学术英语(一)unit3重点词汇

Discussthewordsmeaning,Exercise1,Exercise2,Exercise3,Therewasadeep-rootedracialprejudicelongbeforethetwocountriesbecamerivalsandwenttowar.,prejudice:anunreasonabledislikeanddistrustofpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyouinsomeway,especiallybecauseoftheirrace,sex,religionetc.usedtoshowdisapproval.,Readthesentencesbelowandusecontexttowritethedefinitionsoftheunderlinedwords.Onewordhasbeendoneforyou.,Discussthewordsmeaning,e.g.,1.Wediscouragewasteoftimeonitemsirrelevanttotheobjectofstudy.,irrelevant:notusefulornotrelatingtoaparticularsituation,andthereforenotimportant,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,Beirrelevantto,derivative,irrelevancy/irrelevancyn.,Translation,Accordingtorelevantlawsandregulations,theeducationofdisabledchildreniscompulsory.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.我不明白他的评论与这一争论有何关系。,1.根据有关法律法规,中国政府将残疾儿童教育纳入义务教育。,Icantseetherelevanceofhiscommenttothedebate.,2.Thefallinthenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseaseisgenerallyattributedtoimprovementsindiet.,attribute:tobelieveorsaythatasituationoreventiscausedbysomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,attributen.,attribute:aqualityorfeature,especiallyonethatisconsideredtobegoodorusefule.g.Theattributecannotbemodifiedbecauseitisownedbythesystem.(由于属于系统，不能修改该属性.),Translation,Mosthistoriansattributesuchdeclinestowarsandconquests.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.彬彬有礼是绅士的本色。,1.大多数的历史学家把这样的衰亡归于战争和征服。,Politenessisanattributeofagentleman.,3.Individualdepartmentsidentifythetrainingneedsoftheirstaffmemberstoensurethecontinualdevelopmentoftheirinherentskills.,inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,Beinherentin,Translation,Thedesireforfreedomisinherentinusall.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.钱财身外物。,1.对自由的渴望是我们所有人的天性。,Moneyisnotaninherentpartofthehumanbeing.,4.Ourultimateobjectiveistohaveasmanyfemalemembersofparliamentastherearemale.,ultimate:someonesultimateaimistheirmainandmostimportantaim,thattheyhopetoachieveinthefuture(=final),Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,ultimategoal/aim/objective,Translation,Hesaiditisstillnotpossibletopredicttheultimateoutcome.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.他们那种充分自由和完全平等的终极目标则永远无法实现。,1.他说现在还无法预料最终的结局。,Theirultimategoalofcompletefreedomandtotalequalityisneverreached.,5.Weshouldneveraggregatevotestopredictresultsunderanothersystem.,aggregate:differentamounts,piecesofinformationetctogethertoformagrouporatotal,Discussthewordsmeaning,aggregateadj./n.,collocation,In(the)aggregate合计，总计，归结起来,Translation,Theaggregatenumberofunemployedisfiftythousandthisyear.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.全球经济活动总量是一年年的递增。,1.今年失业人数总共达五万人。,Theworldeconomicaggregateisincreasingyearbyyear.,6.Statisticallyourchancesofbeingthevictimsofviolentcrimeareremote.,victim:someonewhohasbeenattacked,robbed,ormurdered,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,fallvictimto成为.的牺牲品,Translation,Throughoutthetrial,heportrayedhimselfasthevictim.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.许多河流都受到了近期干旱的影响。,1.在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。,anystreamshavefallenvictimtotherecentdrought.,7.Astupidpersonalwaystriestojustifyhimselfforhismistakes;butawisemantrieshisbesttocorrecthiserrors.,justify:togiveanacceptableexplanationforsomethingthatotherpeoplethinkisunreasonable,Discussthewordsmeaning,Collocation,justifysth.justifydoingjustifyoneselfforsth.,derivative,justificationn.,Translation,Hethoughtthattherewasinsufficientevidencetojustifythecriminalproceedings.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.喝醉酒并不能成为你违规的理由。,1.他认为没有足够的证据为刑事诉讼程序辩护。,Thatyouweredrunkdoesnotjustifyyourviolatingtherule.,8.Hewasashamed.Thatfeelinglingered,andhewasnevercomfortableinchurchafterthat.,linger:tocontinuetoexist,benoticeableetcforlongerthanisusualordesirable,Discussthewordsmeaning,derivative,lingeringadj.,e.g.lingeringsuspicions/doubts萦绕在心中的疑虑lingeringillness久病,久治不愈的病,Translation,Theattractivescenicspotsandhistoricsitesmakeforeigntouristslingeronandforgettoreturn.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.考试的最终结果扼杀了他心里残存的希望。,1.景色宜人的名胜古迹,令外国旅游者流连忘返。,Theresultoftheexamkilledhislingeringhope.,9.Shethrewherselfonherbedandweptintheagonyofboredom.,agony:averysad,difficult,orunpleasantexperience,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,inanagonyofdespair极度绝望inanagonyofgrief极度悲伤inanagonyofjoy狂喜,Translation,Thedyingmangroanedinagonyastherescuerstriedtomovehim.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.景色宜人的名胜古迹,令外国旅游者流连忘返。,10.Theindustrialinjuriesschemetakesintoaccounttheactualdisabilityandwhetherithandicapsapersoninworking.,handicap:tomakeitdifficultforsomeonetodosomethingthattheywantorneedtodo,Discussthewordsmeaning,derivative,handicapn.handicappedadj.,Translation,Poorcommunicationskillsarethemaincareerhandicapofyoungpeopletoday.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.无知会妨碍城市的进步。,1.差的沟通技能是当今的年轻人在事业上的的主要障碍。,Ignorancecanhandicaptheprogressofacity,11.Hesclever,butnotrich;compassionatewithoutbeingsentimental.,sentimental:someonewhoissentimentaliseasilyaffectedbyemotionssuchaslove,sympathy,sadnessetc,ofteninawaythatseemssillytootherpeople,Discussthewordsmeaning,Translation,Theintellectualpeoplearemoresuitableforadministrationpositionthansentimentalpeople.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.理智的人比感情用事的人更适合做管理工作。,12.Thenurses,grumblingaboutworkingChristmas,turnedtocompassionforafamilyjusttryingtogetwarmonChristmas.,compassion:astrongfeelingofsympathyforsomeonewhoissuffering,andadesiretohelpthem,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,compassionforfeel/show/havecompassionwithcompassion,derivative,compassionateadj.,Translation,Herownexperienceshadtaughthertohavecompassionformisunderstoodchildren.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.她自身的遭遇使她认识到应对那些受到误解的孩子予以同情。,13.Teachershavejoinedastrikeaimedatforcingthegovernmenttopayoverduesalariesandallowances.,overdue:notdone,paid,returnedetcbythetimeexpected,Discussthewordsmeaning,Translation,Thelibrarianhascalledinallthebooksthatareoverdue.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.图书馆科理员把所有出借过期的书收回。,14.Youwillneedtoseekprofessionaladviceaboutyourclaimforcompensation.,claim:astatementthatsomethingistrue,eventhoughithasnotbeenproved,Discussthewordsmeaning,claimv.,IcantclaimtobeveryconversantwithanyofthesciencesbecauseIveneverstudiedthem.（我不能说我精通任何一种科学，因为我没有研究过它们。）,Translation,Theyclaimedthatthenewlawwasnotconstitutional.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.他向保险公司提出索赔。,1.他们声称这项新法律不符合宪法。,Hesubmittedaclaimtotheinsurer.,15.Itisdifficulttoconveythesheercomplexityofthesituation.,complexity:thequalityofbeingintricateandcompounded,Discussthewordsmeaning,derivative,complexadj.,Translation,Themorecomplexthecivilization,themorecomplexareitssystems.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.我们正面对着一个极复杂的问题。,1.社会的文明程度越高，它的这些体系就越复杂。,Wearefacingaproblemofgreatcomplexity.,16.Iwontgosofarastosaythatheisdishonest,i.e.Iwontactuallyaccusehimofdishonesty,eventhoughImightsuspecthimofit.,accuse:tosaythatyoubelievesomeoneisguiltyofacrimeorofdoingsomethingbad,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,accusesb.ofsth.控告,谴责,derivative,accusationn.,Translation,Heisaccusedofexploitingchildlabor.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.你的指责必须以事实为依据。,1.他被指控剥削童工。,Youraccusationmustbegroundedonfacts.,17.AnewandexcellentstrategyfortheassaultonFrancewasatlasthammeredout.,assault:amilitaryattacktotakecontrolofaplacecontrolledbytheenemy,Discussthewordsmeaning,assaultv.,Thecommanderdecidedtoassaulttheenemyinthedarkness.（指挥官决定夜袭敌军。）,Translation,TheAmericanarmymadeasurpriseassaultonthecitiesinthenorthofIraq.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.美军突然袭击了伊拉克的北部城市。,18.Imnotopposedtoacorecurriculuminprinciple,butIthinkrequiringaforeignlanguageisunrealistic.,core:themostimportantorcentralpartofsomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,coreteam骨干团队corecurriculum基础课程tothecore彻底的，十足的,Translation,Thecoreofourappealisfreedomofspeech.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.我们呼吁的中心是要言论自由。,19.Theyhavebeendirectingtheirwholeattentiontothisinternationalconflict.,conflict:astateofdisagreementorargumentbetweenpeople,groups,countriesetc,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,Inconflictwith和.有矛盾；不一致,derivative,conflictingadj.,Translation,Hewasinstrumentalinbringingaboutanendtotheconflict.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.他们对发生的事所作的陈述自相矛盾，使我迷惑不解。,1.他在终止冲突的过程中起了重要作用。,Theyconfusedmewithconflictingaccountsofwhathappened.,20.Andnow,friends,fellowcitizensofGettysburgandPennsylvania,andyoufromremoterstates,letmeagain,aswepart,invokeyourbenedictiononthesehonoredgraves.,invoke:tomakeaparticularidea,image,orfeelingappearinpeoplesmindsbydescribinganeventorsituation,orbytalkingaboutaperson,Discussthewordsmeaning,Translation,Thespeechinvokedhismemoryofchildhood.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.演讲唤起了他童年的记忆。,21.Thestatecandemandthatchildrenattendschool;itcannotcompelthemtoparticipateinceremoniesthatviolatetheirreligiousconvictions.,violate:todosomethingthatmakessomeonefeelthattheyhavebeenattackedorhavesufferedagreatlossofrespect,Discussthewordsmeaning,derivative,violationn.violatorn.,Translation,Thosewhoviolatetrafficregulationsshouldbepunished.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.那些违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。,22.Shylockssecondpassionateassertionofhumanequalityisalmostaswell-knownasitdeservestobe.,assertion:somethingthatyousayorwritethatyoustronglybelieve,Discussthewordsmeaning,derivative,assertv.,e.g.assertoneself坚持（自己）的主张;表现坚定Hesspeakingupandassertinghimselfconfidently.（他明确表态，信心十足地阐述自己的观点。）,Translation,Somepeopleassertthatnothingisimpossible.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.这种断言是由一种误解而来。,1.一些人断言没有什么事是不可能的。,Thisassertionrestsonamisunderstanding.,23.ThewarranthadbeenissuedbytheU.S.FederalCourtatnearestfederalcourttoBoonton.,warrant:alegaldocumentthatissignedbyajudge,allowingthepolicetotakeaparticularaction,Discussthewordsmeaning,Translation,Policeconfirmedthattheyhadissuedawarrantforhisarrest.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.警方证实他们已经签发了对他的拘捕令。,24.Banksareundernoobligationtoacceptpresentationofdocumentsoutsidetheirbankinghours.,obligation:amoralorlegaldutytodosomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,underanobligationundernoobligationPlacesb./sth.underanobligation,24.Banksareundernoobligationtoacceptpresentationofdocumentsoutsidetheirbankinghours.,obligation:amoralorlegaldutytodosomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,compare,duty,obligation,responsibility,这些名词都有“义务”或“职责”之意。duty:指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。obligation:指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。responsibility:指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所应尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。,Translation,Sheisunderanobligationtoheradoptivefather.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.她有义务赡养她的养父。,25.Aleaderseminencedoesnotimplyarighttoimposehiswillonhispeers.,impose:toforcesomeonetohavethesameideas,beliefsetcasyou,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,imposefinesonsomeone罚款imposeon把.强加于.,Translation,Parentsoftenimposetheirownmoralvaluesontheirchildren.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.父母往往让子女接受自己的道德观。,26.Acaseinpointwasthecontroversyprovokedbytheagitationforfullandimmediatepaymentoftheso-calledbonus.,controversy:aseriousargumentaboutsomethingthatinvolvesmanypeopleandcontinuesforalongtime,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,beyondcontroversy无可争辩(无可争议).withoutcontroversy无可争辩(无可争议).,derivative,controversialadj.,Translation,Thatisafactbeyondcontroversy.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.那是一个无可争论的事实。,27.Pleasewritetoconfirmyourreservation,i.e.sendalettertosupportabookingmadebytelephone.,confirm:totellsomeonethatapossiblearrangement,date,orsituationisnowdefiniteorofficial,Discussthewordsmeaning,derivative,confirmationn.,Translation,Iamwritingtoconfirmthebookingmadebytelephone.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.我写此信以确认通过电话做的预订。,28.Theneighbourssubmittedapetitionaskingthetowntoputuptrafficlightsneartheschool.,petition:adocumentsignedbyalotofpeoplewhichasksagovernmentorotherofficialgrouptodoaparticularthing,Discussthewordsmeaning,petitionv.,Theypetitionthegovernmentforthereleaseofthepoliticalprisoner.（他们向政府请愿要求释放政治犯。）,Translation,Thegovernmentreceivedapetitionwhichborenearlyfivethousandsignatures.,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.他们向政府请愿要求释放政治犯。,1.政府收到一份下面有近五千人签名的请愿书.,Theypetitionthegovernmentforthereleaseofthepoliticalprisoner.,29.Heeasilydefeatedhisopponentintheelection.,opponent:someonewhoyoutrytodefeatinacompetition,game,fight,orargument,Discussthewordsmeaning,compare,opponent,competitor,enemy,rival,这些名词均有“对手、敌手”之意。opponent:最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。competitor:指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。enemy:多指充满敌意的仇敌。rival:指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。,Translation,Shehadtocontestagainstaverystrongopponentforthechampionship.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.她必须与强劲的对手手角逐冠军。,30.Menaresubjecttosuddenchangesoffortuneasthemoonissubjecttothechangesofbeingfullandcrescent,cloudyandclear.,subject:likelytobeaffectedbysomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,collocation,besubjectto可能受影响的;易遭受的,Translation,Theirparticipationissubjecttoanumberofimportantprovisions.,Discussthewordsmeaning,1.他们的参与受一些重要条款的限制。,ethics,ethical,ethically,unethical,unethically,ethicist,ethicality,ethicize,utilize,utilization,utilizer,utilizable,utilitarian,utilitarianism,consciousness,consciously,unconscious,unconsciously,unconsciousness,subconscious,changed,changeable,changeably,changeability,changeless,changelessly,interchange,interchangeable,interchangeably,interchangeability,inference,inferential,inferentially,inferable,inferably,2.Findmorewordsofeachwordfamily.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.,Discussthewordsmeaning,merciful,mercifully,merciless,mercilessly,mercilessness,necessarily,unnecessary,unnecessarily,necessity,necessitate,necessitous,necessitously,retainer,retention,retentive,retentively,retentiveness,alleged,allegedly,allegation,allegeable,critical,critically,criticism,criticize,uncritical,uncritically,uncriticized,binder,binding,bindery,unbind,unbinding,Discussthewordsmeaning,generally,generalize,generality,generalization,legislation,legislative,legislator,legislature,objection,objectionable,objectionably,objector,automatic,automatically,automation,automated,restriction,restrictive,restrictively,unrestrictive,unrestrictively,restricted,unrestricted,community,communal,communist,communism,Discussthewordsmeani