企业应用专利战略.ppt

企业应用专利战略EnterprisePatentApplicationStrategies清华大学教授、专利代理人ProfessorofTsinghuaUniversityandPatentAgent丁英烈DingYinglie2008.7,企业应用专利战略EnterprisePatentApplicationStrategies开头的话：发人深思的专利侵权案Beginningremark:PatentInfringementCaseRequiringDeepThinking,企业专利的重要性Importanceofenterprisepatent企业专利战略是经营战略的重要一环Enterprisepatentstrategiesshallrefertooneimportantprocedureofitsbusinessstrategies,事件的经过Process:早在70年代，经营建筑、航天业的美国Honeywell公司，对微电子应用产生了浓厚的兴趣，并在自动聚焦领域开花结果。自1975至1977年间获得美国四项专利，即美国第3806935,3875401,4002899专利及29,599号再发行专利。其有效期满日期为19921994年。Earlyin1970s,AmericanHoneywellengagedinconstructionandaviationindustryhasgeneratedgreatinterestinmicro-electronicapplicationandachievedfruitfulresultsintheautomaticfocusfield.Between1975and1977,ithasbeengrantedfourpatentrightsinAmericawhichareNo.3806935,3875401,4002899patentsandN.29,599re-publicationpatent.Thevalidityis1992-1994.,1979年Honeywell公司就自动聚焦技术召集世界主要照相机厂家召开了技术公开会，缔结所谓“技术公开协议”(advancedisclosureagreement)，日本的Minoulta与会并签了字，还花了8万5千美元买了Honeywell公开的有关技术资料。其微型组件不久将公开销售。当时，Honeywell公司要求各厂家把该组件作为标准件用于各厂家的照相机上，并由Honeywell提供这种组件。In1979,Honeywellhassummonedmainworldcameramanufacturersandheldapublictechnologicalconferenceconcerningautomaticfocustechnologytoreachtheso-calledadvancedisclosureagreement.JapaneseMinoultahasattendedtheconferenceandpressedthesignatureandspent85,000USDtopurchaserelevanttechnicalmaterialspublishedbyHoneywell.Themicroscopiccomponentswillbesoldinthenearfuture.Atthatmoment,Honeywellhasaskedvariousmanufacturerstoadoptthecomponentsinthecamerasofvariousmanufacturersasthestandardparts.Honeywellshallberesponsibleforprovidingthesecomponents.,经研究，Minoulta公司认为Honeywell公司的组件有缺陷，决定独自开发自动聚焦系统，并通知Honeywell公司。因此Honeywell公司特别指出，Minoulta公司不得将该组件用于其照相机上，且不得将得到的技术资料用于不正当的目的。Uponresearch,MinoultaheldthatthecomponentsofHoneywellsufferfromdefects.ItthusdecidedtodeveloptheautomaticfocussystembyitselfandnotifiedHoneywell.Therefore,HoneywellhasspeciallypointedoutthatMinoultashallnotutilizethecomponentsinthecamerasandshallnotutilizetheobtainedtechnicalmaterialsforunjustpurposes.,后来，Minoulta公司开发了两种照相机，一种用的是Honeywell公司的微型组件，一种用本公司的原型组件，结果，经对比论证，选定了本公司自行设计的自动聚焦系统，他们认为与Honeywell公司中的专利不构成侵权关系，并且作为85MAXXUM系列，推向美国市场，效果很好，从而确立了在美国市场的地位。Later,Minoultahasdevelopedtwocameras:oneutilizedmicroscopiccomponentsofHoneywellandtheotherhasutilizedtheoriginalmodecomponentsofthecompany.Asaresult,ithasselectedtheself-designedautomaticfocussystemthroughcontrastanddemonstration.TheyhaveheldthatitdoesnotconstitutetheinfringementrelationshipwiththepatentofHoneywell.Besides,theproductshavebeenpromotedtoAmericanmarketas85MAXXUMseries.Giventheexcellenteffect,theproductshaveconfirmedthestatusinAmericanmarket.,1986年Honeywell公司向Minoulta公司提出警告，怀疑Minoulta侵权，经协商无效，Honeywell公司于1987年4月向美国新泽西州联邦地方法院提起诉讼。In1986,HoneywellhasmadeawarningtoMinoultaandsuspecteditsinfringement.Uponnegotiationfailure,HoneywellhasbroughtalawsuittoAmericanNewJerseyFederalLocalCourtinApril1987.,专利战略决非申请专利了事，诸如技术的公开，分析、市场动态，及时提出警告；另一方则购入情报，进行分析，切实找出不足，独立开发自主产品是不可不做的。Thepatentstrategiesarenotjustlimitedtopatentapplicationsuchastechnologicalpublication,analysis,marketdynamicsandtimelywarning.Theotherpartycanpurchasetheinformation,conductanalysis,findoutthedefectsandindependentlydevelopself-ownedproducts.,双方的主张Opinionsofbothparties原告(Honeywell公司）：本公司的自动聚焦技术在80年代前期是照相机行业堪称“圣权”的优秀技术，在缔结技术公开协议时，Minoulta公司不可能拥有这项技术，在开发85MAXXUM系列照相机之际，故意侵犯了原告的4项专利技术，而且将得到的技术资料用于不正当目的，实属违约。Theplaintiff(Honeywell):Theautomaticfocustechnologyofthecompanyisknownas“sovereignpower”excellenttechnologyinthecameramanufacturingindustrybefore1980s.Duringthetechnologicalpublicationagreement,Minoultacannotownthetechnology.Ithasdeliberatelyinfringeduponfourpatenttechnologiesoftheplaintiffduringthedevelopmentof85MAXXUMseriescamerasandutilizedobtainedtechnologicalmaterialsforunjustpurposes.Theybelongtoillegalconducts.,被告（Minoulta公司）：Honeywell公司的技术有缺陷，因此，被告独自以本公司60年代研究的成果为基础开发了MAXXUM系列照相机，该产品没有侵犯任何的专利权。并以专利技术没有指出已有技术及最佳实施例等为理由，对4项专利提出了无效宣告请求。另外，技术公开协议的签署是在Honeywell公司的欺骗下进行的，也应是无效的，还有，在当时可以用更便宜的价格从其他公司买到同样的技术资料。Defendant(Minoulta):Honeywellsuffersfromtechnologicaldefects.Therefore,thedefendanthasindependentlydevelopedMAXXUMseriescamerasbasedontheresearchachievementsin1960s.Theproductshavenotinfringeduponanypatent.Furthermore,thepatenttechnologyhasnotraisedineffectiveannouncementrequesttofourpatentsbyreasoningofexistenttechnologiesandoptimalimplementingcases.AndsigningofpublictechnologicalagreementhasbeenconductedunderthedeceitofHoneywellandshallbeinvalid.Atthattime,thesametechnicalmaterialscanbepurchasedfromothercompaniesatalowerprice.,陪审判决结果Juryjudgementresult经76天审议各种证言及几千种证据，又经过6天半的评议，8名陪审员判定，Minoulta公司侵害了Honeywell公司的专利，一项专利未被侵害，另一项虽被侵权，但因不具创造性被判为无效，其结果为Honeywell的主张的4件专利中只有2件有效且被侵害，拟判专利侵权赔偿金额为九亿六千万美元，然而这两件专利是当年后半年将到期的专利。Throughauditingofvarioustestimonyandthousandsofevidencethroughseventy-sixdaysandevaluationthroughsixandahalfdays,eightjurorshavejudgedthatMinoultahasinfringeduponthepatentofHoneywell.Onepatentisnotinfringed.Althoughtheotherpatentisinfringed,yetithasbeenjudgedintoinvalidationduetonocreativitiy.Asaresult,onlytwooffourpatentsadvocatedbyHoneywellarevalidandinfringed.Theplannedpatentinfringementcompensationis960millionUSD.However,thesetwopatentsrefertopatentsthatwillbecomematureinthesecondhalfyear.,另外，陪审还认为，Minoulta的侵权不是故意的。驳回Honeywell公司主张的，Minoulta公司不当使用了技术资料，同时也驳回了Minoulta“协议是在欺骗下签署的”主张，该案最终是和解解决的。Besides,thejuryhasheldthattheinfringementofMinoultaisnotintentional.ThecourthasdismissedtheimproperutilizationoftechnicalmaterialsbyMinoultaadvocatedbyHoneywell.Atthesametime,ithasdismissedtheclaimofMinoultaconcerning“agreementhasbeensignedunderdeceipt”.Thecasehasbeenfinallysettledthroughmediation.,诉讼过程中，原、被告都可以依法（中国还有多项司法解款）提出自己的主张，如故意侵权，无效宣告请求等。另外，和解是应该优先考虑的解决方式。Duringthelawsuit,boththeplaintiffanddefendantcanraisetheirownopinionsaccordingtolaw(therearenumerousjudicialinterpretationsinChina)suchasdeliberateinfringement,invalidannouncementrequestandsoon.Besides,themediationshallbethefirstsolutiontobeconsidered.,反应Response该案判决后，各方反应不一。Afterthejudgment,variouspartieshavedifferenceresponses.Minoulta方面表示，“今后仍然要对美国司法制度持信任态度”。Minoultahasexpressed:“WeshallstillholdatrustworthyattitudetowardsAmericanjudicialsysteminthefuture”.Honeywell方面表示，如果被告是美国企业，确信会判为故意侵权。HoneywellhasexpressedthatitshallconfirmthedeliberateinfringementoncethedefendantisanAmericanenterprise.担任此项审理法官则表示，与这件事无关的世界性问题，并没有对这次审理构成任何影响。Thejudgehasexpressedthatworldproblemsirrelevanttothiscasehavenotbroughtaboutanyinfluenceonthejudgment.,但更多的人认为，该事件的发生正值日美贸易摩擦升级，专利战日益加剧之际不是偶然的，还有人联系到当年正是日本偷袭珍珠港50周年的事情。ButmorepeopleholdthattheoccurrenceofthisincidentisnocoincidenceduringtheescalationofJapan-Americatradefrictionsandpatentwars.Somepeoplehavethoughtabout50thanniversaryofJapanesearmysattackingPearlHarbor.而企业界，知识产权界则更重视判断侵权的标准、赔偿金额的裁定及法律程序上的诸多问题，应吸取什么有益的教训。Buttheenterprisesandintellectualpropertyrightfieldhaveattachedmoreimportancetothestandardofinfringementjudgment,judgmentofcompensationsumandnumerousproblemsinthelegalproceduresaswellaslessonstobedrawn.,知识产权制度不仅在国内，在国际上还有不少待完善的规则，追求一种成熟的，有效的企业专利战略，还有很多路要走。Theintellectualpropertyrightsystemneedsalotofimprovementsincertainregulationsbothathomeandabroad.Thereisstillalongwaytogoinpursuingamatureandeffectiveenterprisepatentstrategies.,第一部分专利基本知识PartIBasicpatentknowledge1.专利制度的基本思想1.Basicthoughtofpatentsystem1.技术的公开与技术的独占是人类长期以来想解决而没有解决的一对矛盾。Technologicalpublicationandmonopolyareapairofcontradictionmankindhaslongwantedtosettlebutfailedtosettle.2.专利制度的基本思想Basicthoughtofpatentsystem技术的公开技术的持续发展Technologicalpublicationsustainabledevelopment技术的独占技术的有效保护Technologicalmonopolyeffectiveprotection专利制度巧妙地解决了技术的公开与技术独立之间的矛盾。Thepatentsystemhastacticallysettledthecontradictionbetweentechnologicalpublicationandmonopoly.,专利制度Patentsystem,产业的发展Industrialdevelopment,换句话说：作为新技术被公开的一种补偿，赋予新技术拥有者，在一定期间内，对于该技术的独占实施权。Inotherwords,itshallbeofferedtothenewtechnologicalownersasthecompensationfornewtechnologicalpublication.Itshallrefertothemonopolyimplementationrighttothetechnologywithinacertainperiodoftime.也可以说Wecanalsosaythat公开是对公众社会尽的义务，Publicationistheobligationstothepublicsociety.独占实施权则是一种授予的权利。Monopolyimplementationrightisakindofgrantedright.,权利和义务应该是对等的。若想享有独占的实施权利就必须尽技术公开的义务。Rightsandobligationsshallbecorrespondingtoeachother.Thetechnologicalpublicationobligationsmustbefulfilledtoenjoythemonopolyimplementationright.而“权利”和“义务”，在专利法的条文中都有具体的详尽的规定。“Rights”and“obligations”havebeenstipulatedinthepatentlawindetail.此乃专利制度的基本思想Thisisthebasicthoughtofpatentsystem.也是专利制度，在世界范围内，兴盛不衰的原因之所在。Itisalsothereasonfortheeternalprosperityofpatentsystemintheworld.,2.做好专利工作的必要性2.Necessityofpatentwork技术在经济发展中所起的作用日益增长，因而企业之间的技术竞争愈来愈激烈，在此竞争中用好专利，实施正确的专利战略将给企业带来巨大的好处。Technologiesareplayinganincreasingimportantroleintheeconomicdevelopment.Therefore,thetechnologicalcompetitionbetweenenterpriseshasbecomeincreasingfierce.Goodutilizationofpatentinthefiercecompetitionandimplementationofcorrectpatentstrategieswillbringaboutgreatbenefitstotheenterprises.,独占市场，取得丰厚的利润：Monopolizingthemarketandgainingfruitfulprofits:企业花了大量的人力、物力开发了新产品、新技术，希望能独家向消费者提供，至少在一段时间内是如此，以补偿研制，开发所付出的成本，获取最大的利润，扩大再研究再生产，国家正是通过施行专利制度，对企业或者个人提供这种保护的。Theenterpriseshaveplungedintohugeamountofmanpowerandmaterialstodevelopnewproductsandnewtechnologieswiththeviewtoprovideforconsumersexclusively,atleastforacertainperiodoftime.Thecostattheexpenseofcompensatedresearch,manufacturinganddevelopmentaimstogainthemaximumprofitsandexpandtheresearchandproductionagain.Thestateisimplementingthepatentsystemtoprovidesuchprotectionfortheenterprisesorindividuals.,例如：美国有一家复印机公司，10年内复印机销售额提高了20倍，利润提高了17倍，原因是14年内围绕该复印机先后共取得了189年项专利权，形成了专利网。Forinstance,oneduplicatorcompanyinAmericahasupgradeditssalesvolumeby20timesandprofitsby17timeswithintenyears.Thereasonisthatithasachieved189patentrightsconcerningtheduplicatorwithinfourteenyearsandformedapatentnetwork.,防止他人模仿本企业开发的新技术、新产品Preventingotherstosimulatethenewproductsandtechnologiesdevelopedbytheenterprise一段时间以来，假冒相当猖獗Counterfeitgoodsareveryrampantforacertainperiodoftime.对付它的办法，只能依靠专利，专利法第11条有明确的规定。Wehavetosettletheproblemwithpatent.ArticleXIofPatentLawhasverydefinitestipulations.,法11条：发明和实用新型专利权被授予后，除本法另有规定的以外，任何单位或者个人未经专利权人的许可，都不得实施其专利，即不得为生产经营目的制造、使用、许诺销售，销售、进口其专利产品，或者使用其专利方法，以及使用、许诺销售、销售、进口依照该专利方法直接获得的产品。ArticleXI:Aftertheinventionsandpracticalnewtypesofpatentsaregranted,anyunitorindividualshallnotimplementthepatentswithoutthepatenteesapprovalexceptforotherstipulationsinthePatentLaw.Thatistosay,theyshallnotengageinthemanufacturing,utilization,promisedsales,salesandimportofthepatentproductsfortheproductionandbusinessoperation.Theyshallnotutilizethepatentmethodsandutilize,promisetosell,sellorimporttheproductsgaineddirectlythroughthepatentmethods.,外观设计专利权被授予后，任何单位或者个人未经专利权人许可，都不得实施其专利，即不得为生产经营目的制造、销售、进口其外观设计专利产品。Aftertheappearancedesignpatentisgranted,anyunitorindividualshallnotimplementthepatentswithoutpatenteesapproval.Thatistosay,theyshallnotengageinmanufacturing,salesandimportofappearancedesignpatentproductsforthepurposeofproductionandbusinessoperation.专利技术可以作品商品出售Patenttechnologycanbesoldascommodities.开头的话中所述案例就是最好的证明Thecasedescribedinthebeginningremarksisthebestevidence.,专利权可以交叉许可Patentrightcanbepermittedinacrossedway技术领域日益宽广，任何一家企业不可能面面俱到，可以利用自己的专利权换取自己需要的专利权，相当于另一种形式的专利权转让。Technologicalfieldhasbecomeincreasingbroad.Anyenterprisecannotbecomeperfectinallrespects.Butitcanutilizeitsownpatentrightstoreplacetheneededpatentrightsjustlikethepatentrighttransferinanotherform.专利具有很好的宣传效果。Patentrightenjoysverygoodpropagandaeffect.,3.基本内容之一：七个“三”3.Oneofbasiccontent:seven“threefactors”1.专利权的三个基本属性：独占性、时间性、地域性；1.Patentrighthasthreebasicnatures:monopoly,timeandregion;独占性：专利权人对其拥有的专利权，具有独占的实施权；Monopoly:Thepatenteehasthemonopolyimplementingrighttotheownedpatentright.时间性：专利权人的独占实施权是有时间限制的，不是永久的；Time:Themonopolyimplementingrightofpatenteehastimelimit;,地域性：专利权的权限有效地区，只限于专利权授予国的领土上，也就是说，经某国专利局依法授予的专利权，只在该国领域内受到保护，而在那些未申请的国家，则不受保护。Region:Thepatentrightisonlyeffectivewithintheterritoryofgrantingcountry.Thatistosay,thepatentrightgrantedbythepatentbureauofacertaincountryaccordingtolawshallbeonlyprotectedwithintheterritory.Theyshallnotbeprotectedinthosecountrieswithoutanyapplications.思考题：如何利用专利权的时间性、地域性？Question:Howdoweutilizethetimeandregionalnatureofpatentright?,2.专利三性：新颖性、创造性、实用性2.Thepatentrightshallhavethreenatures:new,creativeandpractical新颖性是指，在申请日之前，该技术或产品应该是新的，没有同样的技术或产品处于公开的状态。处于公开的状态，表示人们可以合法地得知，和该技术或产品是否被得知有关系，但不是完全等同的。Noveltyshallrefertotheconditionthatthetechnologyorproductisnewbeforethedateofapplication.Nosametechnologyorproductisintheopenstatus.Theopenstatusmeansthatthepeoplecanknowitinalegalway.Itisrelatedtotheknowledgeofthistechnologyorproduct.Butitisnotcompletelythesame.专利实践中有大量的这样的例子。Therearehugeamountofsuchexamplesinthepatentpractice.,创造性是指，该技术或产品比申请日前的同类技术或产品有突出的，实质性特点和显著进步（发明专利），或有实质性特点和进步（实用新型）或者有区别和工业美感（外观设计）。Creativityshallrefertotheconditionthattechnologyorproducthasoutstanding,essentialfeaturesandobviousprogress(inventionpatent)thanthesametypeoftechnologiesorproductsbeforethedateofapplication,orhasessentialfeaturesandprogress(practicalnewtype)orhasdifferencesandindustrialbeauty(appearancedesign).实用性是指，在产业上是可以应用的，且是可以重复应用的。Practicalnatureshallrefertoindustrialandrepeatedapplication.,以上专利三性，简称专利性。在专利法中，专利性是十分重要的内容，它是专利申请能否授权的最基本的条件。Theabovethreepatentfeaturesarereferredtoaspatentability.patentabilityisahighlyimportantcontentinthePatentLaw.Itisthemostbasicconditionforpatentauthorization.思考题：从日常生活和工作中举大量例子来说明是否具有专利三性Question:Pleaseofferhugeamountofexamplesinourdailylifeandworktoexplainthreepatentfeatures.,3.三种专利、中国专利法保护：发明专利，实用新型专利，外观设计专利三种。3.ThreepatentsandprotectionbyChinesePatentLaw:inventionpatent,practicalnewpatentandappearancedesignpatent.发明专利，是指对产品、方法或者其改进所提出的新的技术方案，如上所述应有相当的发明高度，即突出的实质性特点和显著进步。Inventionpatentshallrefertonewtechnicalplansraisedtotheproducts,methodsorimprovement.Forinstance,theabovementionedcontentshallhaveacertaininventionheightwhichreferstooutstandingessentialfeaturesandobviousprogress.,实用新型，是指对产品的形状、构造或者其结合所提出的适于实用的新的技术方案，对其发明的高度要求比发明专利低，即实质性特点和进步。Practicalnewtypepatentshallrefertonewtechnicalplanapplicabletorealpracticeraisedtotheproductshape,structureoritsintegration.Itsinventionheightshallbelowerthantheinventionpatentwhichmeansessentialfeaturesandprogress.外观设计，是指对产品的形状、图案或者其结合以及色彩与形状、图案的结合所作出的富有美感并适用于工业应用的新设计。Appearancedesignshallrefertonewdesignwithasenseofbeautyandapplicabletotheindustrialutilizationconductedtotheproductshape,picturesortheirintegrationaswellasintegrationofcolor,shapeandpictures.,商标Trademark,形状、构造新方案实用新型Shapeandstructurenewplan-practicalnewtypepatent,产品、技术的方案发明专利Productandtechnologicalplan-inventionpatent,外观形状、色彩的设计外观设计Appearance,shapeandcolordesign-appearancedesign,产品与三项专利的关系Relationshipbetweenproductsandthreepatents,4.巴黎公约三原则4.ThreeprinciplesofParisConvention巴黎巴约是关于保护工业产权的国际组织（工业产权中包括了专利权），世界上绝大多数的国家都是该组织的成员。ParisConventionOrganizationisaninternationalorganizationconcerningprotectionofindustrialownership(theindustrialownershiphasincludedthepatentright).Mostofthecountriesintheworldaremembersofthisorganization.巴黎公约组织定有三原则，称为巴黎公约原则：ParisConventionorganizationhasthreeprincipleswhicharecalledParisConventionprinciples:独立原则，国民待遇原则，国际优先权原则。顾名思义，三原则规定了在工业产权方面，成员国之间应遵循的原则，解决了很多相互申请专利的难题。Independentprinciple,citizentreatmentprincipleandinternationalpreemptiverightprinciple.Astheirnamesimply,threeprincipleshavestipulatedthecontentsmembershipcountriesshallbeinstrictadherencetoconcerningindustrialownership.Theyhavesettledalotofdifficultiesinthemutualpatentapplication.,独立原则，在专利法的立法方面，如保护什么，如何保护都由本国自行决定，成员国之间都是相互独立的。不过随着国际化的发展，这个原则有逐渐弱化的趋势。Independentprincipleshallbedecidedbythecountryitselfinthelegislationofpatentlawsuchasprotectioncontentandmeasures.Themembershipcountriesareindependenttoeachother.Butthisprinciplehasaweakeningtendencywiththeinternationalization.国民待遇原则，是指成员国之间，在专利申请、专利保护、专利转让等活动中，相互给予国民待遇，一视同仁，不允许搞什么内外有别。Citizentreatmentprincipleshallrefertocitizentreatmentandequalitybetweenmembershipcountriesinthepatentapplication,patentprotectionandpatenttransfer.,国际优先权原则，是指一成员国的企业或个人向另一成员国申请专利时，可以享有规定期间的优先权，发明专利和实用新型12个月，外观设计6个月，即，在这一期间内向其他成员国申请专利时，新颖性和创造性的审查时，将第一国的申请日视为该国的申请日。这就大大地方便了国际专利申请。Theinternationalpreemptiverightprincipleshallrefertotheconditionthatenterpriseorindividualofonemembershipcountrycanenjoythepreemptiverightwithinthestipulatedperiodonceapplyingtotheothermembershipcountryforpatent.Theinventionpatentandpracticalnewpatentshallhave12monthsandappearancedesignshallhave6months.Thatistosay,duringthepatentapplicationtoothermembershipcountrieswithinthisperiodandincaseofnoveltyandcreativityauditing,theapplicationdateofthefirstcountryshallbetakenasitsapplicationdate.Thishasbroughtgreatconveniencefortheinternationalpatentapplication.除此之外，根据双边、多边协议，相互给于国民待遇和国际优先权的事例也是不少的。Besides,therearenumerouscasesofmutualofferingofcitizentreatmentandinternationalpreemptiverightaccordingtothemulti-lateralandbilateralagreements.,5.重要三日期：申请日、公开日、公告日。5.Threeimportantdates:applicationdate,publicationdateandannouncementdate.申请日是指申请人将申请专利文件向专利局提出的日期。Theapplicationdateshallrefertodatetheapplicanthasdeliveredthepatentapplicationdocumentstothepatentbureau.请大家记住并充分重视这个日期，它非同小可。Allofusshallkeepinmindandadequatelyemphasizethedate.Itishighlyimportant.申请日是判断该专利申请是否具有专利性的基准日Theapplicationdateisthedatumdateforjudgingthepatentnatureofapplication.早一日该专利申请可授权，晚一天则不能授权Thepatentapplicationcanbeauthorizedonedayearlierinsteadoflater.,早一日该专利可以被维持，晚一天该专利权则被无效。Thepatentcanbemaintainedonedayearlierandshallbecomeinvalidonedaylater.早一日该专利申请对另一同样的申请有排他能力，晚一日则丧失这种排他能力等等。Thepatentapplicationonedayearlierhastheexclusivityabilitytoanotherapplication.Theapplicationonedaylaterwilllosetheability.这样的例子，在专利实践中层出不穷。Therearenumeroussuchcasesinthepatentpractice.,公开日是指自申请日起满18个月，即行公布该专利申请，该公布日就是公开日。Thepublicationdateshallrefertothedateofpatentapplicationpublicationupon18monthssincethedateofapplication.公开日意味着自该日起该方法和产品要保护的技术就处于公开的状态了。因此该公开日就是今后授权专利的临时保护起算日。Thepublicationdateshallmeantheopenstatusoftechnologiesofmethodsandproductsunderprotection.Therefore,thepublicationdateshallrefertothetemporaryprotectionstartupdateoffuturepatentauthorization.,公告日是指发明专利经实质性审查没有发现驳回理由的，由专利