必修四第一单元语法

Usefulstructures,语法详解：所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。,Theboy_diving.,They_diving.,BothJackandTim_diving.,Allofthem_diving.,NeitherJacknorTim_walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finishthefollowingexercises:,Bob,Bob_aworker.,is,Mike,MikeandBob_workers.,are,BothMikeandBob_workers.,are,NeitherMikenorBob_ateacher.,is,Bill,Neitherofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.,knows/know,Allofthem_workers.,Noneofthem_(know)howtoteachEnglish.,are,knows/know,主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：,1.and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：Heandshe_bothstudentsofthisschool.Tomandmaryaregoodfriends如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。,一、语法一致原则,are,(2)但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物,或者指同一概念的时候,谓语要用单数。1.Thewriterandsingerhascometoourschool.Theknifeandfork_onthetable.刀叉在桌子上。Saltandwater盐水needleandthread针线breadandbutter黄有面包表示一种事物,(3)有and连接的单数并列主语前有no,each,every,manya修饰后用单数例如：noboyandnogirllikethebookeachboyandeachgirlhereisclever,2.如果主语是单个不定式,动词ing形式或从句的时候,谓语动词一般用单数。Whenheiscomingseemsveryimportant.他什么时候要来看起来很重要。Collectingstampsishishobby.收集邮票是他的爱好。Tolearnenglishwellisveryimportantwherehecomesfromandwherehewillgoarenotknown.,3.with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,besides,ratherthan,like,without,except,but,including谓语动词的数看这些词前的主语例如：Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,isplantingtreesinthestreet.hisparentsaswellashearegoingtotakeatrip,4.定语从句的关系代词who,which,that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。Thosewhoenjoysingingmayjoinus.Tom,whoisyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.heisoneofmyfriendswhoarefondofmusicheistheonlyoneofmyfriendsthatisfondofmusic,either.or;neither.nor;notonly.butalso,whether.or在句子中连接主语的时候在或therebe句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,二、就近原则,NeitheryounorIamwrong.TherearetwochairsandadeskintheroomThereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom,Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.,三、概念一致原则,所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式,而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数,但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数,但在意义上却是单数。,1.集合名词作主语,动词可用单数,也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时,动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public,family,class,crowd,population,team,group。,Hisfamily_goingout.他们全家要外出。Hisfamily_allmusiclovers.他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。,is,are,2.某些名词如people,police,cattle等,形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。Thepolicearesearchingforathief.Thecattleareeatinggrassonthehill.,3.表示时间重量长度价值等名词的复数做主语，谓语用单数1.thirtyyearsisnotlonginhistory2.5,000kilometresisalongdistance,4.有些名词的单数和复数形式一样,作主语的时候,其谓语动词由上下文决定,这一类名词有:means,works,deer,fish,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等。Noteverymeansisuseful.不是每种方法都好使。Notallmeansareuseful.不是所有的方法都好使。,5.therestof;halfof;partof;majorityof;percentof;onethirdof在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。,Halfofthestudents_finishedtheircomposition.一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。Halfoftheapple_bad.一半的苹果坏了。About60percentofthestudentsinourschool_boys.我们学校,大约百分之六十的学生是男生.,have,is,are,6.某些名词如clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses等,通常只用其复数形式,但当它们被apairof修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:Thepairofshoesiswornout.这双鞋破了。Theshoesarewornout.鞋子破了。,某些名词以s结尾如maths,politics,physics,news,plastics等，谓语动词应用单数。Physicsisaveryinterestingsubject.物理是一门很有趣的学科。,四.特殊代词1.不定代词复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词要用单数，如someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing。Someoneisaskingforyou.有人找你。Nothingisfoundintheroom.在屋子里什么也没找到。,2.Neither和either和noneNoneofthemoneyisspentoneducationNoneofthestoriesis/areinterestingNeitherofthemlikesenglish口语也用like,Everyboyandeverygirlintheclassisdiligent.班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.听不到任何声音。,注意：以anumberof作主语时,谓语动词用复数;以thenumberof作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Anumberofnewbooksareonthedesk.Thenumberofstudentsinyouclassis50.,2.表示数量的oneandahalf后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.,1.thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书),其谓语用单数;短语thiskindofmen=menofthiskind=thesekindofmen(口语)(这一类人),但thiskindofmen的谓语用单数,menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的谓语用复数,allkindsof后跟复数名词,谓语用复数形式。例如：,应该注意的几个问题:,Thiskindofmenisdangerous.Menofthiskindaredangerous.2.在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如:Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.,3.“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,aheapof,heapsof,halfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如:,Lotsofdamagewascausedbyfire.Aboutthree-fourthsoftheearthssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.Three-fifthsoftheworkersherearewomen.和这种情况类似的还有“anumberof+名词复数”。但是,“thenumberof+名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：,Anumberofstudentshavegonetothecountrysidetohelpwiththeautumnharvest.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookistwohundred.,注意:a(large)quantityof修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Alargequantityofpeopleisneededhere.,quantitiesof修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。例如:Quantitiesoffood(nuts)wereonthetable.短语inquantity,inlargequantities意为“大量”;insmallquantities意为“少量”。,4.agreatdealof,alargeamountof,修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;largeamountsof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。例如:,Alargeamountof(Agreatdealof)damagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.Largeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.,6.如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数;这类词有:thebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,thedeafanddub,theoppressed,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed等;但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。例如：,Theblindstudyinspecialschool.Thedeparted(死者)wasawell-knownengineer.这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就要与名词man,person或表示人的单数连用。例如:anoldman,arichperson,the(a)woundedsoldier.,高考链接,1.Asaresultofdestroyingtheforests,alarge_ofdesert_coveredtheland.(上海2001）A.number;hasB.quantity;hasC.number;haveD.quantity;have,B,精析：alargenumberof后面要接复数名词，所以A不能作为答案。因为desert是单数，所以要填has。这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地”答案B,2._ofthelandinthatdistrict_coveredwithtreesandgrass.(上海2000)A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are,C,精析:分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示.如果分子大于1,分母序数词后加-s.分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词.句子中的主语land是单数,所以谓语动词要用iscovered.答案C.,3-Eachofthestudents,workinghardathisorherlessons,_togotouniversity.-SodoI.（全国1998）A.hopesB.hopeC.hopingD.dohope,A,精析：这句话的主语是Eachofthestudents，是单数，所以要hopes选作谓语。现在分词短语workinghardathisorherlessons作状语，表示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地把lessons当成了主语，填写了hope，发生了错误。本题的译文：每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。我也是。答案A。,4._peopleintheworldaresendinginformationbye-maileveryday.（上海2001）A.SeveralmillionB.ManymillionsC.SeveralmillionsD.Manymillion,A,精析:在million前如果有具体的数字或several等词时，要用单数形式。many一般不与million等词连用.表示“数百万”，英语为millionsof。这句话的意思是“每天，世界上有几十万人通过e-mail传递信息。”答案A。,5.Thenumberofpeopleinvited_fifty,butanumberofthem_absentfordifferentreasons.(NMET96)A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were,C,6.Thenumberofstudentsinthisschool_by5%everyyear.(MET92)A.riseB.raiseC.risesD.raisesthenumberof+复数可数名词作主语，表示的数目(数量)，谓语动词用单数；anumberof+复数可数名词作主语，表示许多，谓语动词用复数。,C,7.Agooddealofmoney_spentonbooks.(MET84)A.haveB.hasC.havebeenD.hasbeen,D,9.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks_tothenationasagift.(MET90)A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered,A,10.E-mail,aswellastelephone,_animportantpartindailycommunication.(上海99)A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play,A,11.NobodybutJane_thesecret.(MET86)A.knowB.knowsC.haveknownD.isknown12.Allbutone_herejustnow.(MET87)A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were,D,B,13.Eitheryouortheheadmaster_theprizetothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.(上海94)A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout,D,14.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary_tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.(MET87)A.isB.areC.amD.be,B,15.Sheisoneofthefewgirlswho_inthekindergarten.(上海94)A.iswellpaidB.arewellpaidC.ispayingwellD.arepayingwell,B,16.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(上海2002春)A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen,D,17._ofthelandinthatdistrict_coveredwithtreesandgrass.(上海2000)A.Twofifth;isB.Twofifth;areC.Twofifths;isD.Twofifths