英语教学法之DirectMethod(直接法)

DirectMethod,Groupmembers:秦丹凤罗茜尚宇杨琨蔡凤梅,1.BriefintroductionofDirectMethod,(1)Definition:TheDirectMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichinsiststhatonlythetargetlanguageshouldbeusedinclass,andmeaningsshouldbecommunicated“directly”byassociatingspeechformswithactions,objects,mime,gestures,andsituations.,(2)Emphasis:theimportanceofspokenlanguage,thereforeholdsthatreadingandwritingshouldbetaughtonlyafterspeaking.Anditalsobelievesinthenaturalprocessoflanguagelearningandintheinductiveteachingofgrammar.(3)Riseanddecline:Thismethodcameaboutasamuchneededreplacementforthegrammar-translationmethod(classicmethod)inthelate1800s.Itfadedintheearly1900sasitwasnotpracticalinclassroomsettings,andthensawacomebackunderthenameoftheaudio-lingualmethodafterWorldWarII.,2.Historicalandsocialbackground,2.Historicalandsocialbackground,2.1Necessity:Inthelate19thcentury,withthedevelopmentofcapitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreasedcommunicationwitheachother.Itgaverisetoasocialneedfororalproficiency.However,Grammar-TranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed.Thus,languageteachinginnovationswereinevitable.TheDirectMethod,asareactionagainsttheGrammar-TranslationMethod,emergesasaresultoftheinnovations.,2.2Possibility:,Therapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducationprovidedthetheoreticalbasisfortheestablishmentoftheDirectMethod.,Someimportantresearchersandtheirbasicideas,W.M.Wundtlaidthepsychologicalfoundation.Heclaimedthatfeeling,notthought,playedthemainroleinlanguagepsychology,soconceptsandstimulusshouldtakefeelingintoaccount,whichhadgreatinfluenceontheDirectMethod.,HermannPaulformedthemainlinguisticbase.Heproposedthegreatimportanceofanalogy”inlanguage,whichledtotheprinciplesofimitationandrepetitionoftheDirectMethod.,J.A.Comeniussideaeducationshouldbeinlinewithnature,whichjustifiedtheviewsonlanguageteachingwiththeDirectMethod.His“direct”principle,theprinciplesof“fromconcretetoabstract,fromneartofar,fromknowntounknown,fromsimpletocomplex,fromfacttoconclusion”areputintopracticeintheDirectMethod.F.GouinslinguisticandpsychologicaltheoriesbasedonhisobservationofchildrensuseoflanguageweredirectlyappliedtothepracticeoftheDirectMethod.,3.LinguisticandpsychologicaltheoriesbehindDirectMethod,3.1Theoryoflanguage3.2Theoryoflearning,3.1Theoryoflanguage,(1)Thereexistsnosimpleone-to-onerelationshipbetweenanytwolanguages.Thustranslationshouldnotbetakenasthemaintechniqueoflanguageteaching.Instead“direct”meansshouldbepromoted.(2)Meaningsaretobeconnectedwiththetargetlanguage,withoutgoingthroughtheprocessoftranslatingintothestudentsnativelanguage.Theyshouldbecommunicated“directly”byassociatingspeechformswithactions,objects,gestures,andsituations.(3)Languageisproficiency,skillsorhabits.Theformationofhabitsderivesfromcontinuousimitationandrepetition.(4)Languageisanart.,notscience.Learningalanguagelargelyliesinpractice,nottheknowledgeofalanguage.,(5)Sentenceistheminimumunitofspeechcommunication.AccordingtoGouin,verbalexpressioniscloselylinkedwiththoughtaboutrealevents.Thoughtandcorrespondingutterancesdonotoccurrandomlyorsingly;theycomeinsequencesandend-meansseries.Inaddition,concretemeaningandusageofwordscanonlybelearnedinsentences.(6)Historicallyspeaking,spokenlanguagecameintobeingbeforewrittenlanguage.Sospeechpatternsarefundamentalwhilewrittenlanguagederivational.ThisviewaccountsfortheemphasisonthepriorityforspokenlanguageteachingintheDirectMethod.(7)Spokenlanguageisalearnablesystemofsounds,andsoundsarebestdescribedbyphonetictranscription.Thereforeweshouldattachgreatimportancetophoneticteaching.,3.2Theoryoflearning,(1)Itiseasiertomemorizethingswithrelationstoothers.Solearningthroughsentencesisbetterthanlearningisolatedwords.(2)Emphasisonthepriorityforspokenlanguagefitspsychologicaltheories.Itscatteredthedifficultiesandmakeslanguageeasytolearn.Whereasstudentsmaybefrustratedifspokenandwrittenlanguagecomesatthesametime.,(3)“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”haswidetheoreticalbaseofmemorialpsychology.Reviewisaneffectivemethodtopreventforgetting.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”mustrelyonmaterialsstudentshavelearnedasmuchaspossible.Themorefrequentlytheyappear,thelongertheystayinthememory.Associationlaysthefoundationformemory.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”tendstore-organizethosematerialsandmakestheoldandnewtracesinterrelatedinmanyways.Useofdirect”meanscanarousemoreassociations.Themoreassociationsare,themorefirmlymaterialswillberemembered.Themoresensoryorgansareinvolved;thelongermaterialsstayinthememory.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”,togetherwithuseof“directmeans,makesvisual,audio,andspeakingorgansoperatesimultaneously.Thisisbeneficialformemory.,4.Basicprinciplesofthedirectmethod,4.Basicprinciplesofthedirectmethod,1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.Nativelanguagewasthoughttobeanobstacleinthemasteryofthetargetlanguageanditshouldbeavoidedtoamaximum.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,pictures;Abstractvocabularywastaughtthroughassociationofideas.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.Itsobviousthatchildrenlearnsociallanguagesthatarewidelyusedineverydaylife,especiallyintheformofvividlanguages,ingreatcontrasttothedecentwrittenlanguagesanddeadlanguages.Therefore,directmethodshouldalsobebasedonreallifesoastofacilitatecommunication.,3.Oralcommunicationskillswerebuiltupinacarefullytradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestions-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmallintensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.Studentswillfirstofalllearnthelanguagematerialsandthensummarizethegrammaticalrulesbasedonthepreviousknowledgeoftheinputmaterialswhichwillinturnguidetheirfuturestudy.5.Newteachingpointsweretaughtthroughmodelingandpractice.Aschildrenlearnlanguagebyfirstlisteningtoothersandthenimitatingandpracticing,somuchattentionshouldbegiventoimitationandmuchoraldrill.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught,5.Proceduresusuallyadoptedbytheteachers,5.Proceduresusuallyadoptedbytheteachers,1.PresentationbydirectassociationNewlanguageitemsarepresentedbyassociatingmeaningwiththetargetlanguagedirectly.2.OralpracticeinthetargetlanguageInordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents,theteacheranswersstudentsquestionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.Studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthemselves.,3.ConsolidationwithwrittenworkDictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.WritingcanbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod.Writtenworkshouldbegradedinthefollowingsequence:reproductionoffamiliarreadingtexts;reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher;freecomposition.,6.Typicalclassroomactivities,6.Typicalclassroomactivities,1.Questionandanswerexercises:inordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents,theteacheranswersstudentsquestionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.2.Conversationpractice:studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.3.Errorcorrection:Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthemselves.4.Dictation:DictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.,5.Inductiveteachingofgrammar.Grammarislearnedinductivelythroughlisteningandspeakingactivities.6.Listeningcomprehensiontasks:DesigninglisteningcomprehensiontasksisoneofthewaystoestablishafavorableclassroomclimateintheDirectMethod.7.Gradedcomposition(分级作文):WritingcanbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod.Writtenworkshouldbegradedinthefollowingsequence:reproductionoffamiliarreadingtexts;reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher;freecomposition.,7.Rolesofthelearner,oftheteacherandoftheinstructionalmaterials,Theroleofthelearner:thelearnerisexpectedtolisten,toanswerquestions,toworkinpairsorgroupsonconversations,towritedowndictations,andtowriteshortpassages.Oneofthedrivingideasistoputthelearnerinsituationsinwhichsheisexpectedtoproducethelanguage.,Theroleoftheteacher:,theteachershouldpreferablybeanative-speakerofthelanguage.task:topresentthelanguage,andtodirectcl