外文翻译参考样板

重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学 院 建筑工程学院 专业班级 工程管理 工管2009-02 学生姓名 饶建林 学 号 2009442232 译文要求1. 外文翻译必须使用签字笔，手工工整书写，或用A4纸打印。2. 所选的原文不少于10000印刷字符，其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，由指导教师提供，并注明详细出处。3. 外文翻译书文本后附原文（或复印件）。选自：建筑防火设计，第6章：新建及现有建筑物的消防安全，作者Jane I. Lataille，ISBN9781220147935，阳光出版社2003年出版建筑防火设计第6章：新建及现有建筑物的消防安全6-1设计过程建筑物的设计用以满足不同的需求。建筑物必须有一个特定的空间，容纳特定数量的居住者，拥有特定的服务功能。还必须有电气，机械和通风系统，用来支持建筑设计功能的使用。建筑结构，电气和机械系统的设计，需要满足这些需求，以及满足各类法规。每门学科相互协调设计，以满足该设计项目的设计使用目标。防火设计同样需要协调。防火必须融入设计过程，并在整个施工过程中协调。无论是规划一个新的建筑物或是更改现有的建筑物这都是真实必要的。作为设计团队的一员，防火工程师需要帮助发现和解决消防问题，让消防问题不在项目中产生负面影响。有些时候新的建筑和现有建筑物的防火设计方法是不同的，但是基本设计原理是相同的。有效整合消防的建设、布局和建设的占用需要非常熟悉和了解消防系统的功能。 （详见第2章）。 新建项目的防火设计通常比涉及改变现有建筑物的防火设计更直接。最合适的消防设计是适应每一个已经存在的工程，而不是被确认的最合适的设计。优化设计往往是切实可行的，因此通常都容易发展不同的设计。 对现有建筑物进行设计更改，可以说是对所有工程学科的一项挑战 。任何建议的更改都将影响到所有其它领域。这就是为什么涉及到改变现有建筑物时协调是非常重要的。 有时当前的建筑规范对现有的建筑物无法适用。这是可以使用备选设计方案来保证当前的设计规范能适用这个设计。其他工程学科也可以使用基于相同设计要求的替代方案，以达到规定的设计， 否则就无法满足设计规范的意图 。在所有的情况下，基于相同设计要求的替代方案必须与其他学科相互协调。在任何 情况下，这些替代品是最好的开发工程师在适当的建筑规范中许可。 建筑/工程公司往往在建设项目体现非常大的作用是工程项目的主要参与者。建筑公司和工程咨询公司往往是中等规模的新建设项目和翻新改造项目的主要参与者。然而，从新建项目到改造项目的设计中最重要的是设计的协调，所有的学科，包括防火，都需要在设计中相互协调，专业的人士帮助把这些设计到项目中。 6-2新建筑 虽然新的建设项目，在初始设计中可能会出现限制较少，但它也给更多潜在的设计选择。 这些需要对建筑地点、建筑和工艺设计的要求进行选择的，以及其他问题的研究 。消防工程师需要研究消防水供应，提供报警服务。消防部门的能力、排水、消防风险、特殊的司法要求和其他功能的设计需求，都可能会影响消防设计。 在这一点上，消防工程师决定是否通常规定的消防设计要求设计最适合的项目。 通常的情况下消防工程师实现了规范设计，同时协调所有相关的消防规范与其他学科的特点进行设计 。 为了实现消防设计达到设计要求，防火工程师必须掌握由业主指定的设计要求和消防设计目标 。然后必须将所有的要求进行系统设计，以满足这些设计要求和和消防设计目标。 防火设计最棘手的部分是，它依赖于建筑施工、建筑的布局和占用的机械、电气系统建设。 因此，任何时间内任何其他学科的设计有更改， 消防设计必须进行检查。这就是为什么防火必须在整个项目中协调进行。 协调同样重要的设计规范和基于防火性能为基础的消防设计。在规定的设计要求中，要求管立管在可能会发生火灾时，每一层的面积不超过一个特定的量。最初的建筑设计中，控制这些地区的每一层楼的走廊上，添加防火屏障和门。如果以后的设计中修改或删除门、管立管，同样需要改变消防设计。消防给水管道的管立管，将需要的大小和位置设置。最好的做法是尽早的设计。基于性能化防火的设计中，建设的任何变化都会影响消防系统是否满足性能 要求的主要目标。在人员的出口降低中庭的大小可能影响能见度，防火排烟系统可能要重新设计。可以在特定区域内的防火阻燃材料、建筑材料、房间的布局、占用、或存储位置的改变时增加。所有这些变化需要复查，如果需要的话，自动喷水灭火系统的性能或其他建筑系统的性能复核。可替换配置的防火阻燃材料可以改变。 第4章处理性能化防火设计的协调问题、第5章消防规范的协调问题，这些将主要适用于规定的消防设计。然而，这样的规范的协调问题，也适用于基于性能化防火的备选方案，他们可能也适用于一些性能化防火为基础的设计。 6-3现有建筑物 即使是看似无关的消防改变都会影响消防系统的设计。移动防火墙可以影响 防火分区的规模和价值，这反过来又可以影响防火分区所需的保护面积。移动未评级墙壁或分区可以影响本地覆盖洒水喷头或探测器。改变建筑的布局可以影响的安全出口规定。 即使建筑结构的变化不影响消防的布局， 也必须加以考虑。例如，包括金额或存储位置的变化，或入住率的变化。其他的例如在室内装饰、工艺设备或建筑物的通风，同样要加以考虑。 制定有效的防火设计，在设计过程中以及在该项目完成后需要解决的管理变革。变更管理包含了许多常见的问题，其中包括改变一下内容; 建筑; 建筑布局; 系统; 入住率; 工艺设计; 存储配置。现有建筑中的许多项目都涉及到这种变化。 有些建筑装修工程可以被看作是不涉及重大设计变更的后续工程。这些项目可以包括这些类型的活动： 更换现有的建筑材料或建筑系统本质上是相同的材料或系统; 使用相同的现有类型的建筑，楼层平面图，通风系统，保护系统在新的领域; 选择“相同”或“类似”的材料或系统。 这些活动可能不被看作是需要管理的变化。然而，管理这些活动是非常重要的。原因有三。首先，制造商认为是“相同” 可以有不同的角度制造用来满足设计目标；材料的制作方法可以改变，可以指定厚度或不同的安全因素；以及一些螺栓，过滤器，垫圈，及其他配件也可以改变。第二，即使一切是完全一样的，还有个问题就是必须清楚这样做是否合适，新工厂生产的是否合格。这是一个 机会来发展新的产品，变更相关设施的设计目标。第三， 即使它是适用于一切保持不变，在施工过程本身引入了临时变更，必须加以复查解决。所有这些因素都可能影响防火设计。 现有建筑项目的消防设计过程中应该遵循以下步骤； 查找和检讨现行防火设计的基础。 如果设计的基础是不可用的，分析现有的建筑施工，建筑系统，占用和防火系统。 确定新设计的目标。 确定新的目标，以满足所需防火要求的任何更改。 分析预期的变化的影响。 确定性能化设计提供最佳的服务项目是否符合规范要求。 考虑使用的规范性和预计效果为基础的设计组合。某些类型的现有建筑物的消防设计的翻新工程特别具有挑战性 。常见的例子有空间的限制建筑的改造，历史建筑的改造，同时需要保持自己的建筑风格的建筑的改造。这些类型的装修工程经常需要进行间隙为基础的设计或性能为基础的设计方案，符合以下条文的规定。NFPA历史建筑有关的规范包括： NFPA 909，文化资源保护规范 NFPA 914，历史建筑的消防安全规范 下面的消防工程杂志文章介绍了如何使用基于性能的设计和性能化设计建设改造项目：创刊号（1999年冬）： “星条旗永不落的消防安全”，”Mi-chael J. Rzeznik，PE 在这个脆弱的纤维为标志的历史性时期，需要一个专门的防火和灭火系统设计的组合来保护。发行第2号（1999年春季）： “修复现有建筑”，由约翰M瓦，小，博士，使用当前的规范基于性能的设计可以保留的历史建筑风格，同时提供一定程度的保护。发行第5号（2000年冬）：“注意房内烟气控制”库尔特Ruchala，PE，装修的三层大学宿舍基于表现规范的等价的需求。发行第8号（2000年秋季）：“基于性能分析的历史博物馆”，安德鲁鲍曼，博物馆装修的一个重要的历史性记录以消防性能为基础的消防安全分析。发行第14号（2002年春季）： “系统消防的安全评价过程中的历史财产的保护”亚历山大科平，pH D.A系统的评估程序适用于历史悠久的教堂。另请参阅文章“历史建筑的防火性能评价”小约翰M沃茨，期刊，消防工程，卷11 第4号（2001年）。From：Fire protection engineering in building design，Chapter 6: Fire Protection for New and Existing Buildings， Jane I. Lataille，ISBN9781220147935，Publication Date 2003，Sunshine pressFire Protection Engineering in Building Design ContentsForeword viiPreface ixIntroduction: The Importance of Integrating Fire Protection Design xiiiChapter 1: What Is Fire Protection Engineering? 1 1-1 The Discipline 1 1-2 The Professional Society 5 1-3 What FPEs Do 6 1-4 How Fire Protection Engineering Differs 7Chapter 2: Functions of Fire Protection Systems 9 2-1 Preventing and Protecting Against Fire 9 2-2 Reasons for Installing Fire Protection Systems 11 2-3 Protecting Assets 12 2-4 Relating Design Features to Function 14Chapter 3: Performance-Based Fire Protection Design 19 3-1 Design Elements 19 3-2 Fire Science 22 3-3 Design Fire Scenarios 25 3-4 Other Design Considerations 26 3-5 Examples of Performance-Based Design 28Chapter 4: Prescriptive Fire Protection Design 33 4-1 Desirability of Prescriptive Design 33 4-2 Prescriptive Codes 34 4-3 Inherent Risk 36 4-4 Design Coordination 37Chapter 5: Interfacing With the Other Disciplines 40 5-.1 Architectural 40 5-2 Chemical 46 5-3 Electrical 59 5-4 Mechanical 69 5- 5 Structural 75Chapter 6: Fire Protection for New and Existing Buildings 83 6-1 The Design Process 83 6-2 New Construction 84 6-3 Existing Buildings 86Chapter 7: Writing Fire Protection Specifications 90 7-1 Coordinating the Specifications 90 7-2 Traditional Project Specifications 96 7-3 Division 13 - Special Construction 100 7-4 Expanded Construction Specifications 101References 105 Related Professional Organizations 106 Alphabetical Listing 108 Listing By Type 114 Listing By Related Discipline 120 Index 129Chapter 6 Fire Protection for New and Existing Buildings6-1 The Design ProcessBuildings are designed to meet many needs. They must have a particular amount of space, accommodate a particular number of occupants, and serve particular functions. They must also have electrical, mechanical, and ventilation systems to support the planned operations. The structural, electrical, and mechanical systems are designed to meet these needs as well as to meet applicable codes. Each discipline is coordinated as necessary to meet the projects goals.Meeting fire protection goals requires the same type of coordination. Fire protection must be integrated into the design process and coordinated throughout construction. This is true whether planning a new building or making changes to an existing one. As a member of the design team, the fire protection engineer can help identify and resolve fire protection issues and keep them from adversely affecting the project.Sometimes the fire protection design approach is different for new construction than for existing buildings, but the underlying design principles are the same. Effectively integrating fire protection requires being very familiar with the construction, layout, and occupancy of the building and knowing the functions that the fire protection systems are expected to serve. (See Chapter 2.)New construction projects are usually more straightforward than projects involving changes to existing buildings. Rather than having to adapt to what is already there, each engineering discipline can start with the designs recognized as being most appropriate. The optimum design may often be feasible; if not, alternate designs are usually easy to develop. Making changes to existing buildings can be a design challenge for all the engineering disciplines. Every proposed change can affect all the other disciplines, including fire protection. This is why coordination is very important on projects involving changes to existing buildings.Sometimes bringing existing buildings up to current prescriptive building codes is not feasible. This is where performance-based fire protection design alternatives can be used to achieve a level of protection equivalent to that specified in the current code. The other engineering disciplines may also use performance-based alternatives to achieve the intent of prescriptive provisions that cannot otherwise be met. In all cases, performance-based alternatives must be coordinated with the other disciplines. And in all cases, these alternatives are best developed by engineers licensed in the appropriate discipline.Combined architectural/engineering firms are often the prime professionals on very large building projects. Architectural firms are often the prime professionals on moderate sized new construction projects, and engineering consulting firms are often the prime professionals on renovation projects. However, this can vary from project to project. The important thing is for the prime professional to coordinate the designs of all the disciplines, including fire protection, and to help integrate these designs into the project.6-2 New ConstructionWhile new construction projects may present fewer initial design restrictions, they also present more potential design choices. Making these choices requires research into issues like potential sites, building and process design choices, and other issues. The fire protection engineer would research fire protection water supplies, available alarm services, fire department capabilities, site drainage, fire exposures, special jurisdictional requirements, and other features that may affect fire protection design.At this point, the fire protection engineer determines whether the usual prescriptive fire protection design best suits the project. This is often the case. The fire protection engineer then implements the prescriptive design while coordinating features of all the relevant codes with the other disciplines.To implement a performance-based design, the fire protection engineer must know the goals and objectives that have been specified by the owner. All system designs must then be shown to meet these goals and objectives.The trickiest part of the fire protection design is that it depends on the building construction, layout, and occupancy; and on the mechanical, electrical, and process systems in the building. Therefore, any time any other discipline changes a design, the fire protection has to be checked. This is why fire protection must be coordinated throughout the project.Coordination is equally important for prescriptive and performance-based designs. In a prescriptive design, a requirement for hose standpipes might apply when the fire area per floor exceeds a particular amount. An initial building design may control these areas by adding fire barriers and doors to corridors on each floor. If a later design revision removes the doors, the hose standpipes would then be required. The fire protection water supply piping to the hose standpipes would need to be sized and placed. This is best done as early as possible in the design.In a performance-based design, any change to the building can affect whether the fire protection systems meet the performance specifications of the owner. Decreasing the size of an atrium may affect visibility during occupant egress. The smoke control system might have to be redesigned. The amount of combustible materials in a given area can increase when changing construction materials, room layout, occupancy, or storage locations. All such changes would require rechecking the performance of sprinkler systems, if provided, or rechecking the performance of other building systems. Alternately, the configuration of the combustible materials can be changed.Chapter 4 addresses the coordination issues that accompany performance-based fire protection design. Chapter 5 addresses code coordination issues, which would primarily apply to prescriptive designs. However, such code coordination issues would also apply to performance-based equivalencies; and they might also apply to some performance-based designs.6-3 Existing BuildingsEven changes seemingly unrelated to fire protection can affect fire protection system design. Moving fire walls can affect the size and value of fire areas, which in turn can affect the required level of protection. Moving unrated walls or partitions can affect local coverage of sprinkler heads or detectors. Changing building layout can affect provisions for means of egress.Even changes that do not affect the building structure or layout must be considered. Examples include changes in amounts or location of storage, or changes in occupancy. Other examples are changes in interior finishes, process equipment, or building ventilation.Developing an effective fire protection design requires addressing management of change both during the design process and after completion of the project. Management of change includes many familiar issues, including changes to; Building construction; Building layout; Building systems; Occupancy; Process design; and Storage configuration.Many projects in existing buildings involve these kinds of changes.Some building renovation projects could be seen as not involving significant design changes. Such projects can include these types of activities: Replacing existing construction materials or building systems with essentially the same materials or systems; Using the same as existing type of construction, floor plans, ventilation systems, or protective systems in new areas; or Selecting comparable or similar materials or systems.These activities might not be seen as changes requiring management. However, managing these activities is important for at least three reasons. First, what a manufacturer deems to be the same could have differences of concern in meeting the design goals. Fabrication methods can change, as can specified thicknesses or safety factors. Such things as bolts, filters, gaskets, and other accessories can also change.Second, even if everything is exactly the same, the question must be asked whether that is appropriate for the new facility. This is a chance to develop new, more relevant facility goals. Third, even if it is appropriate for everything to remain the same, the construction process itself introduces temporary changes that must be addressed. All these factors have the potential of affecting the fire protection design. The fire protection design process for projects in existing facilities should follow these steps; Find and review the existing fire protection design basis. If the design basis is not available, analyze existing building construction, building systems, occupancy, and fire protection Systems. Document the new facility goals. Determine any changes required to meet the new goals. Analyze the effects of anticipated changes. Determine whether prescriptive or performance-based design will best serve the project. Consider using combinations of prescriptive and performance-based designs.Fire protection design can be especially challenging for certain types of renovations to existing buildings. Common examples would be for renovating buildings with restrictive space limitations and for renovating historic buildings while maintaining their character. These types of renovations frequently require perform-ance-based design or performance-based design alternatives to prescriptive