四级作文类型模版及范文.ppt

写作题型分析及应试技巧一写作题型分析写作部分共一题,考试时间为30分钟。要求写出一篇不少于120词的短文。试卷上可给出题目，或规定情境，或给出段首句要求续写，或要求看图作文或给出关键词，要求写出短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofOnStudentsSelectingLecturers.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师学生选择教师所要考虑的主要因素学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,二写作应试技巧考生要想在30分钟内完成一篇不少于120词的文章并非难事。考生拿到试题后应按以下步骤有条不紊的进行。1.审题。大学英语四级作文大部分都是命题作文，且大多数都有中文提示或提纲，考生要利用1至2分钟审题，了解题目的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图。2.列提纲。考生应根据已给提纲或提示利用4至5分钟时间列出写作要点，理清要点间的逻辑关系，组织并整理写作素材，列出写作关键词，在头脑中形成一个整体的思路。3.写作。考生利用20分钟左右的时间根据构思的提纲，选用较好的素材，恰当地运用关联词，一气呵成完成写作内容。4.修改。考生在完成写作内容后尽量利用1至2分钟通读文章，修改写作内容，主要检查句子的时态、语态、主谓一致、单词拼写和标点符号等语法项目。,I.议论文1现象解释型：(1)阐述现象(2)分析原因(3)解决办法或指出存在的问题OnStudentsSelectingLecturersInrecentyears,studentsinagrowingnumberofuniversitiesaregiventherighttochoosethelecturersfortheirlessons.Suchaboldsteptowardeducationalreform,understandably,hastriggeredsomedebatesoverwhetherstudentsshouldbegiventhismuchpowerandwhetherthestudentshavetheabilitytoproperlyusethisright.Studentstendtotakeintoaccountavarietyoffactorswhenchoosingalecturer,suchasthelecturerspersonalityandhis/herteachingstyle,thelecturersacademicbackgroundandteachingexperience,andthelecturersreputationamongstudents.Sometimeseventheteacherssex,age,voice,andappearancemightaffectthestudentsdecision,andobviouslysomeofthesefactorshavenologicalrelationswithteachingquality.,Therearebothpositiveandnegativeaspectstoempowerstudentswiththerighttochoosetheirlecturers.Ontheonehand,itencouragesthemtotakegreaterresponsibilityandgetmoreactivelyinvolvedwiththelearningprocess,andalsoputpressureonteacherstoimprovetheirteachingquality.However,somefactorsthatstudentsconsidermightbetheonesthatpromotetheimprovementsofteachingqualityofeducation.Thestudentsmightendupwithlecturerswhoteachinterestingclasseswithoutmuchcontent.,HarmfulnessofFakeCommoditiesInrecentyears,fakecommoditiesdealingisacommonphenomenoninthemarket.Thesefakecommoditieshavedonegreatharmtotheconsumersandthesociety.Sincethepolicyofreformwasimplemented,Chinaseconomyhasimproved.Alotofpeoplegettingricher,andtheirlivingconditionsaregettingbetter.Butstillsomeofthemarenotsatisfied.Theydreamofgettingrichovernightandlivingaheavenlylife,which,ofcourse,isimpossibletoachievebyfairmeans.Sotheyriskbreakingthelawtoproducethefakecommodities.Oncethesefakecommoditiesenterthemarket,theywilldoimmeasurableharmtothesociety.Thedirectvictimsaretheconsumers.Asthequalityofthefakecommoditiesisalwaysverypoor,theconsumersmaysuffergreatlosses.Certainfakecommodities,suchasfoodandmedicine,willcauseirreparableharmtothehealthandwell-beingoftheconsumers.Fakecommoditiesalsocutintotheprofitsofthebrand-name-owners.Sincethefakeonesarecheaper,peopletendtobereluctanttobuythegenuineones.,写作模板：ANowadays_isacommonphenomenoninsociety.Forexample,_._domore(good)than(harm)tous.Foronething,_.Foranother,_.Insummary,/Inaword,itismorevaluable_.BRecently_hasarousedpublicconcern.Ithasboth_and_._domore(good)than(harm)tous.Ontheonehand,_.Ontheotherhand,_.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayreasonablyarriveattheconclusionthat_.,Usefultopicsentences:Now,peopleingrowingnumberarebeginning/comingtorealizethatRecentlytheproblem/issue/questionofhasbeenbroughttopublicattentionRecentlytheproblem/issue/questionofhascaused/arousedworldwideconcernhasbecomeahottopic,andheateddebatesarerightontheirway.,演练题目RestoreOurTraditionalFestivals1.现在有很多年轻人更喜欢过西方节日2.这种现象的原因是3.我们对待西方节日的态度是FastFood1.快餐在中国十分流行，它是现代快节奏社会的最佳反映。2.a.快餐受欢迎有两条原因b.然而，从营养角度来讲，快餐却差强人意3.对快餐还是以偶尔品尝为宜。OnlineEducation1.目前网络教育形成热潮2.我认为这股热潮的的原因是3.我对网络教育的评价,2.对比选择型(1).一些人对待某一事物的观点是(2).另外一些人对待该事物的态度是(3).我的看法ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为,ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?Onecanalwaysfindvisitorstakingpicturesandenjoyingthesceneryinuniversitycampus.DuringtheNationalDayHoliday,summerandwintervacations,manyUniversitycampusesbecomepopulartouristsites.Somepeopleholdtheideathatuniversitycampusshouldbeopentotourists.Infact,therearemanyroyalgardensandparks,allofthemobviouslybetterthanthesceneryintheuniversities.Whydosomanypeopleprefervisitingherewiththeirchildren?ThatisbecauseitisadreamgoalformanyChineseparentsandyoungambitiousstudents.Besidesthis,asmoretouristscometovisituniversities,theseuniversitiescanwidentheirinfluenceaswellandtheycanalsomakesomeprofitfromthetourism.,Whileothersthinkdifferently.First,touristsvisitwilldisturbthenormalteaching.Theyalwaysgetintoteachingbuildings,librariesandsoon.Theywillmakenoiseandthrowrubbisheverywhere.Second,sometouriststramplegrasstotakephotos,andsculptureontreestoleavewords.Thesewillaffecttheenvironmentofthecampusbadly.AsfarasImconcerned,theuniversitycampusshouldnotbeopentothetourists.Althoughmostoftouristsvisitwithhopeandrespect,Ithinkuniversitycampusisaholyplaceforstudy,notfortourism.Soitshouldnotbeopentotourists.,SpringFestivalGalaonCCTV1、有些人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节联欢晚会2、但有些人提出取消春节联欢晚会3、在我看来.,SpringFestivalGalaonCCTVIthasbeenahottopicforalongtimewhethertheCCTVSpringFestivalGalashouldbecancelledornot.ManypeopleadvocatethatCCTVSpringFestivalGalaoffersawonderfulopportunitytocelebratethistraditionalfestival,fortheChineseallovertheworldcansharethesamehappinessandexcitementbroughtbytheTVprogram.Inaddition,manyperformancesareveryimpressive,andsomecanevenpositivelyaffectourlifevalue.However,everycoinhastwosides.SomepeopleholdthatCCTVSpringFestivalGalashouldbecancelled.Oneofthemostsignificantreasonsmaybethatthisformofcelebrationforcepeopletospendtheevemorepassively.Whatsmore,agreatproportionoftheprogramsarenotattractiveenough.Astome,myfavorgoestotheformeropinion,becauseCCTVSpringFestivalGalagivesusanotheroptiontocelebratethisimportantmoment.Butitisreallyessentialtoimprovethequalityoftheprograms.AndIhopesomebetterformsofcelebrationwillbecreatedinthenearfuture.,写作模板：A.Peoplesopinionsabout_varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeopleareinclinedto_forthefollowingreasons.Firstly,_.Secondly,_.Otherpeople,however,takeadifferentattitudethat_.Ontheonehand,_.Ontheotherhand,_.Myownpointofviewisthat_,because_.Also,_.So_.,B._hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople,andheateddebatesarerightontheirway.Quiteafewpeoplethink_.Itsoundsgoodbecause_.Onthecontrary,thereisauniversallyacknowledgedsayingthat_.Tothem,_.Inmyopinion,_.Foronething,_.Foranother,_.Hence,_.,Usefulsentences:DifferentpeopleholddifferentopinionsaboutSometakeitforgrantedthatButotherstakeanoppositeideathatPeoplesviewsaboutvaryfrompersontoperson.SomepeoplesaythatWhileothersthinkthatInthefaceofSomepeopletakethepositionthat.SomepeoplecometobelievethatThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewof.SomepeoplesuggestthatWhilesomeothersarguethat.AsfarasIamconcerned,Whenitcomestome,.TherearetwomainreasonswhyIamopposedto/infavorofthefirst/secondview.Throughthediscussionmentionedabove,wemaydrawtheconclusion,演练题目：ShouldPrivateCarsBeEncouraged?1.私人购车已成为一种时尚，很多人认为应该鼓励人们购买私家车2.也有很多人认为不应鼓励私人购车3.我的看法StylesofLiving1有些人愿意和父母居住在一起2有些人想自己独立居住3我的看法,3问题解决题型,(1).阐述问题/提出问题(2).问题形成的原因/解决问题的办法(3).我的看法,HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducationSeveralyearsagonewtuitionfeepolicywasputintopracticeandcollegestudentswereaskedtopayacertainsumofmoney.Andnow,allthestudents,nomatterwhatsubjectstheyareengagedin,mustpayfortuition.Therearemanywaysforastudenttofinancehiscollegeeducation.Moststudentsasktheirparentstopaythetuitionfeeandpayfortheirbooks,accommodationandothercost.Astudentcanalsoapplyforthescholarship.Mostuniversitiessetupscholarshiptooffermoneytothepoorstudentswhodowellinentranceexamsandrewardthosewhodowellinentranceexamsandrewardthosewhoworkwellatuniversity.Astudentcanalsoapplyforthelow-interestloans.Inadditiontotheabove,takingpart-timejobsisalsoacommonwayforacollegestudenttogetmoneytopaypartofhistuitionandfees.,SofarasImconcerned,Idpreferearningthescholarship.ThismeansImuststudyhardandbeatopstudent,whichhasalwaysbeenmygoal.Afterall,thetaskofastudentistostudy.Andinadditiontosolvingmyfinancialproblems,gettingthescholarshipcanalsoprovemyabilityandisgoodformyfuture.,HowtoSolvetheTrafficProblems?Sometimeswefindtherearereallymanyproblemsintrafficsystem.Weoftenseethattrafficisbecomingheavierandheavier,andtheroadaccidentsareincreasingrapidly.Everyday,therearequiteafewpeoplegettinginvolvedintheroadaccidentsandsomeofthemevenlosetheirlives.Buthowtosolvethetrafficproblems?Stepbystep,firstly,wemaywidenmainroads.Ifthemainstreetsarewidened,trafficjamswillbedecreasedanditwillbeconvenientfordrivers.Secondly,wemayopenupmorebuslines.Ifweopenupmorebuslinesindowntownareas,citizenswillhaveseveralchoicesfortheirdestinationsiftheytakebuses.Finally,wecanalsobuildsubways.Maybeatfirstglancewewillinvestalotofmoney,butinthelongrun,buildingsubwayswillnotwastemoneyandmaterialsaswideningroadsandincreasingbuslinesdo.,Tosolvetheproblemisnoteasyatall,butisworthtrying.Weshouldsosomething,suchasbuildingmoreoverpasses,underpasses,gallopbridgestodecreasethenumberofcars,trucksandbicyclesinthemainstreets.Atthesametime,legislativemeasuresshouldbeintroducedandpedestriansanddriversshouldbemadetocomplywithtrafficregulations.Thosewhobreaktrafficregulationsmustbepunished.Drunkdrivingshouldbestrictlyforbidden.Idobelieveeverythingwillbebetterinthefuture.,写作模板,A.Sometimeswefindtherearereallymanyproblems/difficultiesin_.Thenhowcanwemanagetoovercomeallthese?Stepbystep,first,_.Secondly,_.Thirdly,_.Last,_.Afteraperiodofpainstakingefforts,Ifeelthat_.B.Thesedaysweoftenhearthat_.Therearesomepossiblereasonsforthat.Inthefirstplace,_.Inthesecondplace,_.Tosolvetheproblemisnoteasyatall,butisworthtrying.Weshoulddosomethingsuchas_toimprovehepresentsituation,andIdobelieveeverythingwillbebetterinthefuture.,Usefulsentences:Nowpeopleareincreasinglyaware/consciousof.Recentlytheproblemofhasbeeninthelimelight.Generallyspeaking,themajorreasonsforcanbelistedasfollows,.Obviously/Apparently,severalreasonscontributeto/accountfor.Itishightimethatquick/necessaryaction/steps/measuresshouldbetakentoWeshouldtryeverymeansto.Manythingscancontributetosolvingtheproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.,OnPowerFailure1.很多城市严重缺电2.分析原因3.提出解决办法GreenOlympics1.2008年中国要举办一次绿色奥运会2.为什么要提倡“绿色奥运”3.如何为绿色奥运做准备,图表作文,3图表类StudentsUseofComputers1上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化。2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说）。3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。,范文,StudentsUseofComputersAsthebarchartshows,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentinacertainuniversityspentonthecomputerperweekincreaseddramaticallyduringtheyearsof1990to2000.Asearlyas1990,astudentonlyspentonehouronaverageonthecomputereachweek.Thenfiveyearslater,thenumberincreasedfourtimes.Finallyintheyear2000,anaveragestudentwassittinginfrontofcomputerscreenforasmanyastwentyhourseveryweek.Severalfactorsmaycontributetothesharpincreaseintheamountoftimeemployedincomputeruse.First,thecomputerhasavarietyofapplicationsinmanywalksoflife.Second,withthedevelopmentofsociety,computerskillshavebecomeamustforemployment.Finally,thegraduallyloweredpriceofcomputersmakesitpossibleforthecomputerstofinditswaytotheordinaryfamily.Alltheseresultintheboomofcomputeruse.,However,thecomputerusemayalsocausesomeproblems.Thecomputer,inmyopinion,maybeaddictive,thuspossiblyexertinganegativeimpactonthephysicalaswellasmentalhealthofthestudents.Toconclude,westillneedtakeeffectivemeasurestomakeprogressinstudentuseofcomputers.,写作模板AThereareagrowingnumberof_nowadays.Readingthischart,wecanfindthat_hassoaredto_from_.Generallyspeaking,thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Firstofall,_.Also,_.Moreover,_.Alongwith_,therearisesomeproblems.Themostseriousoneisthat_.Itisurgentto_inaproperway.BThegraphshowsthegeneraltrendin_,itcanbeseeneasilythat.Therearemanyreasonsexplainingthissituation.Asforme,Iconsiderthefollowingstheimportantones.Firstly,.Secondly,_.Inaddition,.Aboveall,wenowknowabouttheproblemandweshouldtrytofindsomewaystosolveit,forexample,_.,Usefulexpressionsandsentences:1.piechart,barchart,linechart,table2.amountto,addupto,cometo,sumupto3.rise,increase,goup,jumpto,soarto4.decrease,increaseto/by,decreaseto/by,drop,fall,decline,lower5.thehighestpoint,thetop,thesummit,thepeak6.bottom,rockbottom,thelowestpoint7.average,mean8.fluctuate,riseandfall,upsanddowns,goupanddown,thereisupsanddownsin9.dramatically,sharply,greatly,rapidly,significantly,respectively,bycontrast10.accountfor/constitute/comprise/makeup/occupy70%of11.整体+becomposedof/comprise/consistof+部分,演练题目,1.writeoutthemessageconveyedbythetable2.giveyourreasonsforthephenomenon3.predictthefuturetrendanditsinfluenceonindividualsandsociety,演练题目,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedtowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.ThesuggestedtitleisTheChangesinChineseProfession.ThechartsshowthedifferentproportionsofChineseinthreemainprofessionsin1990and2005.Youshouldwriteatleast120words.,应用文1.信件类DateAlettertoaSchoolmateDearXiaoWang,Imdelightedtolearnthatyouaregoingtovisitmeduringtheweek-longvacation.Myparentswillalsobehappytoseeyouagain.Imsureyouwillenjoyeveryminutehere.Iknowyouarefondofswimming.Ariverliesnotfarawayfrommyhome.Wecangoswimmingthere.Ithinkitwouldbeverypleasantandrefreshingtoswiminsuchhotsummerdays.Ineverybigroomofmyhomethereisanair-conditioner.WecanwatchTV,playCDsorreadbooksverycomfortablyathome.Amountainabouttwomilesawayfromhereisbeautifulanditisworthtouring.Wecangothereonfoot.Whenweclimbtothetopofthemountain,wecanhaveawonderfulbird-eyeviewofthewholevillage.Justphonemebeforeyousetoff.Thereisnoneedforyoutotakeanything.Illprepareeverythingforyou.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoon.Yourssincerely,WangLin,DateALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusDearMr.President,Imveryluckytoattendthisworld-famousuniversity,butImafraidImnotcontentwiththecanteenserviceoncampus.Firstly,thequalityofthedishesshouldbeimproved.Undoubtedly,therearealotofdeliciousdishes,butalltheyearround,theyarethesame.Moreandmorestudentsarecomplainingabouteatingthesamefoodeachday.SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.Secondly,thepriceisabittoohigh.Manyofushopethatthecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheaperfood.Finally,theenvironmentissonoisythatwecantenjoyourmealsingoodmood.Isuggestthattherebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.Thesesuggestionsarenotjustofmyown,butalsoofmanyotherstudents.Wehopeourrespectablepresidentwillpayattentiontooursuggestions.Bytheway,thecanteenworkersareverypatientandalwayssmiling.SoIthinkifouruniversityoffersthembetterconditions,theywillofferusbetterservice.Bestwishes,Yoursrespectfully,LiMing,2).信的格式（personalletter）ADatelineSalutation_,Body_._.Complimentaryclose,Signature,演练题目,ALettertotheinjuredstudentsinSichuanearthquakezone1.询问伤情，表示关切2.谈谈大家的帮助3.表达希望同学早日康复并返校学习的良好祝愿,PartIII阅读理解,阅读理解部分包括仔细阅读(ReadinginDepth)和快速阅读(SkimmingandScanning)，测试学生通过阅读获取书面信息的能力；所占分值比例为35%，其中仔细阅读部分25%，快速阅读部分l0%。考试时间40分钟。仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读三篇短文。两篇为多项选择题型的短文理解测试，每篇长度为300350词。一篇为选词填空(BankedCloze)或简答题(ShortAnswerQuestions)。选词填空篇章长度为200250词，简答题篇章长度为300350词。仔细阅读部分测试考生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。多项选择题型的短文后有若干个问题，考生根据对文章的理解，从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。选词填空测试考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力。要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。快速阅读部分采用l2篇较长篇幅的文章或多篇短文，总长度约为1000词。要求考生运用略读和查读的技能从篇章中获取信息。略渎考核学生通过快速阅读获取文章主旨大意或中心思想的能力，阅读速度约每分钟100词。查读考核学生利用各种提示，如数字、大写单词、段首或句首词等，快速查找特定信息的能力。快速阅读理解部分采用的题型有是非判断、句子填空、完成句子等。,快速阅读理解（一）试题介绍快速阅读理解题是大学英语四级考试改革后新增加的考试题型。该考试题型是一篇1000个单词左右的文章，题目含有7个判断正误题(包括NOTGIVEN)和3个句子填空题（即补充3个未完成的句子，答案基本都是原文中出现的原词），考试时间为15分钟。文章一般是一篇篇幅较长而难度略低的材料，如各类论文、小说、报刊杂志、日用工具书、广告广播、新闻报道、节目表、时刻表、备忘录、说明书、电话本、索引等。快速阅读能力的提高固然有赖于考生在大量阅读中逐步的积累。但是，在平时的训练的时候，应该注意通过对逻辑关系、标点符号乃至一些特征语言信息点，乃至略读及寻读等方法的积极运用，实现文章主旨的快速把握，并对随后的题目做出有效的判断和填写。,解题方法和解题技巧1解题方法（1）略读法（Skimming）略读法旨在快速浏览全文，以了解中心思想、段落大意及主题背景等等。这种阅读方式适用于任何文体的阅读，它能帮助读者在有限的时间内了解和掌握更多的信息。如采用略读方法，首先应该读首段和结尾段。接下来，读每段的主题句。通常来说，文章的第一段和最后一段是文章主题思想的阐明和总结，而每一段的主题句体现了每一个段落的中心思想，它一般出现在段首，开宗明义；有时也在段落的结尾，画龙点睛；有时放在段落中间，承上启下。有时有些段落没有主题句，需要加以总结。在略读过程中，要特别关注这些主题句。,（2）寻读法（Scanning）寻读法旨在迅速扫读全文以寻找所需要的信息。由于其目的是寻找某一具体的信息或某一问题的答案，视线通常跳过无关内容去捕捉所需的信息，因此阅读速度要尽量地快。总体上说，大部分细节题都能直接或间接地在文章中找到答案，采用寻读法就可以较快的根据线索作出判断，具体步骤如下：1）先看问题，然后带着问题去寻找答案。2）根据问题的顺序位置，判断答案在文章中的大概位置。3）尽可能快速地扫视文章，直到找到所需要的信息。4）确定所需信息位置后，仔细理解句子含义并完成试题。,解题技巧（1）应对两种不同形式文章的技巧1）有小标题的文章对于有小标题的文章，把握开头或结尾部分就掌握了文章的主题和写作目的。小标题相对于段落的主题句，把握住小标题就掌握了文章的主要内容。这些小标题在寻读时也显得格外重要，从题干的定位信息可以快速找到相关的小标题（模糊定位），然后在该小标题下查找具体答案（精确定位），从而提高阅读速度。,没有小标题的文章对于没有小标题的文章，需要把握文章开头或结尾部分来掌握文章的主题和写作目的。更重要的是要快速浏览每段，寻找主题句并获得文章大意。建议在浏览过程中用笔在每段的主题句或关键词下做出记号，以备答题时使用。寻找信息的技巧1）利用数字和年代定位信息文章中的数字和年代通常以阿拉伯数字的形式出现，因此在文章中比较明显。如果考题中含有数字，就可以快速的找到该数字在文章中的位置，从而定位解题信息。2）利用专有名词如人名、地名等定位信息在文章中出现的专有名词由于是以大写字母开头，会显得比较突出，十分容易寻找。在浏览题干时，如发现有专有名词出现，则可以直接在文章中寻找该专有名词，从而定位信息，节省答题时间。,题目顺序基本和文章写作顺序一致一般情况下，快速阅读中判断正误题目的顺序与原文的写作顺序基本上是保持一致的。换句话说，如果你已经在第三段中找到了第一道题的信息，余下的题目出处则大致都在第三段之后（反常情况极少出现，即使出现，该文章的总体试题的顺序也仍然是与文章写作顺序一致的）。因此在寻读时，一定要把握好题目顺序和写作顺序的一致规律，以节省答题时间。,巧用逻辑关系逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。考生应该尤其注意快速阅读文章中逻辑关系的运用，以便省时省力的理解文章信息。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种：1）因果关系：asaresult，therefore，hence，consequently，because,dueto等。2）并列、递进关系：and,or,inaddition，besides，inotherwords，moreover等。3）转折关系：however，but,yet,infact等。