英语构词法PPT课件

.,1,构词法,-ByMissLiu,.,2,一：构词法分类,1派生词：词根(或单词)附加前缀、后缀构成新词叫派生词rich-enrichhome-homeless2转换法：把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类backn.背-backv.支持slowadj.慢的-slowv.减慢3合成法：由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词blackboardhand-made手工制作的,语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法，其中主要涉及到以下三条：1.在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语,用副词；2.在句中作定语、表语或补语,一般用形容词；3.作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语,用名词。,.,4,派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。,.,5,一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1.否定前缀(1)un-a.un+形容词：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy,unpleasant,unable,untrue,.,6,b.un+副词：undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un形容词构成的词除了unknown,unseen,unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly的副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。c.un动词：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpack,.,7,(2)im形容词：impossible,impolite(3)in形容词：incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independent(4)ir形容词：irregular(5)mis动词：misspell,misunderstand,mistake,.,8,(6)dis-a.dis名词：dishonour,disease,discomfortb.dis形容词：dishonest,discouragedc.dis动词：disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss,.,9,2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1)a，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在之上、向、处于状态”：ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。(2)fore，表示“在前面”：forehead,foreground,forearm,foreleg(3)in,il,im,ir表示“向内在内”：inside,include,import(4)inter，表示“在间、相互”：international(5)intro，表示“在（向）内”：introduce,.,10,(6)out，表示“向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflow(7)over，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,overtime,overgrow(8)pre，表示“在前”：prefix,preposition(9)pro，表示“在（向）前”：progress,programme(10)sur，表示“在上”：surface,surround,.,11,(11)trans，表示“转移”：translate(12)under，表示“在下”：undergraound,underline(13)up，表示“向上”：upward,upset,upstairs(14)be，表示“在，靠近”：before,behind,below,between,beyond(15)ex，表示“向外，从出来”：exchange,export(16)tele，表示“远”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph,.,12,3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀(1)fore，表示“在前，预先”：foreword,foresight,foretell(2)mid，表示“中间”：midnight,midsummer,midautumn(3)post，表示“在后”：postwar,postlistening(4)re，表示“重复”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuild(5)extra，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary(6)over，表示“超过”：overcome,overeat,overpass(7)super，表示“极、超”：supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower,.,13,4、表示共同、相等关系(1)com（在b,m,p前），col，con，cor（com在g,l,r及其它辅音前）：company,cnnect,correct(2)co：cooperate,coexist(3)sym：sympathy,symphony,.,14,5、表示整个、完全关系(1)al：alone,almost,altogether(2)over：overall,overflow,overfall,.,15,6、表示“离、离开”(1)a：arise,away,apart(2)de：depart,dewater,decolour(3)se：separate,select(4)for：forget,forgive,.,16,7、变换词类作用的前缀(1)enem：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empower(2)ad，ac，af，ag，an，ap，ar，as，at，（ad在c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前的变体）：adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,attract,.,17,8、表示加强意义(1)a：ashamed,arouse,amuse(2)ad：address,admire,advise,advance(3)be：belong,believe,.,18,二：派生词1常见名词的缀1）动词+-er/-or名词villagerteacheractoroperator操作员userperformer2)动词+ee名词（表示“受动者，行动者”）interviewee被采访者trainee培训生payee收（受）款人employee,.,19,3)-ist表示“从事研究者；信仰主义者”。如：pianist钢琴家scientist科学家artist艺术家chemist药剂师4)-dom表示“等级，领域，状态”。如：freedom自由kingdom王国wisdom智慧,.,20,5)以ent/ant结尾的形容词-ance/ence结尾的名词violent(violence)distant(distance)present(presence)absent(absence)obedient(obedience)competent(competence)能力,胜任,称职intelligent(intelligence)智力confident(confidence)patient(patience)convenient(convenience)elegant(elegance)different(difference),.,21,注意：特殊ent结尾的形容词-ency结尾的名词current-currencyfluent-fluencyurgent-urgencyfrequent-frequencyefficient-efficiency,.,22,6)动词+(a)tion/sion名词express/graduate/impress/devote-expression/graduation/impression/devotionpersuade/divide/decide/conclude/expandpersuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansionadmit/permitadmission/permissionobserve/consider/transport/determine/organize/inviteobservation/consideration/transportation/organization/invitation,.,23,注意：compete/apply/solve/intendcompete-competitionapply-applicationsolve-solutionintend-intention,.,24,7)动词/形容词+y名词injure-injurydiscover-discoveryrecover-recoverydeliver-deliverydifficult-difficultymodest-modestyhonest-honesty注意：safe-safetysecure-securitybrave-bravery,.,25,8）动词+ment名词agree-agreementadjust-adjustmentarrange-arrangementmanage-managementargue-argumentgovern-governmentacknowledge-acknowledgementpunish-punishmentemploy-employmententertain-entertainmentannounce-announcementappoint-appointmentembarrass-embarrassmentstate-statementencourage-encouragement,.,26,9）形容词/动词+th名词strong-strengthwide-widthlong-lengthdeep-depthwarm-warmthgrow-growth10)形容词+ness名词kind-kindnesshappy-happiness11）动词al结尾的名词arrive-arrivalsurvive-survivalapprove-approvalpropose-proposalrefuse-refusal,.,27,2.常见形容词的后缀1）名词+-ful/-less(意思与原词相反)形容词carecarefulcarelesspowerpowerfulpowerlesshopehopefulhopelesspainpainfulpainlessuseusefuluseless,.,28,2)名词+y形容词dust-/dirt-/salt-/wind-/fog-/water-/rain-/sun-/cloud-/taste-fog-foggysun-sunnytaste-tastyhealth-/wealth-3)名词/动词+-able/-ible形容词rely-reliableterror-terriblevalue-valuablebelief-believableforgive-forgivablechange-changableconsider-considerablecomfort-comfortable,.,29,4)名词+al形容词naturenaturalperson-personalnation-nationaleducation-educational5)名词+ly形容词love-lovelylive-livelyfriend-friendlydead-deadlyweek-weekly,.,30,6)动词的2个形容词frighten(frightening/frightened)terrify(terrifying/terrified)amaze(amazing/amazed)astonish(astonishing/astonished)shock(shocking/shocked)surprise(surprising/surprised)puzzle(puzzling/puzzled)disappoint(disappointing/disappointed)excite(exciting/excited)interest(interesting/interested),.,31,3常见副词的后缀1）-ly表示方式或程度。personalpersonally个人地entire-entirely（注意true-truly）angryangrily生气地terribleterribly可怕地flexible-flexiblypossible-possiblysimple-simplyprobable-probably,.,32,2)-ward（s）朝，向backbackwards向后upupwards向上outoutwards向外3)wide用于名词之后表范围。nationnationwide全国性地worldworldwide全世界地4常见动词的后缀1）-(e)n使成为，引起，使有某些形容词后-(e)nweakweaken(使)虚弱，减弱shortshorten缩短sharpsharpen(使)变锋利,明朗,.,33,某些名词后-(e)nfrightfrighten（使）惊吓lengthlengthen加长strengthstrengthen加强-en放在某些形容词前rich-enrichlarge-enlarge2)(i)fy使化，使成beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯simplesimplify使简classclassify.分类qualityqualify取得资格（或学历）,.,34,3)ize/-ise做成，变成，化realrealize意识到organorganize组织apologyapologize道歉modernmodernize使现代化normalnormalize使正常化civil-civilize使文明,.,35,三：合成法1.复合名词的主要构成方式有：(1)名词+名词如：newspaper报纸teamwork协作(2)形容词+名词如：blackboard黑板highway公路(3)副词+名词如：overcoat大衣underground地铁(4)名词+介词短语如：father-in-law岳父mother-in-law岳母,.,36,2.复合动词的主要构成方式：(1)副词+动词如：update更新overlook忽视(2)名词+动词如：sun-bathe日光浴proof-read校对3.复合代词的主要构成方式：(1)代词宾格或物主代词+self/selves如:ourselvesitself(2)某些不定代词+body/thing/one如:nobodyeverything.,.,37,4.复合形容词的主要构成方式：(1)名词+形容词如：colour-blind色盲的(2)副词+形容词如：over-sensitive过敏的(3)名词+分词如：hand-made手工制作的(4)形容词+名词如：good-looking好看的(5)副词+分词如：well-meant好意的outstanding出色的,.,38,(6)形容词+名词如：gentleman绅士greengrocer水果商(7)形容词+名词+-ed如：ill-mannered不礼貌的(8)数词+名词+(-ed)如：two-faced两面派的one-sided片面的(9)名词+名词+-ed如：iron-willed有钢铁意志的,.,39,5.复合副词的主要构成方式：1)名词+名词,如：sideways向旁边(2)名词+副词,如：headfirst头朝下(3)形容词+名词,如：meanwhile同时(4)介词+名词,如：beforehand事先,.,40,四：转化法(有大量的动词可以转化为名词)havealook(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,interview,taste)makeastudy(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,answer)cometoastop(end,pause),.,41,一练习题,1.Hemustbe_(mental)disabled.2.Histeachertookadeepdrink,smiled_(warm),andthankedhisstudentverymuchforthesweetwater.3.ButJaneknewfrompastexperiencethather_(choose)oftieshardlyeverpleasedherfather.,mentally,warmly,choice,.,42,4.Thisproverbissayingwehavetoletthingsgointheir_(nature)course.5.Wedranktogetherandtalked_(merry)tillfarintothenight.6.Allfactsarethesourceof_(conclude).,natural,merrily,conclusion,.,43,7.Iwontdothepurchasebecausethepriceofthisdressis_(reason).8.However,most_(science)agreethatEQhasalottodowith_(educate).9.Excellentoralandwritten_(communicate)skillsinChineseandEnglishareof_(important).,unreasonable,scientists,education,communication,importance,.,44,10.Itisyour_(free)todowhatyouwantafterclass.11.Hedevotedmuchmoneytobuildingschoolsin_(mountain)areas.12.Unfortunately,mycarbrokedownona_(mud)road.13.Tomakemyself_,Iwoulddosome_exerciseafterwork.(relax),freedom,mountainous,muddy,relaxed,relaxing,.,45,14.We_(apology)forthelatedepartureofthisflight.15.Thearticlecan_(long)outalittlebyaddingsomeexamples.16.Hisillness_(worse)duringthenight.17.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedom_(brave).,apologize,lengthen,worsen,bravely,bravely,.,46,18.Hewentoutoftheoffice_(hurry)torunafterher.19.One_(investigate)describedtherobberyasa“_(profession)job”.20.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident;youdidit_(intention).,hurriedly,investigation,professional,intentionally,.,47,二、请根据中文含义写出下列常见复合词：,passport,download,rainfall,extraordinary,overweight,.,48,outdoors,outspoken/straightforward,typewriter,saleswo