欧洲文化入门课程详细讲义

欧洲文化入门课程详细讲义 An Introduction to European Culture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-1-European Culture:an Introduction欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang UniversityAn Introduction to European Culture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-2-Chapter OneGreek Cultureand Roman Culture I.Teaching Objectives1.get toknow thehistorical contextof ancient Greece and ancient Rome2.be clearabout thegreat achievementsof ancient Greeks and Romans invarious fieldssuch asliterature,philosophy,science andart.3.understand thesignificance andimpact of Greek cultureandRomanculture.II.The Pointsto BeHighlighted1.Democracy of ancient Greece.2.3styles ofcolumns in ancient Greekarchitecture.3.The greatestnames in European philosophy-Socrates,Plato andAristotle4.Impact (1).Spirit ofInnovation (2).Supreme Achievement (3).Lasting effectIII.Teaching Approaches1.Pair/Group work2.Discussion3Task-based approach4.Communicative approach5.Questions andanswer IV.Background Information1.the Parthenon(447432B.C.)-the most important of ancient GreekTemples thefinest monumentof Greekarchitecture andsculpture inmore than2000years V.Teaching Proceduresand Contents1.Lead-in(or)Warming-up Howmuch doyou know about Greece(ancient ormodern)?Do youknow whenthe firstModern Olympic Games washeld?Homer wasfamous fortwo epics.Do youknow what they are?There aremany famousphilosophers in ancient Greece.Could youname some of them?You musthave ever heard of the followingsentence,Give mea placeto stand,and Iwill move the world.Do youknow whosaid it?2.Specific ContentsGreek CultureA.The HistoricalContext An Introduction to European Culture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-3- (1).1200B.C.the warof Troya warwas foughtbetween Greeceand Troy,ending in the destructionof Troy. (2).5th centuryB.C.Greek culturereached ahigh pointof development.-suessful repulseof thePersian invasion-the establishment of democracy-the flourishing of science,philosophy,literature,art and historical writingin AthensThe centuryclosed withcivil warbetween Athensand Sparta (3).In thesecond halfof the4th centuryB.C.all Greecewas broughtunder therule of Alexander,king ofMacedon Greek culture wasspread (4).In146B.C.the Romansconquered GreeceB.Social andPolitical StructurePolitics-Athens was a democracyDemocracy meansexercise ofpower by the wholepeople.Butthe wholepeoplethe Greeksmeant onlythe adultmale citizens.Economy-the economyof Athensrested on an immenseamount ofslave labour.Farm,workshop,mine There was harshexploitation in Greek societySports-Greeks lovedsports Abig festival on Olympus Mount onceevery4year-OlympicGamesModern OlympicGames revivedin1896顾拜旦(法)C.Homer(probably lived around700B.C.)Two epics:Iliad OdysseusThey areabout greatmen andwars ofa remoterage,probably in the period12001100B.C D.Lyric PoetrySappho(about612580B.C.)woman poetShe is noted forher love poems ofpassionate intensity,some ofwhich areaddressed towomen.She wasconsidered the most importantlyric poetof ancientGreece.Many Greekand Latinwriters knownearly allher poemsby heart.But in the10th centurythe Christian church burnedher works.Only fragmentsremain.Two samples (1)I couldnot hopeTo touchthe skyWith mytwo arms (2)In goldsandals Dawnlike athief Fellupon meAn Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-4-Pindar(about518438B.C.)He isbest known for hisodes celebratingthe victoriesat theathletic games,such as the14Olympian odes.Pindar alsohad imitators,such asthe17th-century Englishpoet JohnDryden.E.Drama Origin:perform playsat religiousfestivals.Develop:in the5th centuryB.C.a powerfuldrama developedStates:open-air theatres,audience saton stonebenches andlooked downat thestage fromthree sides,actors woremasks?Tragedy Aeschylus(525456B.C.)Works:Prometheus Bound,Persians,and AgamemnonIn theseplays thereare onlytwo actorsandachorus.Yet theymanage tostir andmovetheaudience deeplyby showingheroes andheroines inplicated humansituations,out ofwhich thereisnoescape butdeath.The playare written in verse.Aeschylus isnoted for his vividcharacter portrayaland majesticpoetry Sophocles(496-406B.C.)Works:Oedipus theKing,Electra厄勒克特拉,and Antigone安提戈涅.Contribution:he addeda thirdactor anddecreased the size of the chorus.Sophodcles hashad astrong impacton European literature.Some of his plotswere takenover andadoped by later writers.The Austrianpsychiatrist SigmundFreuds termthe Oedipusplexwas alsoderived from Sophocless play.Euripides(484-406B.C.)Works:Andromache安德洛玛刻,Medea美狄亚,and TrojanWomen?Comedy Aristophanes(about450-380B.C.)Works:Frogs,Clouds,Wasps andBirds Theseplays areloose inplot andsatirical intone.F.History Historicalwriting startedearly inGreece.Herodotus(484-430B.C.)Father ofHistory,he wroteabout thewars betweenGreeks andPersians.His history,full ofanecdotes anddigressions andlively dialogue,is wonderfullyreadable.He keptalive manytraditional stories,which werenot alwaysaurate.His objectin writingwasthat thegreat andwonderful deedsdone byGreeks andPersians shouldnot lackrenown.Thucydides(about460-404B.C.)Younger thanHerodotus,he ismore aurateas anhistorian.He tracedevents to their causesand brought out theireffects.He wasnever dull,but wrotewith imaginationand power.He wascalledthe greatesthistorian thatever lived.by Macaulay(an eminenthistorian)G.Philosophy andScience Theancient Greekswere curious about manythings,including whatmade the universe.They hadAn Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-5-the spiritof freeenquiry and were quiteready todrop establishedideas,to speculate,to usetheir imaginationand toform theirown conclusions.They werealso notafraid tospeak theirminds.Pythagoras(about580-500B.C.)had the idea thatall thingswere mumber.Heracleitue(about540-480B.C.)believed fireto be the primaryelement of theuniverseHe alsosaid:You cannotstep twiceinto thesame river.The sunis neweveryday Democritus(about460-370B.C.)speculated about the atomicstructure ofmatter.He wasone of the earliestexponents of the atomictheory.a.Socrates(about470-399B.C.)details intextbook P-23The dialecticalmethod-method ofargument,by questionsand answers.Greek philosopherwho initiateda question-and-answer method of teachingas ameans ofachieving self-knowledge.His theoriesof virtueand justicehave survivedthrough thewritings of Plato,his most important pupil.Socrates wastried forcorrupting theminds ofAthenian youthand subsequentlyput todeath (399).苏格拉底希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。 他关于道德和正义的理论，通过柏拉图（他最著名的学生）的著作而得以流传下来。 苏格拉底因被指控毒害雅典年轻人的头脑而受到审判，并因此被处死（公元前339年）。 b.Plato(about428-348B.C.)P-26Men haveknowledge becauseof theexistence ofcertain generalideas,like beauty,truth,goodness.Only theseideasare pletelyreal,while thephysical worldis onlyrelatively real.For thisreason,Platos philosophyis calledIdealism.(唯心主义)Greek philosopher.A followerof Socrates,he foundedthe Academy (386),where hetaught andwrote formuch of the restofhislife.Plato presentedhis ideas in the form ofdramatic dialogues,asinThe Republic.柏拉图希腊哲学家，苏格拉底的信徒，他创办了学园（公元前386年），在这里他教书写作度过他余生的大部分时间柏拉图以戏剧对话的形式表述了他的思想，如在理想国中。 c.Aristotle(384-322B.C.)P-27Greek philosopher.A pupilof Plato,the tutor ofAlexander the Great,and the author ofworks onlogic,metaphysics,ethics,natural sciences,politics,and poetics,he profoundlyinfluenced Westernthought.In hisphilosophical systemtheory followsempirical observationand logic,based on the syllogism,is the essential methodof rationalinquiry.亚里士多德希腊哲学家。 柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的教师，他的著述论及逻辑学，形而上学，伦理学，自然科学，政治学和诗学，对西方思想产生了深远影响，在其哲学体系里，理论服从实地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，基本上是理性研究的理论方法。 d.Contending Schoolsof ThoughtIn the4th centuryB.C.,four schoolsof philosophersoften arguedwith eachother.They were:The Cynics犬儒主义got theirname becauseDiogenes.戴奥真尼斯(希腊的哲学家,公主张“简单寡求”的生活，决心像狗一样生活下去。 元前412-323),one of their leaders,decided to live like a dogand the wordcynicmeansdogin Greek.He rejectedall conventions-whether ofreligion,of manners,dress,housing,food,orofdecency.He advocatedself-sufficiency andextreme simplicityin life.In fact,he livedby begging.He proclaimedhis brotherhood,not onlywith thewhole humanrace,but alsowith animals.On the other hand,he hadno patiencewith therich andpowerful.The storyis toldof howAlexandertheGreat visitedhim andasked ifhe An Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-6-wanted anyfavour.Only to stand outof mylight,he replied.The Sceptics怀疑学派（对一切知识持怀疑态度）followed Pyrrho(皮洛about360272B.C.古希腊极端怀疑主义哲学家),who heldthat notall knowledgewas attainable.Hence heandhisfollowers doubtedthe truthof whatothers aeptedas true.The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁学派（主张将快乐进行到底）were disciplesof Epicurus(伊壁鸠鲁341-270B.C.古希腊杰出唯物主义和无神论者),who believedpleasure to bethe highest good in life,but bypleasure hemeant,not sensualenjoyment,but freedomfrom painand emotionalupheaval.This hethought couldbe attainedby thepractice ofvirtue.His teachingwas misunderstoodbylaterpeople and thewordEpicureanhas eto meanindulgence inluxurious living.Epicurus was a materialist.Following Democritus,he believedthat the world consistedof atoms.The Stoics斯多葛派（倡导“克己制欲、顺从天命”）were opposedto theEpicureans.To them,the mostimportant thingin lifewas notpleasure,butduty.This developedinto thetheory thatone shouldendure hardshipand misfortunewith courage.The chiefStoic wasZeno(齐诺about335263B.C.希腊哲学家,斯多葛派的创始人)e.Science Euclid欧几里得(约公元前3世纪的古希腊数学家)is evennow well-known forhis Element几何原本,a textbookof geometry,perhaps the most suessfultextbook ever written,because itwas inuse in English schoolsuntil theearly yearsof the20th century.Archimedes阿基米德(287212B.C.)did importantwork notonly ingeometry,but alsoin arithmetic,machanics,and hydrostatics.Give mea placeto stand,and Iwill movethe world.Greek sciencedid notneglect application.Mathematics,the purestof sciences,was appliedin atleast fivefields:acoustics,optics,geography,statics andastronomy.Greek scientistscollected awealth ofmaterial andenquired into the propermethodofdoing scientificwork.As a result,they wereable todeduce theoriesand built up systems,which had a tremendousinfluence onlater scientists.H.Architecture a.Art Greekart is a visualproof ofGreek civilization.b.Architecture Greekarchitecture canbe groupedinto3styles (1).the Doric Style(masculine style)-is sturdy(strong andfirm),powerful,severe looking,showing agood sense of proportionsand numbers. (2).the IonicStyle(feminine style)-is gracefuland elegant(slightly ornamentalstyle)(While theDoricStyleis monotonousand unadorned,the Ionicstyle oftenshows awealth ofornament) (3).Corinthian Style-is knownfor itsornamental luxuryThe famoustemples:Parthenon(447-432B.C.)-the mostperfect ofall the Greek temples,240feet longand110An Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-7-feet wide,a rectangularstructure withevenly spacedlines ofcolumns aroundAcrpolis(437432B.C.)c.Sculpture Theearliest Greeksculptures werethose of Gods.Stiff,lifeless woodcarvings.Towards the7th centuryB.C.,thesizeof the statues becamebigger andlife-size.The figuresstand verystiff with arms closeto theirsides,hands clenchedor flatagainst thelegs.Narrow waistsbut broadshoulders and their hairwas donein neatand rhythmicalrows.Towards the5th centuryB.C.,change fromstiff andmechanical to a periodin whichthe beautyof theinternal structureof humanbodies andmythological figuresare well-observed andbroughtout.Discus ThrowerA goodsenseofharmony and the balanceof oppositesVenus deMilo It has beenlooked uponasasymbol ofbeauty,grace andhealth,a personificationof vitalityand dignity.Laocoon groupabout125B.C.It isknownforits suessfuldepiction of the expressionof Laocoons facefear,sympathy andterror.d.Pottery Theflourishingof the Greekpottery wasaresultof domestieeds andneeds forforeign trade.There wereBlack-figure paintings(700600B.C.)and Red-figure paintings(-50B.C.)The Black-figure paintingsare paintingson potterythat havered backgroundand blackfigure.The Red-figure paintingsare paintingson potterythat haveblack backgroundand pinkfigure.I.Impact Therehas beeninEuropeand elsewherean enduringexcitement aboutclassical Greekculture.Rediscovery ofGreekcultureplayed avital partin theRenaissance inItaly andother Europeancountries.Three qualitiesstand out:a.Spirit ofInnovationThey inventedmathematics andscience andphilosophy;they firstwrote historyas opposedto mereannals;they speculatedfreely about the natureof the world and the endsof life,without beingbound in the fettersof anyinherited orthodoxy.(Bertand Russell:History of Western Philosophy)b.Supreme AchievementThe Greeksachieved supremeachievements innearly allfields ofhuman endeavour;philosophy,science,epic poetry,tragedy,edy,lyric poetry,historical writing,architecture,sculpture,etc.c.Lasting EffectPhilosophy Literature:Byrons Islesof Greece,Shelleys Hellasand PrometheusUnbound andKeatss OdeonaGrecian Urn.RomanCulture:An Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-8-Roman History146B.C.Roman conqueredGreece Latin-western halfof the Roman EmpireGreeks-Eastern27B.C.Octavius emperor of Augustusthe following2centuries Roman Empire reachedits greatestextent theMediterranean,northScotland,eastAmenia&Mesopotamia3rd centurythe Empirebegan todecline4th centurythe emperorConstantine CapitalRome-Byzantium renamed it Constantinople(modern Istanbul)395divided intoeast(the ByzantineEmpire)and west476the end ofWest Roman Empire1453the endof EastRoman EmpireRomans andGreeks Themon things:?The Romanhadalot inmon withthe Greek(In politics)?Both peopleshad traditionsrooted in theideaof thecitizen assembly,hostile tomonarchy andto servility.(In religions)?Their religionswere alikeenough formost of their deitiesto bereadily identified-Greek Zeuswith RomanJupiter,Greek Aphroditewith RomanVenus,and soon-and theirmyths to be fused.(In languages)?Their languagesworked insimilar ways,andwereultimately related,both beingmembers of the Indo-European languagefamily.An Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-9-The difference:?Therewasone bigdifference?The Romansbuiltupa vastempire;the Greeksdidnt.Except for the briefmoment ofAlexanders conquests,which soondisintegrated.Roman LawIn itsearliest stagepatricians customarylegal procedureIn themid-3rd centuryB.C.plebeians therules putinto writingFurther developmentthe lawwas codifiedEventually becamethe coreof moderncivil andmercial lawin manywestern countriesLatin Literaturea.Prose Twomen activeon thepolitical scenewrote memorableprose?Marcus TulliusCicero(10643B.C.)He playedan importantrole in the Romansenate Notedforhisoratory andfine writingstyle Hislegal andpolitical speechesare modelsof Latindiction.Ciceronianeloquent,oratorical mannerof writing?Julius caesar(102/100?44B.C.)a general,dictator,assassinated.He recordedwhat hedid andsaw in the variousmilitary campaignsThese writings,collected inhis Commentaries,are modelsof suinctLatin.He uselanguage witheconomy andferocityI came,I saw,I conquered.b.Poetry?Lucretius(9350B.C.)He wrote the philosophicalpoem Onthe Natureof Things?Virgil(7019B.C.)The greatestof Latinpoets,wrotethegreat epic,the AeniedArchitecture,Painting andSculpture i.Architecture The Romans weregreat engineers.They coveredtheir worldfrom oneend to the otherwith roads,bridges,aqueducts,theatres andarenas?The PantheonThe greatest and the best preserved Roman temple,which wasbuilt in27B.C.and reconstructedin the2nd centuryA.D?Pont duGard It is anexceptionally well-preserved aqueductthat spansa widevalley insouth France?the colosseumIt isan enormousamphitheatre builtinthecentre of Rome inimperial times.A masterpiece of engineering,it heldmore than5000spectators.Its interioris two-third ofa mileround.The colosseumwas usedfor games,contests andshows.An Introductionto EuropeanCulture:欧洲文化入门课程教案Foreign LanguageTeaching andResearch DepartmentHeilongjiang University-10-ii.Painting Romanpainting wasstrongly influencedby theart ofGreece.Unfortunately muchof thepainting nolonger exists.There are,however,some wall-paintings fromPompeii andother townsnear Naples.These wall-paintings includestill lifes,landscape paintingsand figurepaintings.iii.Sculpture?shewolf Astatue which illustrates the legend of the creationof RomeTodayatthesite of the citys founding,there standsa statueof theshe-wolf4.Practical ExercisesQuiz1Fill inthe blanks:1.European cultureis madeup ofmany elements,which havegone throughchanges overthe centuries.Two of these elementsare consideredto bemore enduringand theyare:the_element,and the_element.2.Ancient Greeksconsidered Homertobetheauthorof theirepics.He probablylivedaround700B.C.Two suchepics,the_and theOdyssey,have survived.3.The EastRoman Empirecollapsed whenConstantinople fellto theTurks in_4.TheRomansenjoyed along periodof peacelasting twohundred years,a remarkablephenomenon inhistory known asthe_5.She-wolf is thestatuewhich illustratesthe legendof creationof_.6.After_,theRomanEmpire waspermanently dividedinto Eastand West.7.In_,the lastemperorof the Westwas deposedbytheGoths andthis markedthe endof theWestRomanEmpire.True orFalse:1.Socrates eversaidYou cannotstep twiceinto thesame river.()2.The EastRomanEmpirecollapsed whenConstantinople fellto theTurks in476.()3.Sappho wasconsidered the mostimportantlyric poetofancientGreece.()4.Once every4years the Greeks hada bigfestivalonOlympusMountwhich includedcontests ofsports.Thus beganthe OlympicGam