《消费者剩余》PPT课件

2020/5/4,1,你能随时做到的环保,1.饮食简单，尽量不要吃野生动物、保护动物早睡早起，充分利用自然光，节约能源尽量安步当车，既锻炼身体，又缓解交通堵塞、减少汽车尾气污染去食堂尽量用消毒餐具或自带餐具，少用一次性用品，既健康有环保随身带个塑料袋，以备超市等购物、装物用尽量用手帕，因为餐巾纸有漂白剂污染环境。此款特别适用于女士，显得古典、优雅勿随意丢弃废旧电池，一个5号电池可将5平方米土地重金属污染达50年,2020/5/4,2,ConsumerSurplus消费者剩余,2020/5/4,3,几个消费者剩余度量尺度,价格变动的补偿CV等值变动EV马歇尔的消费者剩余ConsumerSurplus补偿剩余CS等值剩余ES价格变化的Laspeyre成本差Paasche成本差,2020/5/4,4,价格变动的补偿CV,常被称为补偿变化compensatingvariation：为使某人保持变化以前的福利水平，应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。回想卡尔多补偿对良种农产品的补贴，对农民养猪的补贴,2020/5/4,5,价格变动的补偿CV,PertainingtoPriceReductionTheCompensatingincomevariation(shownasCVinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterareductioninthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepushedbackthesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P122,2020/5/4,6,价格变动的补偿CV,PertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheCompensatingincomevariationequalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afteranincreaseinthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice,wouldhavetopaywouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeliftedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedalargerquantityofXatthelowerprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P122,2020/5/4,7,补偿变化衡量的是一个计划者的净收入。这个计划者必须在价格变化发生之后，对消费者进行补偿使消费者的效用恢复到初始效用水平。它可以设想为计划者为使消费者同意价格发生变化而必须向消费者支付的金额的负数。补偿变化与可以表述为：,价格变动的补偿CV,2020/5/4,8,价格变动的补偿CV,2020/5/4,9,价格变动的补偿CV,2020/5/4,10,等值变化equivalentvariation：在没有变化发生的情况下，为了使某人达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应给予他的补偿金的数额。与补偿变动的区别？回想希克斯补偿标准向农民征地前政府承诺的补偿,等值变动EV,2020/5/4,11,等值变动EV,PertainingtoPriceReductionsTheequivalentincomevariation(shownasEVinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamountofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobelifteduptothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifareductioninthepriceofXatthelowerprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P123,2020/5/4,12,等值变动EV,PertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheequivalentincomevariationequalstheamountofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepusheddowntothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifanincreaseinthepriceofXcausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P123,2020/5/4,13,关于等价变化说明等价变化可想象为一笔金钱，消费者在接受这一笔钱和接受价格变化间是无差异的，也就是说，就对福利的影响而言，这笔钱和价格变化等价的。,等值变动EV,2020/5/4,14,等值变动EV,2020/5/4,15,等值变动EV,2020/5/4,16,马歇尔的消费者剩余ConsumerSurplus,2020/5/4,17,补偿剩余CS,补偿剩余CompensatingSurplus：当某人被限制以变化后的新价格购买如果没有补偿他所购买的物品的量时，为使他保持变化以前的福利水平，而应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。与补偿变化CV的区别？变化后的价格没有补偿的数量变化后的数量,2020/5/4,18,补偿剩余CS,PertainingtoPriceReductionsThecompensatingconsumerssurplus(shownasCSinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterareductioninthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepushedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P123,2020/5/4,19,补偿剩余CS,PertainingtoPriceIncreasesThecompensatingconsumerssurplusequalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afteranincreaseinthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeliftedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedalargerquantityofXatthelowerprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P123,2020/5/4,20,补偿剩余CS,2020/5/4,21,补偿剩余CS,2020/5/4,22,等值剩余ES,等值剩余EquivalentSurplus：在没有发生变化的情况下，如果某人被限制以旧的价格来购买如果没有补偿金他可能购买的物品的量，为使他能够达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应该给予他的补偿金数额。与EV的区别？变化前的价格没有补偿的数量（变化前的数量）,2020/5/4,23,补偿剩余ES,PertainingtoPriceReductionsTheequibalentconsumerssurplus(shownasESinthefollowingfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobelifteduptothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifareductioninthepriceofXcausehimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P124,2020/5/4,24,补偿剩余ES,PertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheequibalentconsumerssurplusequalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepusheddowntothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifanincreaseinthepriceofXcausehimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P124,2020/5/4,25,补偿剩余ES,2020/5/4,26,等值补偿ES,2020/5/4,27,价格变化的Laspeyre成本差,价格变化的Laspeyre成本差：为使消费者刚好能够购买变化前他所能购买的物品量而从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。变化后的价格价格变化前的商品量,2020/5/4,28,价格变化的Laspeyre成本差,PertainingtoPriceReductionsThecostdifferenceLforLaspeyreequalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,followingareductioninthepriceofX,wouldhavetopayinordertobeabletopurchasejustthesamequantities,andnomoreofXandofallothergoodsthathepurchasedbeforethepricereduction-FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicksrevisionofDemandTheory”P122,2020/5/4,29,价格变化的Laspeyre成本差,2020/5/4,30,价格变化的Laspeyre成本差,2020/5/4,31,Paasche成本差,Paasche成本差：为使消费者刚好能够有足够的钱来以原来的价格购买新的物品量时，所应该给予他的金额。原来的价格价格变化后的商品量,2020/5/4,32,Paasche成本差,PertainingtoPriceIncreasesThecostdifferencePforPaascheequalstheamountofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,followinganincreaseinthepriceofX,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeabletopurchasejustthesamequantities,andnoless,ofXandofallothergoodsthathepurchasedbeforethepriceincrease.-FritzMachlup”Profess