed lead-acid battery is mainly used for the occasions of the cost is more important than the space and weight, such as ups and alarm system backup battery.SLA battery with constant voltage charging, supplemented by current limit to avoid in the charging process of early battery overheating. As long as the battery cell voltage does not exceed manufacturer provisions (typical values to 2.2V), SLA batteries can be unrestricted charging.The battery of NiCd battery of NiCd currently in use was very common. Its advantages are relatively cheap, easy to use; drawback is self discharge rate is relatively high. Typical NiCd batteries can be recharged up to 1000 times. Failure mechanism is mainly polarity reversal. In the battery pack in the first is complete discharge of single element will reverse. In order to prevent damage to the battery pack, the need to continuously monitor the voltage. Once a unit voltageDown to 1.0V it is necessary to shut down the.NiCd battery in a constant current way to charge.Nickel hydrogen battery (NIMH) in lightweight handheld devices such as mobile phones and hand-held camera, and so on Ni MH battery is used most widely. The capacity of the battery NiCd. Due to overcharge can cause the failure of NiMH battery, in the charging process of precise measurement is very important to stop at the right time. And NiCd batteries, polarity reversal when the batteries will.NiMH battery self discharge rate is about 20% / month. And NiCd battery, NiMH battery for constant current charging damage.Lithium battery (Li-Ion) compared with other cells described in this article, the lithium battery has the highest energy / energy / weight ratio and volume ratio. The lithium battery charge with constant voltage and current should be limited to avoid overheating of the battery charging process at the beginning. When the minimum electric current down to the manufacturers set when we need to stop charging. Charging will cause damage to the battery, or even an explosion. The safety of the battery charging modern quick charger (usually one hour full charge, the battery can be in less than 3 hours) need to be able to unit voltage, charge current and battery temperature are measured accurately, at the same time the full power to avoid the overcharge damage. Charging method for SLA batteries and lithium batteries for constant voltage current limiting method; charging method of NiCd battery and NiMH battery for constant current method, The judgment method of different stop charging has several. The maximum charge current maximum charge current and battery capacity (C). The maximum charging current of the battery capacity to tend to the numerical representation. For example, the battery capacity is 750 mAh, the charging current is 750 mA, the charging current is 1C (1 times the battery capacity) if the trickle charge current is C/40, then the charging current for the battery capacity divided by 40 is overheated battery charging power transmission to the battery energy in the chemical reaction process. The preserved. But not all electrical energy conversion to chemical energy in the battery. Some electrical energy turns into heat energy a, heating effect on the battery. When the battery is full, if it continues to charge, then all the energy will be transformed into heat. The battery fast charging the battery which will enable rapid warming, if not promptly stop charging the battery will cause the loss of Therefore, it is very important to monitor the temperature and stop the charging in time when designing the battery charger.Stop charging discriminant battery method different applications and work environment limits the of judgment to stop charging method of choice. Sometimes, the temperature is not easy to be measured, but can be measured voltage, or other circumstances. This paper to voltage change rate -dV/dt basic judgment stop charging method, and with the temperature and absolute voltage value for assistance and backup. But below the hardware support described in this article about all methods.T - time this is the easiest way to decide when to stop charging. The backup plan is usually used for fast charging. Sometimes, it is also used as a basic solution for a common charge (16 - 14 hours).V - voltage when the voltage exceeds the limit stop charging. Usually with constant current charging with the use of. Maximum current is determined by the battery, usually. In order to prevent the charging current is too large to battery overheating. At this time limited current is very critical. This method is lithium battery of the charge and stop project. The actual lithium battery charger often after up to a maximum voltage also continue to for the second phase of the charging, in order to achieve 100% of the battery capacity. For the battery of NiCd and NiMH battery, this can be as reserve judgment stop charging scheme.-dV/dt - voltage change rate of the judge to stop charging method using the negative voltage change rate. For certain types of batteries, when after the battery is fully charge will lead to voltage drop. At this time the scheme was very fit. This method is commonly used for constant current charging, applicable to the fast charge of the battery of NiCd and NiMH batteries.I - current when the charge current is less than a preset value, it is normally used for a constant voltage charging method. It is suitable for SLA batteries and lithium batteries.T - temperature absolute temperature can be used as the basis for the NiCd battery and NiMH battery to stop charging, but it is more suitable as a backup solution.DT/dt - the rate of temperature rise can be used as a basis for stopping charging. Please refer to the battery manufacturers specification (NiCd 1oC/min), which is suitable for the NiMH battery NiCd battery.DT - beyond the environment temperature of the temperature value when the battery temperature and the environment temperature difference over a limited need to stop charging. This method can be as NiCd battery and battery of SLA stop charging scheme. In cold environment when charging the method than the absolute temperature determination method is better by in most systems often only a temperature probe, had no choice but to charge before the temperature as the environment temperature.DV/dt = 0 - zero voltage difference this method is very similar to the -dV/dt method, and the voltage will not increase the case more accurately. It is suitable for NiCd battery and NiMH battery.This reference design fully realize the battery charger is designed with the latest technology, can be of various popular battery fast charging without modifying the hardware, and around a single hardware platform for the realization of a complete product charger series. Only need the new charging method of ISP download to the flash memory of the processor can get new types. Obviously, this method can greatly shorten the new product launch time and require only a kind of hardware of stock. The design provides a complete for SLA, NiCd, NiMH and Li ion battery of library functions.锂电池充电器的设计介绍根据其尺寸，重量和能量储存优点，锂- 离子可再充电电池正在被用于许多的应用领域。这些电池已经被考虑为优先的电池于手提式计算机的应用,移置 NiMH 和 NiCad电池,而且行动电话正在飞快地成为锂电池的第二个主要的市场。 理由是明显的。 锂- 离子的电池提供很多的好处对与终端消费者。 对于手提式计算机来说,锂- 离子电池在相同条件和大小并减少重量的情况下能够提供比 NiCad 和 NiMH更为持久的电力。 相同的优点对于蜂窝电话更是真实的。一个电话能被做得更小和更轻如果使用李- 离子的电池的话而不牺牲续航时间。 当锂- 离子的电池费用降下来的话,甚至更多的应用将会转变到这一个更轻巧和更小巧的技术上来。当消费者一直要求方便的时候，市场的趋势表明一个持续不断的增长在所有的可再充电的电池中。 根据以前市场的资料大约在 1997年的时候表明大约二亿个锂-离子电芯将会被装船运送,相比较于 600 百万 个NiMH的电芯 。 然而,有必要说明的是三个NiMH 的电芯相当于一个锂- 离子的电芯在被包裹为电池包装的时候。 因此，真实的体积对两者来说是非常接近一样的。1997年也被标记为第一年锂- 离子作为电池类型用于在大多数的手提式的计算机中, 移置 NiMH 为高端领域中。 资料显示1997年在欧洲和日本电池电芯市场表现出一个变化对于锂- 离子在多数的电话的应用中。锂- 离子的电池是一种令人兴奋的电池技术必须给于高度的关注。要想 了解这些新的电池，这设计引导者解释这些原则，要价需求以及符合这些需求的线路。随着越来越多的手持式电器的出现，对高性能、小尺寸、重量轻的电池充电器的需求也越来越大。电池技术的持续进步也要求更复杂的充电算法以实现快速、安全的充电。因此需要对充电过程进行更精确的监控，以缩短充电时间、达到最大的电池容量，并防止电池损坏。AVR 已经在竞争中领先了一步，被证明是下一代充电器的完美控制芯片。Atmel AVR 微处理器是当前市场上能够以单片方式提供Flash、EEPROM 和10 位ADC的最高效的8 位RISC 微处理器。由于程序存储器为Flash，因此可以不用象MASK ROM一样，有几个软件版本就库存几种型号。Flash 可以在发货之前再进行编程，或是在PCB贴装之后再通过ISP 进行编程，从而允许在最后一分钟进行软件更新。EEPROM 可用于保存标定系数和电池特性参数，如保存充电记录以提高实际使用的电池容量。10位A/D 转换器可以提供足够的测量精度，使得充好后的容量更接近其最大容量。而其他方案为了达到此目的，可能需要外部的ADC，不但占用PCB 空间，也提高了系统成本。AVR 是目前唯一的针对象 “C”这样的高级语言而设计的8 位微处理器。AT90S4433 参考设计就是用 “C”写的，说明用高级语言进行软件设计是多么的简单。C 代码似的此设计很容易进行调整以适合当前和未来的电池。而ATtiny15 参考设计则是用汇编语言写的，以获得最大的代码密度。现代消费类电器主要使用如下四种电池：1 密封铅酸电池 (SLA)2 镍镉电池 (NiCd)3 镍氢电池(NiMH)4 锂电池(Li-Ion)在正确选择电池和充电算法时需要了解这些电池的背景知识。密封铅酸电池(SLA) 密封铅酸电池主要用于成本比空间和重量更重要的场合，如UPS和报警系统的备份电池。SLA 电池以恒定电压进行充电，辅以电流限制以避免在充电过程的初期电池过热。只要电池单元电压不超过生产商的规定( 典型值为2.2V)， SLA 电池可以无限制地充电。镍镉电池(NiCd) NiCd电池目前使用得很普遍。它的优点是相对便宜，易于使用；缺点是自放电率比较高。典型的NiCd 电池可以充电1,000 次。失效机理主要是极性反转。在电池包里第一个被完全放电的单元会发生反转。为了防止损坏电池包，需要不间断地监控电压。一旦单元电压下降到1.0V 就必须停机。NiCd 电池以恒定电流的方式进行充电。镍氢电池(NiMH) 在轻重量的手持设备中如手机、手持摄象机，等等镍氢电池是使用最广的。这种电池的容量比NiCd 的大。由于过充电会造成NiMH 电池的失效，在充电过程中进行精确地测量以在合适的时间停止是非常重要的。和NiCd 电池一样，极性反转时电池也会损坏。NiMH 电池的自放电率大概为20%/ 月。和NiCd 电池一样，NiMH 电池也为恒定电流充电。锂电池 (Li-Ion) 和本文中所述的其他电池相比，锂电池具有最高的能量/ 重量比和能量/ 体积比。锂电池以恒定电压进行充电，同时要有电流限制以避免在充电过程的初期电池过热。当充电电流下降到生产商设定的最小电流时就要停止充电。过充电将造成电池损坏，甚至爆炸。电池的安全充电现代的快速充电器( 即电池可以在小于3 个小时的时间里充满电，通常是一个小时) 需要能够对单元电压、充电电流和电池温度进行精确地测量，在充满电的同时避免由于过充电