助动词与情态动词ppt课件

LectureOne,助动词与情态动词,AuxiliaryVerbsandModalVerbs,1,动词的分类,根据在句中的功能，动词可以分为：1.实义动词(NotionalVerbs)2.系动词(LinkVerbs)3.助动词(AuxiliaryVerbs)4.情态动词(ModalVerbs)根据其后是否带宾语，实义动词又可分为：1.及物动词(TransitiveVerbs,Vt.)2.不及物动词(IntransitiveVerbs,Vi.),2,助动词（AuxiliaryVerbs),协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（AuxiliaryVerbs）,被协助的动词称作主要动词（MainVerbs）。Idontlikecoffee.助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。最基本的助动词有三个：be,do,have.be,am,is,are,was,were,been,beinghave,has,had,havingdo,does,did,3,助动词be,have,do的用法,助动词be主要用来构成各种进行时态和被动语态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。WhatwereyoudoingwhenIcalled?Smokingisnotallowedinthisbuilding.助动词have主要用来构成各种完成时和完成进行时态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?助动词do主要用来构成疑问句和否定句，以及在动词之前表示强调。Hedoesntcarewhatotherpeoplethink.Hedidknowthat.,4,注意：,be动词除了用作助动词外，还可用作系动词，构成系表结构。Heisadentist.have和do除用作助动词外，还可用作及物动词。Ihaveabrother.Whatareyoudoing?,5,助动词will,would,shall,should,除be,have,do外，英语中的助动词还有四个：will,would,shall,should与be,have,do不同的是，这四个词往往有情态动词的作用，可以说是介于助动词和情态动词之间的词，甚至更接近于情态动词。本讲中将其归入情态动词部分进行讲解。,6,情态动词（ModalVerbs）,cancouldmaymightmustoughtto,shallshouldwillwould,半情态动词needdarebeabletohavetohadbetter,所有这些情态动词、半情态动词之后都接不带to的不定式，即动词原形。除beableto和haveto中的be和have有人称、数和时态的变化外，其它情态动词都适用于各种人称，并且没有时态变化。,7,can,could,beableto,can可用于表能力，可能性及许可。Heisonlyfour,buthecanread.Canthisnewsbetrue?CanIsmokehere?could可以作为can的过去式，表过去的能力，或用在间接引语中表过去的可能或许可;还可表示委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix.FathersaidIcouldswimintheriver.CouldIuseyourbike?,8,can表能力时beableto,但can强调一贯的能力，beableto更强调通过努力可以达到的能力,相当于managetodosth.或succeedindoingsth.Icantswim.ButIamsureIwillbeabletoswimthroughmorepractice.Thefirespreadthroughthehotel,buteveryonewasabletogetout.Whentheboatsank,hewasabletoswimtothebank.,9,may,might,may表请求、可以、允许。Youmaydrivethetractor.MayIcomein?Yes,please./Certainly.No,youcant.No,youmustnt.No,youdbetternot.may/might表推测,可能，might可能性更小.,10,maybe与maybe,maybe是副词，意为“也许，大概”。它通常放在句子的开头，在句子中作状语。Maybetheywontcomeheretonight.Maybesheishappy.maybe是情态动词may加动词原形be构成的，在句中做谓语，意为“可能是、大概是”，后接形容词、介词短语或名词作表语。Shemaybeathome.=Maybesheisathome.Youmayberight.=Maybeyouareright.,11,副词maybe可单独用作答语，但maybe不能这样用。如：A：Doyouthinkhellcomeback?B：Maybe.(Maybenot.)翻译：你的钢笔可能在你的口袋里。他可能是个学生。Yourpenmaybeinyourpocket.Maybeyourpenisinyourpocket.Hemaybeastudent.Maybeheisastudent.,12,must,haveto,must表必须，必要，强调说话人的主观意愿，而haveto更强调客观需要，“不得不”。Imustcleantheroom.（主观想法）Ihavetocleantheroom.（客观需要）在回答must引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用donthaveto或neednt(不必)，不用mustnt。MustIgotomorrow?Yes,please./Yes,youmust.No,youneednt.No,youdonthaveto.,13,mustbe+表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）Hemustbeanhonestboy.Thismustbeyourroom.haveto有第三人称单数和时态的变化。She/He/Ithasto.Theyhadto.Theywillhaveto.haveto的否定和疑问形式必须借助于助动词do来构成。Ihavetogetupearly.Idonthavetogetupsoearly.DoIhavetogetupsoearly?,14,should,oughtto,否定形式shouldnot/shouldnt,oughtnotto/oughtntto疑问形式直接用should,ought提问。你不应该抽这么多烟。Yououghtntto/shouldntsmokesomuch.我应不应该给她写信？ShouldIwritetoher?OughtItowritetoher?,15,should的特殊用法Ifinditquiteastonishingthatheshouldbesorudetoyou.我很惊讶他竟然对你如此无礼。Icantthinkwhysheshouldhavedonesuchathing.我不明白她为什么竟然做出这样的事。should常用在从句中表示一种感情色彩，可译为“竟然”。,16,will和would,will,would作为助动词可以用来构成将来时态。作为情态动词，will/would可以：1.表示意志，决心或愿望。Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpeace.Hewouldntgotoseethedoctor.2.表示经常性、习惯性的行为，常译为“总是”。Shewilllistentomusicaloneinherroomforhours.HewouldcometoseemewhenhewasinBeijing.,17,3.用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委婉。Would/willyoupleasetellmethewaytothestation?4.表猜测，“大概”，“可能”Thiswillbethebookyouarelookingfor.Shewouldbeabout60whenshedied.,18,1.Johngetsupsetwhenhe_understandaproblem.2.Mypenisoutofink._youletmeuseyours?3.Youdbettertaketheumbrellawithyou;it_rain.4.Iaskedhimforthekeys,buthe_givethemtome.5.Herbrotherdiedsuddenly.She_beverysad.,cant,Will/Would,may/might,wouldnot,must,Exercise:Fillineachblankwithamodalverb.,19,6.AreyoucomingtoJeffsparty?Imnotsure.I_gototheconcertinstead.7.Willyoustayforlunch?Sorry,I_.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.,may/might,cant,20,need,既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。做实义动词,有人称和时态的变化：Ineedsomehelp.(needsth.)Heneedstogetsomesleep.(needtodosth.)Hishairneededcutting.(needdoing主动表被动)此时，否定和疑问都要用助动词do构成。Idontneedanyhelp./Doyouneedanyhelp?Hedoesntneedtogetanysleep./Doesheneedto.?Hishairdidntneedcutting./Didhishairneedcutting?,21,做情态动词,后接动词原形，没有人称和时态变化一般只用在否定句和疑问句中：sb.needntdosth.,指“不必.”Youneedntwaitforme.Sheneedntwritetohim.Hesaidsheneedntwritetohim.疑问句可由need直接构成，不必借助于助动词do.Needshewritetohim?NeedIwaitforyou?Yes,youmust./No,youneednt.肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt.,22,判断下列句子对错：Sheneedsomepaper.Sheneedssomepaper.Needyouanyhelp?Doyouneedanyhelp?Ineedntanyhelp.Idontneedanyhelp.Youdontneedwaitforme.Youdontneedtowaitforme.Youneedntwaitforme.,(),(),(),(),23,dare敢.,既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。做情态动词，无人称变化，只用于否定句和疑问句中,后接动词原形。Dareyougotherealone?Idarenotgotherealone.做实义动词，常跟不定式，daretodosth.，此时疑问和否定须借助助动词。Hedarestospeakbeforeabigaudience.Didhedare(to)speakbefore.Hedoesntdare(to)speakbefore.dare做实义动词时，疑问句和否定句中的不定式符号可以省略。,24,情态动词havedone,情态动词完成式的用法主要有两方面的含义：1.表示对已经发生的情况的推测：musthavedonecant/couldnthavedonemay/mighthavedone2.表示一种虚拟语气：couldhavedoneshouldhavedone/oughttohavedoneshouldnothavedone/oughtnottohavedoneneednthavedone,25,常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的肯定推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。ShemusthavestudiedEnglishbefore.她以前一定学过英语。Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.路是湿的，昨夜一定下过雨。,musthavedone,26,表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。Mr.SmithcanthavegonetoBeijing,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家了。Marycanthavestolenyourmoney.Shehasgonehome.,canthavedone/couldnthavedone,27,may/mighthavedone,表示对过去发生行为的不太肯定的推测，含有“可能”、“也许是”的意思。Hemayhavefinishedhishomework.他也许已经完成了作业。Hemightnothavesettledthequestion.他可能尚未解决那个问题。,28,couldhavedone,表示本来能够完成的动作但没有完成。Youcouldhavecompletedthetaskalittleearlier.你本来能够早一点完成