借助桥梁过渡词 书写畅意小篇章.doc

借助桥梁过渡词 书写畅意小篇章【案例背景】听、说、读、写为英语教学中四个基本技能，其中“写”的技能具有很强的综合性。然而，对大多数学生来讲，中考英语中的书面表达是很令他们头疼的一道题目。因为英语写作不仅需要学生通过掌握足够的词汇量将这些词汇组成一个符合语法要求，合乎英语表达式习惯的句子，而且要求句和句之间还要有彼此逻辑性。通过句子间相互清晰逻辑关系，使整个段落结构显得紧致、凝练而不松散。那么中学生书面表达又是处于怎样的现状呢？通过批阅学生平时书面表达练习，笔者不难发现对于那些已经能够写出符合语法要求、合乎英语表达习惯句子的学生来说，他们的书面表达得分仍然是不高的，究其原因，是因为尽管他们能够写出正确句子学生，但是那些句子间的结构比较松散、逻辑不够清晰，读者无法把握前后句子到底是什么样的关系。下面一篇学生平时书面练习就是一篇典型的逻辑不清晰、结构松散的段落。Beijing is a good place to travel. There are lots of places of interest. People there are friendly. All things are inexpensive. You can go shopping and buy lots of things for yourself. 上面出现的5个句子间到底是什么关系呢？原因关系？结果关系？目的关系？转折关系？主次关系？总分关系作者并没有给读者理清句子间的关系。那么如何才能写出逻辑清晰、结构凝练的段落呢？根据笔者教学经验，恰当运用英语中的过渡词来串联句子，无疑是使句子间、段落间逻辑清晰、结构凝练的好手段之一。为让学生意识连过渡词在写作过程中的重要性，同时也为让学生掌握习作中最常用的过渡词，笔者特意设计如下课题：A writing strategy: using transitional words，以期解决实际教学问题。【案例描述和意图分析】本案例共有四个部分：片段一：感知过渡词Step1: 课前，笔者给学生们播放他们非常熟悉且喜欢的美国当红歌星泰勒.斯威夫特的歌曲爱情故事。T： Do you know the pretty lady? Where is she from? Whats the name of the song? Ss：She is Taylor Swift. Its name is Love Story. She is from America. （设计意图：结合学生的兴趣和已有知识，热身引入。）T: Whats the song about?Ss: about love between a man and a woman; the womans father asked the man to stay away from her.（设计意图：进一步深化问题， 在学生思考后， 为本阶段教学目标的输出做铺垫。）关于最后一个问题，学生的回答是零零星星的。在学生答完之后，笔者打出下面的PPT，并把其中的过渡词用红色加粗，并且在同学生一起朗读时，在语音语调上笔者特意强化加粗的红体字。We were both young when I first saw you. At that time, I was standing there on a balcony(阳台) in summer air. Then I saw you make your way through the crowd(人群). But my daddy asked you to stay away from me. And I was crying on the staircase(楼梯). So I sneaked(悄悄溜走) out to the garden to see you. But we had to keep quiet because we were dead if they knew. Finally, you talked to my dad about our love story. My dad was so moved(感动) that he allowed me to marry you. Thats our love story. （设计意图：通过视觉和听觉对加粗红体字的强调，学生能够对本课堂的目标语有一个最初的感知。）Step2： 在学生们知道如上加粗红体字为过渡词后，给学生们展示如下PPT并让学生齐读：S: One of the best ways to make your writing understandable is to use transitional words. These words create bridges from one sentence to the next.要写清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起,并能层层展开主题句，而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。（设计意图：用中英文两种语言对过渡词在写作中的重要性进行阐释，增强学生对过渡词的敏感性。）T：Do you think so?Ss：Yes.T：How many transitional words do you know?Ss：and, but, however, on the one hand, on the other hand（设计意图：紧扣过渡词的重要性后，鼓励学生提取大脑储存的关系词，为下一步走近关系词教学环节做热身工作。）片段二：走近过渡词为了让学生能够真正走近这些过渡词，笔者通过对中学生最常见的过渡词进行梳理归类，并设计不同类型的练习让学生对那些过渡词进行巩固且内化。所有不同类型的练习是笔者通过谈论泰勒.斯威夫特以及她的歌曲精心串联起来。因此所有的练习超越了单纯的练习目的，对学生而言更是倾吐心声、交流观点的真实体验。总得来说，笔者对中学生习作常用过渡词进行如下八类梳理。1、并列关系T：1) Joyce likes Taylor Swifts love story.2）Students in Class C also like Taylor Swifts love story.然后让学生将1)和2)句子用过渡词连接起来，为了降低难度，增进学生自信心，特意在句给出首字母提示，B Joyce and the students in Class C like Taylor Swifts love story.Ss：bothT: Can you give more words like and, both and?Ss: also, not onlybut also; T: can you use proper words to fill in the following sentence ? students in Class C Joyce likes Taylor swifts love story.Ss: not only but alsoT: which answer is the best choice for the sentence?_ does Mr Green love traveling, _ he writes down what he sees during travel. A. Although/ B. Because while C. Not only but alsoSs: C2. 表顺序关系T: I like Taylor Swifts love story. First, the singer Taylor Swift is beautiful and she looks like a girl next door. Second, her voice is amazing. In the end, T: Can you guess more reasons why I like Taylor Swift?Ss: because she is famous. 在PPT打出first, second, then, next, in the end, finally，最后出示“表顺序关系”字样，让学生从概念上了解表顺序关系的过渡词。3、表递进关系T: Whats more, Taylor Swift writes her own music. （设计意图：笔者从谈论自身对Taylor Swift喜欢，很自然过渡到不同种类过渡词）T: More examples for this group ?T & Ss: Whats more，in addition, besides,(外)moreover(此外)(设计意图：部分表示递进的关系词，学生并不熟知，因此需要老师提醒。)T: Ask one of the students, Can you translate sentence ?他对我们很友好，而且他学习很好。S: He is friendly to us. And whats more, he studies well.T: which is the correct answer to sentence ? .We cant go there. Because we are tired, _we are busy. A. but B. besides C. because D. although Ss: B4、表示比较关系T: In addition, unlike other pop singers, Taylor Swift isnt into drug, drinking. 然后在PPT上显示“just like, （正如） similar to, (与相似) compared with, （与比较）Unlike (与不同)”T: can you translate the following Chinese into English?.正如他的父亲，他总是时刻准备着去帮助别人。S: Just like/Similar to his father, he is always ready for helping others.与电视所不同的是，非专业记者也可以在网上发表自己观点。S: Unlike TV，everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporters.5、表示转折关系T: But some students dont like the song. T: can you use another word to replace the word “but” S: However, some students dont like the song.T: yes, words like “but, however, although” are in one group. T: lets do following exercise. . Would you like to go to the concert with me? Id love to, _I cant. I have a lot of homework to do. A. or B. but C. so D. andSs: B.(设计意图：从学生最熟悉的句型出发，加深学生对此类关系词的敏感性。)T: Which of the following sentence is correct?. 句子翻译: 尽管他很累，但他继续工作。A: Although he is tired, he went on working.B: Although he is tired, but he went on working. S: BT: though，although不与but连用。 6、表示结果关系T: They think that most of her songs are so romantic that they are short of energy. T: words like “so，so that (如此以至于)，suchthat (如此以至于)” belong to one group. T: lets do translation exercise. I was _ I couldnt go any further. 我累得走不动了。Ss: so tired. Tom is _everyone likes him. 汤姆如此聪明的男孩，大家都喜欢他such a clever boyT: which answer is right for the following sentence?. He got up late，_ he didnt catch the early bus. A. so B. because C. but D althoughS: A7、表总结关系：T: In a word, Taylor Swift is a sweet and famous singer. 继上面教师话语后，PPT显示“in a word, in short, in general”词语，最后呈现“表总结关系”字样。T: lets do translation exercise. 总得来说，中国是各了不起的国家。In a word/In general/In short, China is a great country. 8、表目的关系T: In order to have more listeners，I think Taylor Swift should sing songs with different styles.PPT呈现 “in order to,（为了）so that,（以便，为了）”词语。T：In order to后面加短语； so that后面加句子T: can you choose a phrase to complete sentence ?. You have to do more exercise _stay healthySs: in order to T: lets do exercise and I study hard in order to go to university one day. (句子转换) I study hard _I can go to university one day. Ss: so that. I spoke loudly_ everyone in the room could hear me. 我大声说话是为了让屋里所有人都能听得见。Ss: so that片段三、走进过渡词T: choose suitable words or phrases to complete the following paragraphs. (so, similar to, sothat, second, not only but also, In addition, unlike, although, whats more ) Both paper books and Ebooks allow people to read books, one of the most interesting things the world. They have something in common._ _ paper books, Ebooks also have different kinds of topics. _ you can choose the ones that you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. First of all, storing(储存) ebooks is _ convenient _you can bring your elibrary of ebooks with you on a computer, MP4, IPAD, and so on. _, there are lots of free ebooks available online. So for students from poor family, they can _ enjoy those free ebooks, _ they dont need to pay any money. _, Ebooks are much more environmentally friendly than paper books. You dont have to kill a few trees for each book.Although paper books are not as convenient , cheap or environment friendly as ebooks. They have their own advantages. _ ebooks, they dont cause serious eye-problem._ _ paper books are easier for recycling (循环)because we can donate the used books to the Hope Project. In a word, both paper books and ebooks have their own features, so its hard to say which is better. Ss: Similar toSosothatsecondnot onlybut alsowhats more/in additionunlike whats more/in addition(设计意图：将过渡词运用到具体的篇章语境中，让其产生深刻的内涵，拥有鲜活的生命，传递丰富的情感。)片段四：运用过渡词Step1: take the mentioned exercise for example to analyze how to write comparison and contrast paragraphs. (设计意图：分析和学习如何写比较性篇章的框架。先写两比较物间similarities, 再写两者间differences, 最后给出自己的观点或者做conclusion。)Step2: discuss the topic Email and Snail mail(邮寄信件) by thinking following questions.T: What are email and snail mail used for ?Ss: They are used for communicating with other people.T: Is email better than snail mail?Ss: Yes, its quicker. It takes several seconds to send an email. But it may take several days to send a snail mail. Its also convenient to use email. Email messages can be sent 24 hours a day, seven days a week.T: Is email good in every aspect?(方面)Ss: No, its not safe because of computer virus(病毒) . And email cant tell a persons handwriting.4. What are the advantages of snail mail?Its safer. It shows that the writer cares about the person he writes to. 5. Which is better, email or snail?Its hard to say.(设计意图：为学生最后篇章的输出提供素材)Step3: Students are encouraged to write a similar passage titled email and snail mail. Step 4: display at least one students writing with other students in class. Both email and snail mail can help us communicate with other people. They also can send our true ideas to people who we want to share with.However, email isnt the same as snail mail in some ways. Usually people think email goes more quickly so that it makes life more convenient. But the snail mail shouldnt be forgotten by us. Although it isnt as fast as email, its really safe. Besides, your handwriting will tell people your true feelings.Just as everything has two sides, both email and snail mail have their own advantages and disadvantages. So its hard to say which is better. (by Shelly)（设计意图：与学生分析分享过渡词在同学习作中的示范）Assignment:Better your writing Email and Snail Mail by weaving transitional words in your writing. 【案例评析】课堂观察发现，学生自始至终兴趣盎然，积极思考，在笔者精心教学环节设计指引下，学生和笔者之间互动、学生和学生之间互动良好。在教学过程中，学生对走近过渡词环节尤其完成高质量输出，通过检查个别学生最后篇章书写输出，也是达到了预期效果。总得来说，该课时基本上完成了笔者设定的教学目标。结合案例，笔者对于如何让学生学会在书面表达中正确使用过渡词做如下步骤总结：第一步：读一读，看一看，感知桥梁过渡词；第二步：做一做，练一练，走近桥梁过渡词；第三步：动动笔，写一写，走进桥梁过渡词。该案例基本能达到预期的教学目标，与笔者对各个环节的精心设计是密不可分的，尤其体现在走近和走进过渡词环节。（一）走近过渡词环节：1、高度重视“生本教学”, 把握学生情感兴趣动态，设计Taylor Swift话题，既导出了该课时的目标语言，又能让学生真实吐露他们对心中偶像Taylor Swift的心声，是真实课堂的写照。2、以话题为中心，牵出目标语。笔者在导出目标语时，同时借助话题，这样使整个导出过程更加趣味，直接，顺畅，容易操作，不走弯路。比如：在笔者讲完表示顺序类关系词first, second, third后，既可以先导表递进whats more, in addition等关系词，又可以先导表转折however, but等关系词。3. 多样话练习。为更好巩固不同种类过渡词，笔者设计了类型的练习，包括翻译，选择题，词语填空等等，多纬度，全方位进行巩固。（二）走进过渡词环节：在深度学习了解了词汇和语篇的关系后，特意设计了综合性的语篇选词填空题。因为：如果说片段二的教学设计环节是带