湖北省高三英语二轮复习 第3模块 阅读理解 专题8 科普知识型阅读理解课件.ppt

2012届高三英语二轮复习精品课件（湖北专用）：第3模块阅读理解专题8科普知识型阅读理解,专题八专题导读,科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨，逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。从词汇角度来看，在科普类文章中，词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看，句子结构较复杂，长难句较多，语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。,专题八专题导读,科普文常用的修辞手段有：1.下定义：有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。2.举事例：举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。3.做比较：选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。4.打比方：适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。,专题八专题导读,科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：1.总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。2.承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。3.递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。,专题八真题典例,2011湖南卷arecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheafricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)species.thediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatyorkandharvarduniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephantstheasianelephant，africanforestelephant，andafricansavannaelephant.,专题八真题典例,oncetheyobtaineddnasequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons，theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants.theyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasasianelephantsandmammoths.thescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheafricansavannaelephantandtheafricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.thedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofasianelephantsandwoollymammoths.thisresultamazedallthescientists.,专题八真题典例,therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies，butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.previously，manynaturalistsbelievedthatafricansavannaelephantsandafricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies，despitetheelephantssignificantsizedifferences.thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2.5metres.thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons，roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.butthe,专题八真题典例,factthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.howevertheprooflayintheanalysisofthedna.alfredroca，assistantprofessorinthedepartmentofanimalsciencesattheuniversityofillinois，said，“wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes.since1950，allafricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals，theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”,专题八真题典例,()1.oneofthefossilsstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof_.atheasianelephantbtheforestelephantcthesavannaelephantdthemastodonelephant()2.theunderlinedword“divergence”inparagraph4means“_.”aevolutionbexhibitioncseparationdexamination,专题八真题典例,()3.theresearchersconclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheafricanelephants_.adnabheightcweightdpopulation()4.whatarealfredrocaswordsmainlyabout?atheconservationofafricanelephants.bthepurposeofstudyingafricanelephants.cthewaytodivideafricanelephantsintotwounits.dthereasonforthedistinctionofafricanelephants.()5.whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?anaturalistsbeliefsaboutelephantsbamazingexperimentsaboutelephantscanunexpectedfindingaboutelephantsdalongscientificdebateaboutelephants,专题八新题预测,【要点综述】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。1d细节理解题。根据第三段“oncetheyobtaineddnasequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants.”可判断选d。2c词义猜测题。根据第四段“thescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheafricansavannaelephantandtheafricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.”可知，科学家已证实，非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种，即可推断下句为“两种大象的分离应发生在”。由此可推断划线词应意为“分离”，故选c。,专题八新题预测,3a细节理解题。根据第三段“oncetheyobtaineddnasequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石)，mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants.theyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasasianelephantsandmammoths”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的dna的研究结果的基础上的，故选a。,专题八新题预测,4a逻辑推理题。根据最后一段中的“nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority(优先)forconservationpurposes.”可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的，故选a。5c主旨大意题。根据主题段第一段可知，本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种。由此判断选c。,专题八新题预测,(一)motoristswhousedtolistentotheradioortheirfavoritetunesoncdsmayhaveanewwaytoentertainthemselves,afterengineersinjapandevelopedamusicalroadsurface.ateamfromthehokkaidoindustrialresearchinstitutehasbuiltanumberof“melodyroads”，whichusecarsastuningforkstoplaymusicastheytravel.theconceptworksbyusinggrooves(凹槽)theyarecutatveryspecificintervalsintheroadsurface.themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes.,专题八新题预测,dependingonhowfarapartthegroovesare,acarmovingoverthemwillproduceaseriesofhighorlownotes,anddesignersareabletocreateadistincttune.patendocumentsforthedesigndescribeitasnotches“formedinaroadsurfacesoastoplayamelodywithoutproducingsimplesoundorrhythmandreproducemelodyliketones”therearethreemusicalstripsincentralandnorthernjapanoneofwhichplaysthetuneofajapanesepopsong.reportssaythesystemwasinventedbyshizuoshinoda.hescrapedsomemarkingsintoaroadwithabulldozerbeforedrivingoverthemandfoundthattheyhelpedtoproduceallkindsoftones.,专题八新题预测,theoptimalspeedformelodyroadis44kph，butpeoplesayitisnotalwayseasytogettheintendedsound.“youneedtokeepthecarwindowsclosedtohearwell，”wroteonejapaneseblogger.“drivingtoofastwillsoundlikeplayingfastforward,whiledrivingaround12mph20km/hhasaslowmotioneffect,makingyoualmostcarsick.”()1.accordingtothepassage,melodyroadsuse_tocreatedifferentnotes.acarsbgroovescspacesbetweenintervalsdbulldozers,专题八新题预测,()2.wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthehighnessofnotesdependson_.ahowfarthegroovesarebhowbigthegroovesarecthenumberofthegroovesdthespeedofthecar()3.theunderlinedword“optimal”inthepassagemightmean_.afastestbpossiblecbestdsuitable,专题八新题预测,()4.inordertohearthemusicwell,youhaveto_.adriveveryfastbdriveslowlycopenthewindowswidedkeepthewindowsclosed()5.whatsthebesttitleofthepassage?aanewtypeofmusicbmelodyroadsinjapancamusicalroadsurfacedanewinventioninjapan,专题八新题预测,1c细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes.可以得出答案为c。2a细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话可知，声音的高低取决于凹槽的间距，因此正确答案为a。3c词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段，并联系上下文可以推断，optimal在这里是“最佳的，最理想的”，因此正确答案为c。4d细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第一句话可以得出选项d正确。其余三项都与原文说法不符。5b主旨大意题。文章讲述的是日本发明音乐路面的事情，故选b。,专题八新题预测,(二)followingsomeofthetipsforgreenlivinghelpssaveourplanet.alloftheseinvolvejustafewchangestoourdailyhabits.justwalkandlimittheuseofyourcar.oneoftheposterimagesofpollutionisourvehicles.itburnsfuel.itisnotasefficientaswehopeitcouldbe,andweuseiteverysingleday.tolessentheeffectsoftheairpollutioncausedbyourvehicles,weshouldlimittheiruse.ifwecanwalktoourdestinationthenjustletusgo.notonlydowelessenourcarbondioxideemissions,butwealsogetagoodexerciseoutofit.,专题八新题预测,usealaptopinsteadofacomputerdesktop.laptopsaremoreenergyefficientcomparedtotheirbiggercounterparts.alaptopisgenerally50percentmoreefficientinusingelectricity.asidefromthatthereareotherbenefitsofalaptop.itisportablesoyoucanworkanywhereyoulikeandthatyougetpowerfulfeatureswithoutthelargesizeofdesktopunits.turnoffthefaucetwhileyouarebrushingyourteeth.itisalwaysabetterideatouseaglasswhenwearebrushingourteethandnottojustletthefaucetkeeponrunning.therefore,thereislesswatertowastewhilewearecleaningourpearlywhites.simplyturnoffthefaucetwhenyouarenotusingit.,专题八新题预测,makegooduseofnaturallight.wehaveagreatandnaturallampthesun,andweshouldlearnhowtotakefulladvantageofitduringdaytime.soinsteadofturningonourlightsorlampsevenifitisstillnotevening,weshouldpullupthedrapesandletthenaturallightcomeinfromthewindows.thesearejustsomeofthebesttipsforgreenliving,butofcoursetherearestillmanyofthesetipsifyoujustsearchforthem.butyoucandoyourownvariationanytimejustalwaysprioritizehowyoucanuselessenergyandproduceevenlesstrashandpollution.,专题八新题预测,()1.whatsthebesttitleforthepassage?ahowtosaveourplanetbhowt