大学英语精读第二册 第三版 课件 unit eight.ppt

1.Warm-upQuestions,3.BackgroundInformation,Pollsofpublicopinion,StateRegentsexaminations,BeforeReading_Main,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,DetailedReading,AfterReading,2.ListeningComprehension,4.AnOpinionPoll,Incometaxes,Competencytests,BeforeReading_1,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Warm-upQuestions,Whatdoesthevideoclipdescribe?Doyouthinkitfunny?Why?Haveyouevercheatedonexamsorthoughtofcheatingonexams?Whatarethereasons?Whatdoyouthinkofcheatingonexams?Doyouthinkwecanstopcheating?Ifyes,how?Ifno,why?Canyouimaginewhatwouldhappeniftherewerenoexams?,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_2.1,ListeningComprehension,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,HonestAbe,sundry:,各式各样的,dismay：,沮丧,trifle：,琐事,conscientious：,尽责的,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_2.1.1,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,WhenAbrahamLincolnwasyoungheworkedinastore.Asaclerkheprovedhonestandefficient.Onedayawomancameintothestoreandpurchasedsundryarticles.Theyaddeduptotwodollarsandsixandaquartercents,ortheyoungclerkthoughttheydid.Thebillwaspaid,andthewomanwasentirelysatisfied.Buttheyoungstore-keeper,notfeelingquitesureastotheaccuracyofhiscalculation,addeduptheitemsoncemore.Tohisdismayhefoundthatthesumtotalshouldhavebeenbuttwodollars.“Ivemadeherpaysixandaquartercentstoomuch,”saidAbe,disturbed.Itwasatrifle,andmanyclerkswouldhavedismisseditassuch.ButAbewastooconscientioustoforgetabouttheovercharge.“Themoneymustbepaidback,”hedecided.Thiswouldhavebeeneasyenoughhadthewomanlivedjustroundthecorner,but,astheyoungmanknew,shelivedbetweentwoandthreemilesaway.This,however,didnotalterthematter.Itwasnight,butheclosedandlockedthestore,andwalkedtotheresidenceofhiscustomer.Havingarrivedthere,heexplainedthematter,paidoverthesixandaquartercents,andreturnedsatisfiedly.,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_2.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,1.WhatkindofclerkwasAbewhenhewasworkinginthestore?2.Howmuchdidthewomanpayfortheitemsshebought?3.DidAbeadduptheitemsforasecondtime?Why?4.WhatdidAbedecidetodoafterhefoundthemistake?5.Howfaristhewomanshousefromthestore?6.HowdidAbefeelafterhereturnedthemoney?,Hewashonestandefficient.,Twodollarsandsixandaquartercents.,Yes.Becausehewasnotsureastotheaccuracyofhiscalculation.,Hedecidedtopaythemoneyback.,Betweentwoandthreemilesaway.,Hefeltsatisfied.,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.1.1,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,1)Publicopinionpoll:amethodoflearningwhatpeoplethinkandhowtheyfeelaboutawidevarietyofsubjects2)Thefirstpublicpoll:in1824,intheUS,oneofthebest-knowntheGallupPoll3)Twosamplingmethods:randomandquotasampling,1.Pollsofpublicopinion,BackgroundInformation,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.1.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Apublicopinionpollisamethodoflearningwhatpeoplethinkandhowtheyfeelaboutawidevarietyofsubjects.Thefirstpollofpublicopinionwasconductedin1824intheUS.Intheearly20thcenturypublicopinionpollsbeganusingstatisticalsamplingtechniques.AftertheSecondWorldWarandparticularlyinthe1960sthepopularityoftheopinionpollsgrew.Oneofthebest-knownistheGallupPollapollofpublicopiniononamajorpoliticalorsocialissue,developedbyGeorgeH.Gallup,anAmericanstatistician.Twomethodsofsamplingarepracticedbythepolls,randomandquotasampling.Theformerconsistsinselectingpersonstobeinterviewedatrandom.Quotasamplinginvolvesselectingasampleofpeoplewhichisrepresentativeofthepopulationintermsofage,occupation,sex,regionandsoon.,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.2.1,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,2.StateRegentsexaminations,1)NewYorkState2)Highschoolstudents3)Examinationsmadeoutbyregents4)Notreplacefinalexam5)Passscore65,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.2.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,InthestateofNewYork,theDepartmentofEducationrequiresthathighschoolstudentstakeyear-endexaminationsinscience,math,andlanguagesubjects.Aregentisamemberofaboardappointedtogoverneducationalinstitutions.InNewYork,theregentsmakeouttheserequiredexaminations.Theregentsexamdoesnotreplacethefinalexamination.Itisasecuretest,meaningthatotherthantheregentsthemselves,noone,noteventheteachers,issupposedtoseetheexaminationspriortotheiradministration.Theexamsaremostlymultiplechoicequestions,thoughstudentsmayberequiredtowriteashortessayorsolvemathproblems.Ascoreof65isrequiredtopasstheexam,thetopscorebeing100.,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.3,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,TheUShashadincometaxlawssince1913.Incometaxisataxonthewages,salaries,profits,interestandrentreceivedbyataxpayerwithinadefiniteperiodoftime.IntheUSapproximatelyonequarterofamiddleclassfamilysearningsgoestothegovernmentthroughtheInternalRevenueService(IRS)intheformoftaxes;inGreatBritainaboutonethirdofamiddleclassfamilysincomegoestotaxes.,3.Incometaxes,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.4.1,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,4.Competencytests,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_3.4.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Competencytestsareusedtodeterminewhetherornotapersonpossessesacertainskilltodosomething,asopposedtoaproficiencytestwhichdetermineshowwellapersoncandosomething.Acompetencytestisapass/failtest,thepointbeingnottoachieveanexceptionalscore,butmerelytopassit.Usuallyacompetencytestissetinreadingandbasicmathcomputations,notinallsubjectareas.Sometimesstudentsmustpasscompetencytestsattheendofeachacademicyeartolettheschoolauthoritiesdeterminewhethertheyarecapableofdoingworkattheirgradelevel.RecentlyagrowingnumberofstatesintheUSarerequiringstudentstopassacompetencytestbeforereceivingahighschooldiploma;ifonefailsthetest,onereceivesahighschoolcertificatewhichamountstolittlemorethanastatementthatoneattendedschool.,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_4.1,AnOpinionPoll,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,1.Inyouropinion,testsorexamsare_.A)helpfulB)notveryusefulC)tryingD)tryingbutnecessary2.Beforeamajortestyouusuallyfeel_.A)ateaseB)excitedC)worriedD)nervous,Directions:Askstudentstodothepollabouttheirattitudetowardstestandtesttaking,thenanalyzethestatisticswithinbiggroupsandtheleaderofeachgroupgivesareportwithaconclusion.,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_4.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,3.Howoftendoyoureviewyourlessons?Ireviewmylessons_.A)regularlyB)whenIfeellikereviewingC)seldomD)onlywhenthereisatest4.Whenyouarepreparingyourselfforamajortest,_.A)youworkhardwithaviewtomakingathoroughstudyofthesubjectconcernedB)youprefertotakeiteasybutmakesuretogetapassorbetterthanpassgradeC)yourelymuchonthehintstheteachergivesyouD)youkeeponinquiringaboutitineverypossibleway5.Whiletakingamajortestyouusuallyare_.A)calmandcarefulB)tooexcitedtothinkcarefullyC)casualaboutyouranswersD)sonervousastofeelataloss,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_4.3,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,6.Whenyouhavedifficultyansweringaquestion,_.A)youkeepontryingonyourownB)yougiveitupafterhavingatryC)youwishyoucouldgethelpfromyourclassmatesD)youmanagetoobtainsomehelpanyhow7.Whenyourclassmatesaskforhelpduringatest,_.A)youalwaysgiveaflatrefusalB)youoftenpretendnottohavenoticeditC)youarealwaysreadytohelpanyoneofthemD)youhavenoideahowtohandlethesituationbecauseyouhavenothadsuchexperience8.Youthinkthatcheatingonexamsis_.A)dishonestB)tolerableC)unavoidableD)objectionableinprinciple,DetailedReading,BeforeReading_4.4,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,9.Themaincauseofcheatingonexamis,inyouropinion,_.A)thatexamsareunreasonablydifficultB)thatthosewhocheatwantverymuchtogetbettergradesC)thattheyareafraidtofailD)toomysteriousandsubtleforyoutounderstand10.Whentakingatest,youbelieveinthesaying_.A)“Honestyisthebestpolicy.”B)“Manproposes,Goddisposes.”C)“Acceptitasitis.”D)“Theendjustifiesthemeans.”,1.Expressionofpercentage:xx%,xx%outofxx,mostofus,fewofus,noneofus2.Expressionofopinions:weallagree/think/believe/holdtheopinionthat,TipsforPresentation:,DetailedReading,GlobeReading_main,1.PartDivisionoftheText,2.DiscourseAnalysis,3.Skimming,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,4.SupplyingtheMissingInformation,DetailedReading,GlobeReading1,PartDivisionoftheText,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,DetailedReading,MainIdeas,Lines,Parts,1,118,2,1932,3,3367,Cheatingmaybeontherise.,Actionstakenandreaction.,Reactions:Whytherewaslesscheatingin“thegoodolddays”?,4,6879,Suggestions:Waystohelpstudentsgainconfidence.,GlobeReading2.1,DiscourseAnalysis,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Thetextisanargumentativewritinginstyle.Theauthorpresentssufficientevidenceofvalidreasons,examples,strongcontrasts,etc.tosupporthisideathatdishonestyisincreasinginAmerica,buthonestyisstillanimportantpartofthenationalcharacter.,1.Howtosupportastatement?,statistics,examples,analysis,counter-argument,analogy,etc.,2.Findthesupportingsentencesineachpartaccordingtothetopicsentencesgiven.,DetailedReading,GlobeReading2.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,ForPart1:,Recentpoll:61%Americanhighschoolstudentsevercheated.,Acaseinpoint:NewYorkStatecharge.,Studentsbuyprewrittentermpapers.,DetailedReading,GlobeReading2.3,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,ForPart2:,CampaignattheUniversityofMaryland.,DetailedReading,GlobeReading2.4,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,ForPart3:,GeorgeWashingtonscherrytreehonestywasseenasanimportantpartoftheAmericancharacter.,Nofunstories,butonesaboutmorality.,AbeLincolnspennysmallsocialcircle.,Moresignstodaymorelikelytorevealdishonesty.,DetailedReading,GlobeReading2.5,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,ForPart4:,Theftandcheating.,Educatorsfinding.,Defiantstudents.,DetailedReading,Peoplewerebetter,happierandmorehonest.,GlobeReading3,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Skimming,Skimthepassageandfindtheinformationabout“thegoodolddays”.,Characteristics:,ThestoriesofLincolnandWashington.,Evidence:,Educationvirtuesareemphasizedinschools.Lifestylelifeislesscomplicated.(noincometaxes)Bettercommunicationpeopleknoweachotherbetter.Comparativelylowabilityinrevealingdishonesty.Economicconditions.,Reasons:,DetailedReading,1.Inordertoreceivetheirhighschooldiplomas,studentsinmanystates.2.Sincemanystudentsbuyprewrittentermpapers,severalprofessorhavegivenup.3.“Ringers”arethose.Inordertocatch“ringers”,theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofMaryland.4.QuiteafewreadersdontknowthatwasinventedbythefirstbiographerofWashington.,cherrytree,thestoryofGeorgeWashingtonandthe,thetraditionaltermpaperrequirement,_,whotaketestsforotherstudents,launcheda,campaign,_,haveto,passcompetencytests,GlobeReading4.1,SupplyingtheMissingInformation,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Readthetextcarefullyandsupplythemissinginformationtocompletethefollowingsentences.,DetailedReading,betteratrevealingsuchdishonesty,lied,cheated,orstolecametobadends,childrenwho,wearegetting,Whentimesaregood,preventedfromdoingso,is,5.Inthe19thcentury,fromthestoriestheyreadstudentsknewthat6.Itisreasonablethatweseemoresignsofdishonestybecause.7.Overall,dishonestyhasacloserelationshipwithtimes.,incidentsoftheftandcheatingusuallygodown.8.Ifapersonfeelsthetrustfromtheothers,he/sheischeat.Tooursurprise,itturnsoutthatapersonmaybetemptedtocheatifhe/she.,GlobeReading4.2,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,_,lesslikelyto,_,DetailedReading,Everthoughtaboutcheatingonatest?Ofcoursenot.Butsomestudentsarenotquitesohonest.,Article,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,DetailedReading,Article1_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Accordingtoarecentpoll,61percentofAmericanhighschoolstudentshaveadmittedtocheatingonexamsatleastonce.Itcanbearguedsucharesponsemaynotmeanmuch.Afterall,moststudentshavebeenfacedwiththetemptationtopeekataneighborstestpaper.Andstudentscanbehardonthemselvesinjudgingsuchbehavior.However,thereareotherindicationsthathighschoolcheatingmaybeontherise.,HONESTY:ISITGOINGOUTOFSTYLE?StaciaRobbins,Moreandmorestatesarerequiringstudentstopasscompetencytestsinordertoreceivetheirhighschooldiplomas.Andmanyeducatorsfearthatanincreaseintheuseofstateexamswillleadtoacorrespondingriseincheating.AcaseinpointisstudentsinNewYorkStatewhofacedcriminalmisdemeanorchargesforpossessingandsellingadvancecopiesofstateRegentsexaminations.,DetailedReading,Article2_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Cheatingisnowconsideredtobeamajorproblemincollegesanduniversities.Severalprofessorssaytheyvedroppedthetraditionaltermpaperrequirementbecausemanystudentsbuyprewrittentermpapers,andtheycanttrackdownallthecheatersanymore.Collegesanduniversitiesacrossthenationhavedecidedtodomorethantalkabouttheriseinstudentcheating.Forinstance,theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofMarylandlaunchedacampaigntostoponeformofcheating.As,409studentsfiledoutoftheirexam,theyfoundallbutoneexitblocked.ProctorsaskedeachstudenttoproduceanIDcardwithanattachedphoto.Studentswhosaidtheydlefttheirsinthedormorathomehadamugshottaken.Thepurposeofthecampaignwastocatch“ringers”,studentswhotaketestsforotherstudents.,DetailedReading,Article3_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,ThemajorityofstudentsattheUniversityofMarylandapplaudedthecampaign.Thecampusnewspapereditorialsaid,“Likepolicearrestingspeeders,theintentisnottocatcheveryonebutrathertocatchenoughtospreadtheword.”Wefrequentlyhearabout“thegoodolddays”,whenAmericanswerebetter,happier,andmorehonest.Butweretheymorehonest?Maybeyes,alongtimeagowhenlifewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.,DetailedReading,Article4_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,SchoolchildrenusedtoknowthestoryofhowAbrahamLincolnwalkedfivemilestoreturnapennyhedoverchargedacustomer.Itsthekindofstorywethinkofasmyth.ButinthecaseofLincoln,thestoryistrue.unlikethestoryofGeorgeWashingtonandthecherrytree.WashingtonsfirstbiographerinventedthetaleoflittleGeorgesayingtohisfather,“Icannottellalie.Ididitwithmyax.”Whatisimportantinbothstories,however,isthathonestywasseenasanimportantpartoftheAmericancharacter.,DetailedReading,Article5_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Andthesearejusttwostoriesoutofmany.Studentsinthelastcenturyusuallydidntread“fun”stories.Theyreadstoriesthattaughtmoralvalues.Suchstoriespointedoutquiteclearlythatchildrenwholied,cheated,orstolecametobadends.Parentsmayhavefurtherreinforcedthosevalues.Itsdifficulttoknow.Wedoknowthatchildrendidntheartheirparentstalkofcheatingthegovernmentonincometaxestherewerentany.,AclueastowhyAmericansmayhavebeenmorehonestinthepastliesintheAbeLincolnstory.Lincolnknewhiscustomer.Theybothlivedinasmalltown.Wouldacheck-outpersonatalargesupermarketreturnmoneytoacustomer?Itslesslikely.Ontheotherhand,wouldovernightguestsataninnrunbyahusbandandwife,stealtowels?Itslesslikely.,DetailedReading,Article6_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Perhapsthistellsusthatpeopleneedtoknowoneanothertobeattheirhonestbest.ThevastmajorityofAmericansstillbelievethathonestyisanimportantpartoftheAmericancharacter.Forthatreason,therearenumerouswatch-dogcommitteesatalllevelsofsociety.Althoughsignsofdishonestyinschool,business,andgovernmentseemmuchmorenumerousinrecentyearsthaninthepast,coulditbethatwearegettingbetteratrevealingsuchdishonesty?,Thereissomeevidencethatdishonestymayebbandflow.Whentimesarehard,incidentsoftheftandcheatingusuallygoup.Andwhentimesgetbettersuchincidentstendtogodown.,DetailedReading,Article7_S,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Cheatinginschoolalsotendstoebbandflow.Butitdoesntseemlinkedtotheeconomy.Manyeducatorsfeelthatasstudentsgainconfidenceinthemselvesandtheirabilities,theyarelesslikelytocheat.Surprisingly,someeffortstopreventcheatingmayactuallyencouragecheatingapersonmayfeel“theydonttrustmeanyway,”andbetemptedto“beatthesystem”.Distrustcanbecontagious.But,socantrust!,DetailedReading,Article1_W,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Accordingtoarecentpoll,61percentofAmericanhighschoolstudentshaveadmittedtocheatingonexamsatleastonce.Itcanbearguedsucharesponsemaynotmeanmuch.Afterall,moststudentshavebeenfacedwiththetemptationtopeekataneighborstestpaper.Andstudentscanbehardonthemselvesinjudgingsuchbehavior.However,thereareotherindicationsthathighschoolcheatingmaybeontherise.,HONESTY:ISITGOINGOUTOFSTYLE?StaciaRobbins,Moreandmorestatesarerequiringstudentstopasscompetencytestsinordertoreceivetheirhighschooldiplomas.Andmanyeducatorsfearthatanincreaseintheuseofstateexamswillleadtoacorrespondingriseincheating.AcaseinpointisstudentsinNewYorkStatewhofacedcriminalmisdemeanorchargesforpossessingandsellingadvancecopiesofstateRegentsexaminations.,DetailedReading,Article2_W,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,Cheatingisnowconsideredtobeamajorproblemincollegesanduniversities.Severalprofessorssaytheyvedroppedthetraditionaltermpaperrequirementbecausemanystudentsbuyprewrittentermpapers,andtheycanttrackdownallthecheatersanymore.Collegesanduniversitiesacrossthenationhavedecidedtodomorethantalkabouttheriseinstudentcheating.Forinstance,theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofMarylandlaunchedacampaigntostoponeformofcheating.As,409studentsfiledoutoftheirexam,theyfoundallbutoneexitblocked.ProctorsaskedeachstudenttoproduceanIDcardwithanattachedphoto.Studentswhosaidtheydlefttheirsinthedormorathomehadamugshottaken.Thepurposeofthecampaignwastocatch“ringers”,studentswhotaketestsforotherstudents.,DetailedReading,Article3_W,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,ThemajorityofstudentsattheUniversityofMarylandapplaudedthecampaign.Thecampusnewspapereditorialsaid,“Likepolicearrestingspeeders,theintentisnottocatcheveryonebutrathertocatchenoughtospreadtheword.”Wefrequentlyhearabout“thegoodolddays”,whenAmericanswerebetter,happier,andmorehonest.Butweretheymorehonest?Maybeyes,alongtimeagowhenlifewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.,DetailedReading,Article4_W,BeforeReading,GlobalReading,AfterReading,SchoolchildrenusedtoknowthestoryofhowAbrahamLincolnwalkedfivemilestoreturnapennyhedoverchargedacustomer.Itsthekindofstorywethinkofasmyth.ButinthecaseofLincoln,thestoryistrue.unlikethestoryofGeorgeWashingtonandthecherrytree.WashingtonsfirstbiographerinventedthetaleoflittleGeorgesayingtohisfather,“Icannottellalie.Ididitwithmyax.”Whatisimportantinbothstories,however,isthathonestywasseenasanimportantpartoftheAmer