学术英语(人文)Unit

学术英语人文,AcademicEnglishforHumanities,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Lead-inTextATextBTextCAcademicLanguageandDiscourseListeningSpeakingWriting,UnitContents,Lead-inLead-inactivitiesSupplementaryinformation,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Whatisliterature?,Choosefromthefollowingformsofwritingwhatcanbecountedasliterature:newsreportnovelresearchpaperdiarypoemletter,Lead-in,Activities,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Howdoyoumakethechoice?(Whatmakesyoutreatsomethingasliteraturewhiledismissingothersasnon-literature?),Whatisliterature?,Manycollegeprofessors,upholdingatraditionalstandardofliteraryquality,believethatstudentsshouldreadworkswhoseartisticmerithasbeenestablishedovertheyears.However,somehavebeguntoquestiontheverynotionofliteraryqualityandthenotionofwhatisliterature.Therehavebeenanincreasingnumberofstudiesofwritersmainlyforwhattheyhavetosayratherthanhowwelltheysayit.,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Lead-in,Supplementaryinformation,Thehistoricalandsocialimpactofworksisgainingimportance,whiletheonce-honoredstandardssuchasgraceofstyleandoriginalityofexpressionhavebeendowngraded.,Literatureasdefinedindictionaries,stories,poemsandplays,especiallythosethatareconsideredtohavevalueasartandnotjustentertainment(MacMillanDictionary),writingsinproseorverse;especiallywritingshavingexcellenceofformorexpressionandexpressingideasofpermanentoruniversalinterest(Merriam-WebstersOnlineDictionary,11thEdition),Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Lead-in,Supplementaryinformation,Literatureasdefinedindictionaries,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Lead-in,Supplementaryinformation,writtenartisticworks,especiallythosewithahighandlastingartisticvalue(CambridgeAdvancedLearnersDictionary),writtenworks,especiallythoseconsideredofsuperiororlastingartisticmerit(CompactOxfordEnglishDictionary),Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextATheScopeandContentofLiterature,ClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkey,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,DoTask1CriticalReadingandThinkingP7,SummarizeTextAonthebasisofyouranswerstoTask1CriticalReadingandThinkingP7ScopeofliteratureContentofliterature,WorkinpairstocompareyouranswerstothequestionsinTask2CriticalReadingandThinkingP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Classroomactivities,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,Theoriginalarticle“TheArtofLiterature”,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,TextAisadaptedfromthearticle“TheArtofLiterature”,writtenbyKennethRexroth.Theoriginalarticleconsistsofsevenparts:thescopeofliteratureliterarycompositioncontentofliteratureliteratureanditsaudienceliteratureanditsenvironmentliterarygenreswritingsonliterature,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,TheMusesInGreekmythology,poetryandliterature,Musesarethegoddesseswhoinspirethecreationofliteratureandthearts.,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,Calliope:Museofheroicorepicpoetry(oftenholdingastylusandwaxtablets),Clio:Museofhistory(oftenholdingaparchmentscrollorasetoftablets),Erato:Museoflyricandlovepoetry(oftenplayingalyre),Euterpe:Museofmusicorflutes(oftenplayingaflute),Melpomene:Museoftragedy(oftenholdingatragicmask),Polymnia:Museofsacredsongandoratory(oftenwithapensivelook),Terpsichore:Museofdancingandchoralsong(oftendancingandholdingalyre)Thalia:Museofcomedy(oftenholdingacomicmask)Urania:Museofastronomy(oftenholdingaglobe),TheScopeandContentofLiterature,Classicsurveysofhistoryasnobleexamplesoftheartofliterature,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,TheHistoryofthePeloponnesianWarwaswrittenbyancientGreekhistorianThucydides,who,asanAtheniangeneral,servedinthewar.Somescholarsviewtheworkasanobjectiveandscientificaccountofthepast,writtenfromapurelyintellectualpointofview.Butsomeunderstanditasapieceofliterature,inwhichtheauthoris“anartistwhorespondsto,selectsandskillfullyarrangeshismaterial,anddevelopsitssymbolicandemotionalpotential”.,Oneexample:HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,Essays,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,ananalytic,interpretative,orcriticalliterarycompositionFrancisBaconsessays,publishedinbookformin1597,1612,1625,werethefirstworksinEnglishthatdescribedthemselvesasessays.,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,DialoguesbyPlato,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,Plato(428/427BC348/347BC),thegreatestphilosopherandmathematicianofancientGreece,wroteextensively.Mostofhiswritingtakestheformofdialogues,inwhichseveralcharactersargueatopicbyaskingquestionsofeachother.ThisformallowsPlatotoraisevariouspointsofviewandletthereaderdecidewhichisvalid.Thesubjectsofdialoguesrangefromphilosophy,logic,rhetorictomathematics.,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,DialoguesbyPlato,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,PlatowasapupilofSocrates,whoappearsasacharacterinmanyofthedialogues.FollowingthedeathofSocrates,Platotravelledwidelyinsearchoflearning.AftertwelveyearshereturnedtoAthensandfoundedhisAcademy,whichisoftendescribedasthefirstEuropeanuniversity.ThesubjectsofferedintheAcademyincludedastronomy,biology,mathematics,politicaltheory,andphilosophy.AmongPlatospupilswasAristotle.,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,MeditationsbyMarcusAurelius,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,MeditationsisaseriesofpersonalwritingsbyRomanEmperorMarcusAurelius(121-180).Itconsistsofreflectionsjotteddownbytheemperoratoddmoments,whilehewasoncampaign.Theentriesappeartobeinnoparticularorderandmaysimplybeintheoriginalorderofcomposition.Theyrecordthepassingthoughts,themaxims,themusingsonlifeanddeath,andStoicphilosophy.AccordingtoMeditations,oneshouldavoidindulgenceinsensoryaffections,andthisskillcanfreeamanfromthepainsandpleasuresofthematerialworld,andtheonlywayamancanbeharmedbyothersistoallowhisreactiontooverpowerhim.Thestyleofthewritingsisstraightforwardandplain,buttheMeditationsisregardedbymanyas“unendinglymovingandinspiring”.,NaturalHistoryandAntiquitiesofSelbourne,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,GilbertWhite(1720-1793)wasanEnglishnaturalist,ornithologist,andapioneerofthestudyofbirdsandanimalsintheirnaturalhabitats,ratherthanasspecimens.Thismethodofobservationenabledhimtoidentifyandrecordmanypreviouslyunknownspecies.In1789,hepublishedhisNaturalHistoryandAntiquitiesofSelborneasonevolume.ItwasacompilationofletterstozoologistThomasPennantandbarristerDainesBarrington,twoleadingfiguresoftheRoyalSociety.Intheletters,Whitediscussedhisobservationsandtheoriesaboutthelocalfaunaandflorainacharmingandimmediateway.Hepicturedhimselfaswellaswhathesaw.ThebookisoneofthemostpublishedintheEnglishlanguageandithasneverbeenoutofprint.,OratoryoftheAmericanIndian,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,AmericanIndianswerehistoricallyanoralpeople.Forexample,manytoldtheirhistoriesbyoraltradition.Achiefofatribereliedonpersuasionratherthanforcetoleadhispeople.Utilizingnaturalmetaphors,Indianspeecheswerewellcalculatedtoimpresstheirtargetaudiences.,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,CicerosinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglishprosestyle,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,Cicerohadaclosestudyoftherhythmsthatwerelikelytoappealtoanaudience.Hewastherealcreatorofthe“periodicsentence”style,inwhichthesentencestendtobeperiodicandphraseisbalancedagainstphrase,withsubordinateclauseswovenintoacomplexsentence.Forexample,Forthequeen,thelover,pleadingalwaysattheheartsdoor,patientlywaits.ThenormalorderofthesentenceisAlwayspleadingattheheartsdoor,theloverwaitspatientlyforthequeen.Theperiodicstyleismoreexoticandarguablymorepoetic.,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,TheGettysburgAddress,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,OnNovember19,1863,atthededicationofamilitarycemeteryatGettysburg,Pennsylvania,duringtheAmericanCivilWar,PresidentAbrahamLincolndeliversoneofthemostmemorablespeechesinAmericanhistorytheGettysburgAddressfewerthan300words,deliveredover2-3minutes.,TheScopeandContentofLiterature,Collectiveunconscious,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,“Collectiveunconscious”isatermofanalyticalpsychologyintroducedbyCarlJung(1875-1961),aSwisspsychiatristandthefounderofanalyticalpsychology.Itrepresentsaformoftheunconsciouscommontohumanbeingsasawholeandrelatedtotheinheritedstructureofthebrain.Itinfluencesallofourexperiences,behaviorsandemotions,butweonlyknowaboutitindirectly,bylookingattheeffects.Forexample,loveatfirstsight,thefeelingthatyouhavebeensomewherebefore,theimmediaterecognitionofcertainsymbols,thecreativeexperiencessharedbyartists,andthestrikingsimilaritiesofdreams,fairytalesandmythologiesallovertheworld,couldallbeunderstoodastheeffectsofthecollectiveunconscious.,TheDreamoftheRedChamber,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,TheDreamoftheRedChamber,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,TheDreamoftheRedChamber(红楼梦),orTheStoryoftheStone(石头记),isthegreatestmasterpieceofChineseclassicalnovelsoftheMingandQingdynasties.,Theworkiscomprisedof120chapters,thefirst80ofwhichwerewrittenbyCaoXueqin.(GaoEadded40additionalchapterstocompletethenovel.,ThenoveldetailsthedeclineofthewealthyandaristocraticJiaclan.RevolvingaroundJiaBaoyuandthetragiclovebetweenhimandLinDaiyu,itportraystheruinoflove,youthandlife,andexposestherootofthetragedythefeudalsystem.,TheDreamoftheRedChamber,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Supplementaryinformation,Thenovelisremarkableforitscreationofcharacterswithdistinctivepersonality,greatculturalrichness,andpreciseobservationofthelifeandsocietyofthe18th-centuryChina.Itssuccessalsoliesinitswrittenvernacularlanguage(ratherthanclassicalChinese),whichhasproducedaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChinesenovels.,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,SuggestedanswertoQ1:,Literatureisagreatmediumtoreflectthehumancondition,culturalandhistoricalvalues,andtoexpressfeelingsandthoughts.Someofthemostcommonthemesinliteratureare:therelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandNaturetheindividualinsociety(e.g.mansstruggleagainstsocietalpressure)humannaturehumanrelationship(e.g.love,hatred,etc.)personalgrowth(e.g.overcomingadversity)deathMajorformsofhumanexpressionincludelanguage,literature,music,visualart,cinema,drama,history,andphilosophy.Cavepaintingsareperhapsoneoftheoldestformsofhumanexpression.Theycouldeitherrecordwhathadbeencaughtonhuntingtripsorexpresswhatthehunterswouldliketocatchinthefuture.,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,SuggestedanswertoQ2:,(Suggestedanswertothefirstquestion:Howdoyouunderstandtheselines?)Artisticmeritreferstothejudgmentoftheperceivedqualityorvalueofculturalproductsasworksofart.Apieceofwritingisconsideredashavingartisticmeritifithashighqualityandsomeaestheticvalue.However,itishardtodefinetheexactnatureofartisticmeritbecausethepreferredstandardsmayvaryacrosstimeandplace.Agreatwriterissomeonewhocanattainartisticmeritalmosteffortlesslyandnaturally.(Youmayagreeordisagreewiththeauthor,butyouneedtogiveyourreasons.),Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,SuggestedanswertoQ3:,Totestwhetheradvertisingcopywriting,apurelycommercialfiction,orcinemaandtelevisionscriptisanacceptedformofliteraryexpression,oneneedstojudgewhetherthatparticularformcanbringlong-lastingsatisfactionandconveytheverytruthofhumanbeingsandtheworld.,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,SuggestedanswertoQ4:,Itcannotbedeniedthatchangesaretakingplacecontinuously,inpeopleslife,ideology,science,technology,environment,etc.However,therearecertainuniversalandconstantissuesthattranscendrace,gender,creedandculture,andtheyarerecurringthemesinliterature.Forexample,love,hatred,fear,family,honor,deceitandpeace.Thesamepatternsgoonandon.,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,SuggestedanswertoQ5:,Integrationofpersonalityreferstopositivechangesinonespersonality,forexample,becomingemotionallymature,gettingadjustedtotheenvironment,beingabletocopewithinnerconflict,etc.Disintegrationofpersonalityreferstounfavorablepersonalitychanges.Thismayoccurwhensomeonefacesaseriesofcrises:jobloss,marriagefailure,healthproblem,etc.,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,SuggestedanswertoQ6:,OnenotableexampleistheimageofDaiyuburyingtheflowers(inChapter27).Oneday,DaiyuisoverwhelmedbymelancholyafteraquarrelwithBaoyu.Herinnersadnessisreflectedbyherbehavior.Shegoestoahillside,buriessomefallenpetalsthere,weepsatthedeadpetalsandevencreatesalongpoemforthefadingflowers.InChapter108,whenBaoyuthinksofDaiyu,tearswellupinhiseyes,andheslipsawaytotheGarden.Thedescriptionofthebleakgardenandmiserablesceneshowshissorrowoverthedecliningfamily.Thepoemscreatedbythecharactersinthenovelarealsoperfectreflectionsoftheirpersonality.Forexample,thefollowingpoemcomposedbyDaiyu(inChapter37)impliesherownpersonality-unconventional,emotional,pronetomelancholicspells.,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP8,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextA,Suggestedanswerkey,半卷湘帘半掩门，碾冰为土玉为盆。偷来梨蕊三分白，借得梅花一缕魂。月窟仙人缝缟袂，秋闺怨女拭啼痕。娇羞默默同谁诉，倦倚西风夜已昏。,Besidethehalf-raisedblind,thehalf-closeddoor,crushediceforearthandwhitejadeforpot.Threepartsofwhitenessfromthepear-treestolen,Onepartfromplumforscent(whichpearhasnot).Moon-maidensstitchedthemwithwhitesilkenthread,andvirginstearsthenew-madeflowersdidspot，whichnow,likebashfulmaidsthatnowordsay,leanlanguidonthebreezeatcloseofday.（translatedbyDavidHawkes）,SuggestedanswertoQ6:anexamplefromTheDreamoftheRedChamber,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextBIntroducingCreativeWriting,ClassroomactivitiesSupplementaryinformationSuggestedanswerkey,IntroducingCreativeWriting,Whatisthegirldoing?,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Classroomactivities,HowisthepicturerelatedtothemainideaofTextB?,IntroducingCreativeWriting,ReadaloudthefamousquotesbyHemingway,MooreandFranceinTextB,andworkinpairstoshareyourunderstanding,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Classroomactivities,DiscussthequestionsinTask2/CriticalreadingandthinkingP15,Givea2-minutepresentationonyourfindingsinResearchingP15,IntroducingCreativeWriting,ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)andhisIcebergTheory,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Supplementaryinformation,IntroducingCreativeWriting,beganhiswritingcareerasajournalistdeletingirrelevantandsuperfluousmattercreatingasurfacestoryinwhichhemerelyhintedatorevenskippedthepointofthestoryasobjectiveandhonestaspossibleshortsimplesentences,largelyofnounsandverbs.simpledialoguesifoneapproachesitfamiliarly,whatonesaysofitisworthless.Wordsareconstructivewhentheyaretrue;theopaqueallusionthesimulatedflightupwardaccomplishesnothing.,MarianneMooreandher“PickingandChoosing”,IntroducingCreativeWriting,AnatoleFrance,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Supplementaryinformation,AnatoleFrance(1844-1924)isoftenregardedasthegreatestFrenchwriterofthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.HewaselectedtotheFrenchAcademyin1896andwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1921,inrecognitionofhisliteraryachievements.Hisworksareremarkableforthefocusonsocialjusticeandforthewitty,satiricalwritingstyle.Hisbest-rememberedwork:LledesPingouins(1908,tr.PenguinIsland,1909)(whichsatirizeshumannaturebydepictingthetransformationofpenguinsintohumans),Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Suggestedanswerkey,Thinkofanemptypageasopenspace.-Asthefirstsentenceofthetext,itinitiatesusintotheworldofwriting(onanemptypage).Italsoilluminatesthecentralideaofthetext-Awritershouldregardanemptypageasanopenspacewhereeverythingisendlesslypossible.Thinkofthatopenspaceasanemptypage.-Thisisthelastsentenceofthetext.Theauthorintentionallyechoesthefirstsentence,withasubtlechangeofwordorder,i.e.,moving“openspace”aheadof“emptypage”.Theforwardingof“openspace”enablesthesentencetobecloselytiedtotheprevioussentence,whichisaboutstartingajourney:Ihopethatyouhavealreadybegunthejourney.Ifso,theneverythingispossible,atthispointendlesslypossible.,SuggestedanswertoQ1:,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Suggestedanswerkey,AccordingtoTextB,awritercreatesafour-dimensionalfabric(spaceandtime).Andthereaderistheco-creator,wholivesinapsychologicalfifthdimensionwhilereading.Writingandreadingarecollaborativeacts,wherereadersparticipateinthecreationandmaybeaffectedfortherestoftheirlives.Andthiscollaborationrequirestrustbetweenthereaderandthewriter.,SuggestedanswertoQ2:,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Suggestedanswerkey,Apersonmaypossesssomeinbornqualitiesasagoodwriter.Buttobeagreatwriter,he/sheneedstoworkhardtobuildthosequalities,nurturethemandmakethemstronger.Forexample,thewritershouldlearntobecomeagreatshaperoflanguage,agreatreaderand,mostofall,agreatperson.,SuggestedanswertoQ3:,Task2/PointsfordiscussionP15,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextB,Suggestedanswerkey,Sometimesthewritingprocessgoessmoothly,butsometimesitcouldbestumblingandevenhelpless.Therefore,awritershouldlearntostudyhisownweaknessesandflawsandbecommittedtowritingregardlessofobstacles.,SuggestedanswertoQ4:,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextCTypesofLiterature:theGenres,ClassroomactivitiesSuggestedanswerkey,TypesofLiterature:theGenres,WorkinsmallgroupstoshareyouranswerstothetaskinTextC.P17,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextC,Classroomactivities,Mypersonalfavoriteworks(foryourinformation),TypesofLiterature:theGenres,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextC,Classroomactivities,Discussthefollowingquestion:TextAandTextCadoptverydifferentapproacheswhendealingwiththesameissueformsofliterature.Whatisthedifference?,TypesofLiterature:theGenres,Suggestedanswer:,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,TextC,Classroomactivities,TextC:typicalclassificationofliterature,TextA:thescopeofliteratureifoneapproachesitfamiliarly,whatonesaysisworthless.(Para.11,TextB),FormalEnglish,Unit1TheArtofLiterature,Academiclanguageanddiscourse,Suggestedanswers:,Ifmattersareleftunexplained,untold,orthelanguageofapoemisellipticallyeconomicalwithoutbecomingopaque,theninquiringreaderswillleantowardsthatworld.(Para.6,TextB)Tosome,writingremainsanartifice,agameeven,anditisasmostthingsare,asallofusaresomethingmadeorplayedupon.(Para.9,TextB)Literatureisaphaseoflife.Ifoneisafraidofit,thesituationisirremediable;ifoneapproachesitfamiliarly,whatonesaysisworthless.(Para