综合学术英语教程2 Unit6

.,Unit6,FraudandAcademicDishonesty,.,Inthisunit,youwilllearnabouttheconcepts“academicintegrity”and“academicdishonesty”;research“Dr.HwangWooSuk”ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech;learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforemphasis(listening),guessingwordmeaningsfromlexicalclues(reading),givingevidenceforarguments(discussing),andachievingcoherence(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.,.,BackgroundInformation,ApproachingtheTopic,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercises,.,BackgroundInformation,aboutAcademicIntegrity,theHealthpartnersResearchFoundation,HwangWooSuk,theCommitteeonPublicationEthics,Science,Nature,.,aboutAcademicIntegrity,Integritywithoutknowledgeisweakanduseless,andknowledgewithoutintegrityisdangerousanddreadful.SamuelJohnsonThefunctionofeducation,therefore,istoteachonetothinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically.Buteducationwhichstopswithefficiencymayprovethegreatestmenacetosociety.Themostdangerouscriminalmaybethemangiftedwithreason,butwithnomoralsWemustrememberthatintelligenceisnotenough.Intelligencepluscharacterthatisthegoaloftrueeducation.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,.,HwangWooSukisaSouthKoreanveterinarianandresearcher.HewasaprofessoroftheriogenologyandbiotechnologyatSeoulNationalUniversity(dismissedonMarch20,2006)whobecameinfamousforfabricatingaseriesofexperiments,whichappearedinhigh-profilejournals,inthefieldofstemcellresearch.UntilNovember2005,hewasconsideredoneofthepioneeringexpertsinthefield,bestknownfortwoarticlespublishedinthejournalSciencein2004and2005wherehereportedtohavesucceededincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning.HewascalledthePrideofKoreainSouthKorea.OnMay12,2006,Hwangwaschargedwithembezzlementandbioethicslawviolationsafteritemergedmuchofhisstemcellresearchhadbeenfaked.TheKoreaTimesreportedonJune10,2007,thatSeoulNationalUniversityfiredhim,andtheSouthKoreangovernmentcanceledhisfinancialsupportandbarredhimfromengaginginstemcellresearch.,HwangWooSuk,.,HealthPartnersisanintegrated,nonprofithealthcareproviderlocatedinBloomington,Minnesotaofferingcare,coverage,researchandeducationtoitsmembers,patientsandthecommunity.HealthPartnerswasfoundedin1957asGroupHealth,aconsumer-governednonprofithealthplanwithaboardofdirectorsmadeupofitsownmembersandpatients.In1992,GroupHealthmergedwithMedCentersHealthPlan,andtogethertheyformedHealthPartners.Inlate2012itwasannouncedthatHealthPartnerswouldmergewithParkNicolletHealthServicesofSt.LouisParkonJanuary1,2013followingfederalapproval,theHealthpartnersResearchFoundation,.,Science,alsowidelyreferredtoasScienceMagazine,istheacademicjournaloftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)andisoneoftheworldstopscientificjournals.Thepeer-reviewedjournal,firstpublishedin1880,iscirculatedweeklyandhasaprintsubscriberbaseofaround130,000.Becauseinstitutionalsubscriptionsandonlineaccessservealargeraudience,itsestimatedreadershipis570,400people.Themajorfocusofthejournalispublishingimportantoriginalscientificresearchandresearchreviews,butSciencealsopublishesscience-relatednews,opinionsonsciencepolicyandothermattersofinteresttoscientistsandotherswhoareconcernedwiththewideimplicationsofscienceandtechnology.Unlikemostscientificjournals,whichfocusonaspecificfield,ScienceanditsrivalNaturecoverthefullrangeofscientificdisciplines.AccordingtotheJournalCitationReports,Sciences2012impactfactorwas31.027.,Science,.,Natureisaprominentinterdisciplinaryscientificjournal.Itwasfirstpublishedon4November1869.ItwasrankedtheworldsmostcitedbytheScienceEditionofthe2010JournalCitationReportsandiswidelyregardedasoneofthefewremainingacademicjournalsthatpublishoriginalresearchacrossawiderangeofscientificfields.Natureclaimsareadershipofabout424,000totalreaders.Thejournalhasacirculationofaround53,000butstudieshaveconcludedthatonaverageasinglecopyissharedbyasmanyas8people.,Nature,.,Researchscientistsaretheprimaryaudienceforthejournal,butsummariesandaccompanyingarticlesareintendedtomakemanyofthemostimportantpapersunderstandabletoscientistsinotherfieldsandtheeducatedgeneralpublic.Towardsthefrontofeachissueareeditorials,newsandfeaturearticlesonissuesofgeneralinteresttoscientists,includingcurrentaffairs,sciencefunding,business,scientificethicsandresearchbreakthroughs.Therearealsosectionsonbooksandarts.Theremainderofthejournalconsistsmostlyofresearchpapers(articlesorletters),whichareoftendenseandhighlytechnical.Becauseofstrictlimitsonthelengthofpapers,oftentheprintedtextisactuallyasummaryoftheworkinquestionwithmanydetailsrelegatedtoaccompanyingsupplementarymaterialonthejournalswebsite.,Nature,.,TheCommitteeonPublicationEthics(COPE)isanonprofitorganizationwhosemissionistodefinebestpracticeintheethicsofscholarlypublishingandtoassisteditors,publishers,etc.toachievethis.COPEprovidesadvicetoeditorsandpublishersonallaspectsofpublicationethicsand,inparticular,howtohandlecasesofresearchandpublicationmisconduct.Italsoprovidesaforumforitsmemberstodiscussindividualcases(meetingfourtimesayearvirtuallyandatothermeetingsaroundtheworld).COPEdoesnotinvestigateindividualcasesbutencourageseditorstoensurethatcasesareinvestigatedbytheappropriateauthorities(usuallyaresearchinstitutionoremployer).COPEalsooffersandeLearningcourse,fundsresearchonpublicationethics,publishesamonthlyeNewsletter(COPEDigest:PublicationEthicsinPractice)andorganisesannualseminarsaroundtheworld.,theCommitteeonPublicationEthics,.,retractv.topull(something)backintosomethinglargerthatusuallycoversite.g.Thepilotretractedtheplaneslandinggear.n.retractionimpactn.theactorforceofonethinghittinganothere.g.Thesewarningshavebeenheardsooftenthattheyhavelosttheirimpact.resignationn.anactofgivingupajoborpositioninaformalorofficialwaye.g.Themanagerreceivedresignationsfromthreemembersofthestaff.v.resign,ApproachingtheTopicReading1/LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,detrimentaladj.causingdamageorinjurye.g.Therewereseriousconcernsthatthefactoryswastewasdetrimentaltothelocalenvironment.taintv.tomake(something)dangerousordirtyespeciallybyaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite.g.Criticismofhersisterssingingthatwastaintedbyenvy.bottleneckn.asectionofroadorhighwaywherethetrafficmovesveryslowlye.g.BridgeconstructionhascreatedabottleneckonthesouthernpartofMainStreet.,Reading1,LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,fabricatev.tocreateormakeup(something,suchasastory)inordertotrickpeoplee.g.Theirplanistofabricatethehouseoutofsyntheticmaterials.fraudn.thecrimeofusingdishonestmethodstotakesomethingvaluablefromanotherpersone.g.Hewasfoundguiltyofbankfraud.modifyv.tochangesomepartsof(something)whilenotchangingotherpartse.g.Wecanhelpyoumodifyanexistinghomeorbuildanewone.n.modification,Reading1,LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,cherry-pickingn.topickoracceptthebestpeopleorthingsinagroupe.g.Hollywoodsbiggeststarscancherry-pickthebestprojectsanddirectors.selectivelyadv.carefullychooseonlythebestpeopleorthingse.g.Theadvertisementselectivelytargetsmenbetweentheagesof18and24.v.selectacquisitionn.somethingorsomeoneacquiredorgainede.g.Thebigcompanysnewestacquisitionisasmallchainofclothingstores.,Reading1,LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,admittedlyadv.ashasbeenormustbeadmittede.g.Admittedly,Ishouldnothavelostmytemperlikethat.v.admitconstraintn.somethingthatlimitsorrestrictssomeoneorsomethinge.g.Lackoffundinghasbeenamajorconstraintonthebuildingsdesign.v.constrainmolecularadj.oforrelatingtoindividualorsmallcomponentse.g.Shestudiedmolecularbiologyincollege.,Reading1,LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,narrativen.astorythatistoldorwrittene.g.Heiswritingadetailednarrativeofhislifeontheisland.v.narratestraddlev.tositorridewithalegoneithersideof(something)e.g.Themoviestraddlestoomanygenres.sloppyadj.notcarefulorneat:showingalackofcare,attention,orefforte.g.Yourworkhasbeenverysloppylately.erroneousadj.notcorrecte.g.Anewsarticleaboutthenewvirusthatwasfilledwithmucherroneousinformation.,Reading1,LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,discernibleadj.todetectwiththeeyese.g.Herfacewasbarelydiscernibleinthegloom.v.discernintentn.thethingthatyouplantodoorachieve:anaimorpurposee.g.ShethinksImtryingtomakethingsdifficultforher,butthatsnotmyintent.deficiencyn.alackofsomethingthatisneeded:thestateofnothavingenoughofsomethingnecessarye.g.Thebooksmajordeficiencyisitspoorplot.adj.deficient,Reading1,LanguagePoints,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,1)Whyhavesomanypapersbeenretractedfromhighimpactjournals?Becausethepressureofanincreasinglycompetitiveresearchenvironmentcanleadtoscientificmisconduct.2)Whyshouldwecombatscientificmisconduct?Becausemisconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressinmanyways.,ApproachingtheTopicTask1,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,3)Whatdoesthemeta-analysispublishedin2009covering18fraudsurveysimply?Itsuggeststhatscientificmisconductmaybemorecommonthanwesuspect.4)Inwhatsituationaredeficienciesresultingfrompoorexperimentaldesignandinadequatelycontrolledorstatisticallyquestionableexperimentsconsideredmisconduct?Ifthereisdiscernibleintenttodeceive.,ApproachingtheTopicTask1,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,1)misconduct2)retract3)detrimental4)taint5)fraudulent6)fabricate7)cherry-picking8)coverage,ApproachingtheTopicTask2,e.unacceptableorbadbehaviourbysomeoneinapositionofauthorityorresponsibility,h.takebackanofferorstatement,etc.oradmitthatastatementwasfalse,m.causingharmordamage,k.affectwithabadorundesirablequality,n.dishonestandillegal,i.inventorproducesomethingfalseinordertodeceive,b.selectivelychoosing(themostbeneficialorprofitableitems,opportunities,etc.)fromwhatisavailable,a.thereportingofaparticularimportanteventorsubject,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,9)set-up10)constraint11)massaging12)straddle13)sloppy14)discernible15)deficiency,ApproachingtheTopicTask2,o.thewayinwhichthingsareorganizedorarranged,l.stateofnothaving,ornothavingenough,ofsomethingthatisneeded,c.manipulating(factsorfigures)togiveamoreacceptableresult,f.tostretchacrosssomethingorexistonbothsidesofsomething,d.notdonecarefullyorthoroughly,g.perceptible,j.weaknessorimperfection,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,_(1)ThecloningresearcherWoo-SukHwangwasaccusedofthreeoffencestoday,12May._(2)TheSeoulCentralDistrictprosecutorsofficeinSouthKoreachargedWoo-SukHwangwithsecretlytakingKRW2.8billionandusingthefundstopurchaseacarforhimselfandgiftsforfamilymembers._(3)FiveotherresearchersonHwangsteamwerealsochargedwithvariousoffences.,ApproachingtheTopicTask4,False,False,True,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,AGermanuniversityhaswithdrawnthedoctoraldegreeoftheformerBellLabsscientistwhoclaimedaseriesofresearchbreakthroughs,thenwasfiredtwoyearsagowhenitwasdiscoveredthathehadmanipulateddataandfabricatedresults.Thephysicist,J.HendrikSchn,33,didnotcommitanacademicoffenceinhisdoctoralresearchattheUniversityofKonstanz,aninvestigationtherefoundlastyear.ButonFriday,theuniversitysaidithadalegalrighttowithdrawadegreewhentherecipientbehaved“unworthily”ofit.“Thatwasinterpretedhereinthecontextofscience,”saidDr.WolfgangDieterich,chairmanofthephysicsdepartmentatKonstanz.,ApproachingtheTopicTask5,1,2,3,4,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,Mr.Schn,aresearchscientistatBellLabs,LucentTechnologiesresearcharminMurrayHill,N.J.,wasanauthororco-authorofmorethan70scientificpapersonanarrayofsupposeddiscoveries,likenewsuperconductorsandtiny,molecular-scaletransistors.Thetransistorsappearedparticularlyexcitingbecausetheyseemedtoworkthesamewaycurrentsilicontransistorsdo,suggestingthatthetechnologycouldbestraightforwardlytransferredtocomputerchips.Otherswereunabletoreproduceanyofthefindings.Then,inMay2002,outsidescientistsdiscoverednearlyidenticalgraphsinseveralofMr.Schnspapers,eventhoughtheysupposedlyrepresenteddifferentdatafromdifferentexperiments.Fourmonthslater,aninvestigatorypanelledbyDr.MalcolmR.Beasley,aprofessorofappliedphysicsatStanford,foundthatMr.Schnhadmanipulatedorfabricateddatain17papers.BellLabsfiredMr.Schnandthepublishedpaperswerewithdrawn.,ApproachingtheTopicTask5,5,6,7,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,Mr.Schnapologizedformistakesbutinsistedthatthefindingswerereal.Soonafterhewasfired,KonstanzassembledacommitteetoexamineMr.Schnsthesisresearchonsolarcells.Dr.Dieterich,whowasnotpartofthatinvestigation,saidthecommitteefoundinstancesofmislabeledgraphsand“somesmoothingofdata,whichwasnotexplained.”ButDr.Dieterichsaid,“Onecouldnotdrawtheconclusionthatintentionallythingshavebeenpresentedinawrongway,”andthecommitteedidnotaccuseMr.Schnofmisconduct.TheKonstanzphysicsdepartmentthenbeganitsreview.ItaskedMr.Schntoparticipate,buttheonlyreplywasaletterfromhislawyer,Dr.Dieterichsaid,addingthathewouldnotsaywhatwasintheletter.,ApproachingtheTopicTask5,8,9,10,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,1)Whatdothepassageandnewsshare?Academicdishonesty.2)Dr.Hwangsteamclaimedtohavedoneresearchinthecontroversialfieldofcloning.Whatsyourviewonhumancloningresearch?3)WhatsyouropinionontheinvestigatorypanelthatclearedMr.Schn?4)Whatcouldbethepotentialbenefitsofscientificmisconduct?5)Whatarethepotentialnegativeinfluencesofscientificmisconduct?,ApproachingtheTopicTask7,ReadingabouttheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,scandaln.anoccurrenceinwhichpeopleareshockedandupsetbecauseofbehaviorthatismorallyorlegallywronge.g.TherewasamajorscandalinvolvingthemayorstieswiththeMob.outstripv.tobeorbecomebetter,greater,orlargerthan(someoneorsomething)e.g.Thenewhoteloutstripsallotherhotelsintheareainsizeandluxury.peern.apersonwhobelongstothesameagegrouporsocialgroupassomeoneelsee.g.Hewasrespectedandadmiredbyhispeers.,ReadingabouttheTopicReading2/LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,replicationn.ananswertoareplye.g.Wellneedtodoareplicationofthatexperimentsowecancollectmoredata.malfeasancen.illegalordishonestactivityespeciallybyapublicofficialoracorporatione.g.Theinvestigationhasuncoveredevidenceofcorporatemalfeasance.suspicionn.afeelingthatsomeoneispossiblyguiltyofacrimeorofdoingsomethingwronge.g.Ithoughtthewatermightbemakingussick,andmysuspicionswereconfirmedbythelabtests.,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,swirlv.tomoveincirclesortocause(something)tomoveincirclese.g.Thewaterswirledaroundthedrain.outdov.todobetterthan(someoneorsomething):tobemoresuccessfulthan(someoneorsomething)e.g.Smallercompaniesoftenoutdolargeronesincustomerservice.rivaln.apersonorthingthattriestodefeatorbemoresuccessfulthananothere.g.Theteamshavebeenlongtimerivals.,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,embryon.ahumanoranimalintheearlystagesofdevelopmentbeforeitisborn,hatched,etc.e.g.Theunbornchildatthisjunctureisknownasanembryoandisextremelysmall.hailn.precipitationintheformofsmallballsorlumpsusuallyconsistingofconcentriclayersofcleariceandcompactsnowe.g.Hegavethemhailforrain,andflamingfireintheirland.lapsev.anoccurrenceinwhichyoufailtothinkoractintheusualorproperwayforabrieftimeandmakeamistakee.g.Heblamedtheerroronaminormentallapse.,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,accusev.toblame(someone)forsomethingwrongorillegal:tosaythatsomeoneisguiltyofafaultorcrimee.g.Shewasaccusedoflyingontheemploymentapplication.impoundv.touselegalpowerstogetandhold(something)e.g.Thepoliceimpoundedhercarbecauseitwasillegallyparked.adherev.tosticktosomething:toattachfirmlytosomethinge.g.Tpleteandtotale.g.Iwassurprisedbytheiroutrightrejectionoftheidea.,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,respondentn.apersonwhogivesaresponseoranswertoaquestionthatisaskedespeciallyaspartofasurveye.g.Amajorityofrespondentssaidtheydisagreedwiththemayorsplan.engagev.tohire(someone)toperformaparticularservice:topayfor(help,services,etc.)e.g.Hewasengagedasatutor.burstintov.tosuddenlybegintomakeasound,especiallytostartsinging,cryingorlaughinge.g.Theaudienceburstintoapplause.,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,deliberateadj.tothinkaboutordiscusssomethingverycarefullyinordertomakeadecisione.g.Thejurydeliberatedfortwodaysbeforereachingaverdict.castoutv.toforcesomeoneorsomethingtogoawaye.g.Theytriedtocastoutthespiritsfromthehauntedhouse.cardiologyn.thestudyoftheheartandofdiseasesthataffectthehearte.g.Heisadoctorwhospecializesincardiology.credibilityn.thequalityofbeingbelievedoracceptedastrue,real,orhoneste.g.Thenewevidencelendscredibilitytotheirtheory.adj.credible,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,bleakadj.withoutanythingmakeyoufeelcheerfulorhopefule.g.Withnomoneyandnojob,myprospectsseemedbleak.prestigiousadj.havingprestigee.g.Thereisanutritionalstudythathasbeenpublishedbyaprestigiousmedicaljournal.n.prestigeunderscorev.toemphasize(something)orshowtheimportanceof(something)e.g.Thesefailuresunderscorethedifficultyofwhatwereattemptingtodo.,Reading2,LanguagePoints,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,Reading2,TextAnalysis,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,1)Whatsthemainideaofthearticle?Thecasesofscientificmisconducthaveincreased,whichhighlightstheneedforbettersafeguardsagainstscientificmisconduct.2)Whatcomposethetriplesafetynettobaracademicdishonestyandbadresearch?Peerreview,therefereesystemandreplication.3)WhathastheUnitedStatesdoneoverthelasttwodecadestocombatscientificmisconduct?Inadditiontothetriplesafetynet,theUnitedStateshasaddedextraprotections,includingnewlawsandgovernmentinvestigativebodies.,ReadingabouttheTopicTask3,ApproachingtheTopic,ExploringtheTopic,IntegratedExercise,.,4)Whatoncemade