triz的40条创新原理.ppt

TRIZ40DesignPrinciples(AdaptedfromSlidesDevelopedbyDarrylMann,Creax),TRIZ40Principles,1Segmentation21Skipping2Takingout22Blessingindisguise3Localquality23Feedback4Asymmetry24Intermediary5Merging25Self-service6Universality26Copying7Russiandolls27Cheapshort-livedobjects8Anti-weight28Mechanicssubstitution9Preliminaryanti-action29Pneumaticsandhydraulics10Preliminaryaction30Flexibleshellsandthinfilms11Beforehandcushioning31Porousmaterials12Equipotentiality32Colourchanges13Theotherwayround33Homogeneity14Spheroidality-Curvature34Discardingandrecovering15Dynamics35Parameterchanges16Partialorexcessiveactions36Phasetransitions17Anotherdimension37Thermalexpansion18Mechanicalvibration38Strongoxidants19Periodicaction39Inertatmosphere20Continuityofusefulaction40Compositematerials,Principle1.Segmentation,A-DivideanobjectintoindependentpartsGator-gripsocketspannerMulti-pinconnectorsBubble-wrapHavearangeofdifferentfocallengthlensesforacameraMultiplepistonsinaninternalcombustionengineMulti-enginedaircraftPocket-springmattressStratificationofdifferentconstituentsinsideachemicalprocessvesselB-MakeanobjecteasytoassembleordisassembleRapid-releasebicyclesaddle/wheel/etcfastenersQuickdisconnectjointsinplumbingandhydraulicsystemsSinglefastenerV-bandclampsonflangejointsLoose-leafpaperinaring-binderC-IncreasethedegreeoffragmentationorsegmentationUseofmultiplecontrolsurfacesonaerodynamicstructures16and24valveversus8valveinternalcombustionenginesMulti-bladecartridgerazorsMulti-zonecombustionsystemsBuildupacomponentfromlayers(e.g.stereo-lithography,welds,etc),Principle2.TakingOut,A-Separateaninterferingpartorpropertyfromanobject,orsingleouttheonlynecessarypart(orproperty)ofanobjectLocateanoisycompressoroutsidethebuildingwherethecompressedairisusedUsethesoundofabarkingdog,withoutthedog,asaburglaralarmScarecrowNon-smokingareasinrestaurantsorinrailwaycarriagesAutomationremoveshumans,Principle3.LocalQuality,A-Changeanobjectsstructurefromuniformtonon-uniformReducedragonaerodynamicsurfacesbyaddingribletsorshark-skinprotrusionsMouldedhandgripsontoolsDrinkcansshapedtofacilitatestablestackingMaterialsurfacetreatments/coatings-plating,erosion/corrosionprotection,non-stick,etcB-Changeanexternalenvironment(orexternalinfluence)fromuniformtonon-uniformUseatemperature,density,orpressuregradientinsteadofconstanttemperature,densityorpressureIntroduceturbulentflowaroundanobjecttoalterheattransferpropertiesC-MakeeachpartofanobjectfunctioninconditionsmostsuitableforitsoperationFreezercompartmentinrefrigeratorDifferentzonesinthecombustionsystemofanengineD-Makeeachpartofanobjectfulfiladifferentand/orcomplementaryusefulfunction.Swiss-ArmyknifeCombinedcanandbottleopenerHammerwithnailpuller,Principle4.Asymmetry,A-ChangetheshapeorpropertiesofanobjectfromsymmetricaltoasymmetricalIntroduceageometricfeaturewhichpreventsincorrectusage/assemblyofacomponent(e.g.earthpinonelectricplug)Asymmetricalfunnelallowshigherflow-ratethannormalfunnelPutaflatspotonacylindricalshafttoattachalockingfeatureOvalandcomplexshapedO-ringsIntroductionofangledorscarfedgeometryfeaturesoncomponentedgesCamRatchetAerofoilasymmetrygeneratesliftEccentricdriveBlohmundVossobservationaircraftB-Changetheshapeofanobjecttosuitexternalasymmetries(e.g.ergonomicfeatures)CarsteeringsystemcompensatesforcamberinroadWingdesigncompensatedforasymmetricflowproducedbypropellerTurbomachinerydesigntakesaccountofboundarylayerflows(end-bend)C-Ifanobjectisasymmetrical,increaseitsdegreeofasymmetry.UseofvariablecontrolsurfacestoalterliftpropertiesofanaircraftwingSpecialconnectorswithcomplexshape/pinconfigurationstoensurecorrectassemblyIntroductionofseveraldifferentmeasurementscalesonaruler,Principle5.Merging,A-Bringclosertogether(ormerge)identicalorsimilarobjectsoroperationsinspaceAutomaticrifle/machinegunMulti-colourinkcartridgesMulti-bladerazorsBi-focallensspectaclesDouble/tripleglazingStripsofstaplesCatarmaran/trimaranB-Makeobjectsoroperationscontiguousorparallel;bringthemtogetherintimeCombineharvesterManufacturecellsGrasscollectoronalawn-mowerMixertapsPipe-linedcomputerprocessorsperformdifferentstagesinacalculationsimultaneouslyVectorprocessorsperformthesameprocessonseveralsetsofdatainasinglepassFourieranalysisintegrationofmanysinecurves,Principle6.Universality,A-Makeapartorobjectperformmultiplefunctions;eliminatetheneedforotherpartsChildscarsafetyseatconvertstoastrollerHomeentertainmentcentreSwissArmyknifeGrillinamicrowaveovenRadio-alarmclockWork-mateCDusedasastoragemediumformultipledatatypesUseofStandardsine.g.dataexchangeCleaningstripatbeginningofacassettetapecleanstapeheadsBathroomlight-switchstartsextractorfanCarglovecompartmentlidincorporatescup-holdersCordlessdrillalsoactsasscrewdriver,sander,polisher,etcFishingstool/container,Principle7.RussianDolls“NestedDoll”,A-PlaceoneobjectinsideanotherPlaceasafeinsideawallorunderfloorboardsRetractableaircraftunder-carriageIntroducevoidsinto3DstructuresInjectedcavity-wallinsulationPaint-brushattachedtoinsideoflidofnail-varnish,etcLininginsideacoatB-PlacemultipleobjectsinsideothersNestedtablesTelescopeMeasuringcupsorspoonsStackingchairsMulti-layererosion/corrosioncoatingsC-Makeonepartpass(dynamically)throughacavityintheother.TelescopiccaraerialRetractablepower-leadinvacuumcleanerSeatbeltretractionmechanismTapemeasureStackedchargeammunition,Principle8.Anti-weight,A-Tocompensatefortheweightofanobject,mergeitwithotherobjectsthatprovideliftKayakwithfoamfloatsbuiltintohullcannotsinkAerostaticaeroplanecontainslighter-than-airpocketsHotairorheliumballoon.Swim-bladderinsideafishFlymocuttingbladeproducesliftB-Tocompensatefortheweightofanobject,makeitinteractwiththeenvironment(e.g.useaerodynamic,hydrodynamic,buoyancyandotherforces)VortexgeneratorsimproveliftofaircraftwingsWing-in-groundeffectaircraftHydrofoilsliftshipoutofthewatertoreducedragMakeuseofcentrifugalforcesinrotatingsystems(e.g.Wattgovernor)Maglevtrainusesmagneticrepulsiontoreducefriction,Principle9.PreliminaryAnti-action,A-Ifitwillbenecessarytoperformanactionwithbothharmfulandusefuleffects,thisactionshouldbereplacedwithanti-actionstocontrolharmfuleffectsMakeclaypigeonsoutoficeordunginorderthattheydonothavetobecollectedafterwards.Maskingobjectsbeforeharmfulexposure:UsealeadaprononpartsofthebodynotbeingexposedtoX-rays,usemaskingtapewhenpaintingdifficultedges,etc.Predicteffectsofsignaldistortion/attenuationandcompensatebeforetransmittingBufferasolutiontopreventharmfromextremesofpHB-Createbeforehandstressesinanobjectthatwillopposeknownundesirableworkingstresseslateron.Pre-stressrebarbeforepouringconcrete.Pre-stressedboltsPre-shrunkjeansDecompressionchamber,Principle10.PreliminaryAction,A-Perform,beforeitisneeded,therequiredchangeofanobject(eitherfullyorpartially)Pre-pastedwallpaperSterilizeallinstrumentsneededforasurgicalprocedure.Self-adhesivestampsHolescutbeforesheet-metalpartformedPre-impregnatedcarbonfibrereduceslay-uptimeandimproveswetting“ExplosivereactivearmourB-Pre-arrangeobjectssuchthattheycancomeintoactionfromthemostconvenientplaceandwithoutlosingtimefortheirdeliveryManufactureflow-linesPre-depositedbladeinasurgerycastfacilitatesremoval.Carjack,wheelbrace,andsparetyrestoredtogetherCollectallthetoolsandmaterialsforthejobbeforestarting,Principle11.BeforehandCushioning,A-Prepareemergencymeansbeforehandtocompensatefortherelativelylowreliabilityofanobject(beltandbraces)MagneticstriponphotographicfilmthatdirectsthedevelopertocompensateforpoorexposureBack-upparachuteDualchannelcontrolsystemAir-baginacarSparewheelReliefvalveEmergencylightingcircuitBatteryback-upAutomaticsaveoperationsperformedbycomputerprogramsZip-filesMaskbordersofobjectstobepainted,usestencilsCrashbarriersonmotorwaysTouch-downbearinginmagneticbearingsystemMultiplehydraulicsystems“Slime”punctureavoidancefluid,Principle12.Equipotentiality,A-Ifanobjecthastoberaisedorlowered,redesigntheobjectsenvironmentsotheneedtoraiseorloweriseliminatedorperformedbytheenvironmentCanallocksSpringloadedpartsdeliverysysteminafactoryMechanicspitinagaragemeanscardoesnothavetobelifted.Placeaheavyobjectonice,andleticemeltinordertolowerit.Angle-poiselamp;changesingravitationalpotentialstoredinbalancingspringsDescendingcablecarsbalancetheweightofascendingcars,Principle13.“TheOtherWayRound”,A-Inverttheaction(s)usedtosolvetheproblem(e.g.insteadofcoolinganobject,heatit)Toloosenstuckparts,cooltheinnerpartinsteadofheatingtheouterpart.VacuumcastingTestpressurevesselbyvaryingpressureoutsideratherthaninsidethevesselTestsealonaliquidcontainerbyfillingwithpressurisedairandimmersinginliquid;trailsofbubblesareeasiertotracethanslowliquidleaksPlacenutsinavacuumtogetthemoutoftheirshells“Upside-down”motorcycleforksB-Makemovableparts(ortheexternalenvironment)fixed,andfixedpartsmovable)HamsterwheelRotatethepartinsteadofthetool.WindtunnelsMovingsidewalkwithstandingpeopleC-Turntheobject(orprocess)upsidedownCleanbottlesbyinvertingandinjectingwaterfrombelow;thewaterthendrainsbyitself.TurnanassemblyupsidedowntoinsertfastenersOpentinnedbeansfromthebottomtogetoutbeansthatwouldotherwisehavestucktothebottomduetostorage,Principle14.Spheroidality-Curvature,A-Insteadofusingrectilinearparts,surfaces,orforms,usecurvilinearones;movefromflatsurfacestosphericalones;frompartsshapedasacube(parallelepiped)toball-shapedstructuresUsearchesanddomesforstrengthinarchitecture.IntroducestressrelievingholesattheendsofslotsChangecurvatureonlenstoalterlightdeflectionpropertiesB-Userollers,balls,spirals,domesSpiralgear(Nautilus)producescontinuousresistanceforweightlifting.UsesphericalcastersinsteadofcylindricalwheelstomovefurnitureArchimedesscrewC-Gofromlineartorotarymotion(orviceversa)Rotaryactuatorsinhydraulicsystem.SwitchfromreciprocatingtorotarypumpLinearmotorsD-UsecentrifugalforcesCentrifugalcastingforevenwallthicknessstructuresSpincomponentsafterpaintingtoremoveexcesspaintWattgovernorVortex/cycloneseparatesdifferentdensityobjects,Principle15.Dynamics,A-Allow(ordesign)thecharacteristicsofanobject,externalenvironment,orprocesstochangetobeoptimalortofindanoptimaloperatingconditionAAdjustablesteeringwheel(orseat,orbacksupport,ormirrorposition.)GelfillingsinsideseatallowittoadapttouserShapememoryalloys/polymers.RacingcarsuspensionadjustablefordifferenttracksanddrivingtechniquesTelescopiccurtainrailallowsforonesizefitsallB-DivideanobjectintopartscapableofmovementrelativetoeachotherArticulatedlorryFoldingchair/mobilephone/laptop/etcBrushsealsC-Ifanobject(orprocess)isrigidorinflexible,makeitmovableoradaptiveBendydrinkingstrawFlexiblejointStrimmerD-IncreasethedegreeoffreemotionUseofdifferentstiffnessfibresintoothbrusheasilydeflectedattheedgestopreventgumdamage,hardinthemiddleLoosesandinsidetrucktyregivesitself-balancingpropertiesatspeed,Principle16.PartialorExcessiveActions,A-If100percentofanobjectishardtoachieveusingagivensolutionmethodthen,byusingslightlylessorslightlymoreofthesamemethod,theproblemmaybeconsiderablyeasiertosolveOverspraywhenpainting,thenremoveexcess.Whenpaintingwalls,dontusetherollerrightuptotheceiling;touchupwithabrushFill,thentopoffwhenpouringapintofGuinness.Shrinkwrappingprocessusesplasticdeformationofwrappingtoaccommodatevariationsinvacuumpressure.RoughingandFinishmachiningoperations.Over-fillholeswithplasterandthenrubbacktosmooth.(UseofParetoanalysistoprioritiseactionswhennotallcanbeachievedwiththeavailableresources.),Principle17.AnotherDimension,A-Ifanobjectcontainsormovesinastraightline,consideruseofdimensionsormovementoutsidethelineSerratedorscallopededgesonaknifebladeorholepunchCurvedbristlesonabrushCoiledtelephonecable“Stacked”elevatorPetronastowersB-Ifanobjectcontainsormovesinaplane,consideruseofdimensionsormovementoutsidethecurrentplaneSpiralstaircaseuseslessfloorareaIntroductionofdownandupslopesbetweenstationsonrailwayreducestrainaccelerationanddecelerationpowerrequirementsConicalinsteadofplainflangejointC-Useamulti-storeyarrangementofobjectsinsteadofasingle-storeyarrangementCassettewith6CDstoincreasemusictimeandvarietyMulti-storeyofficeblocksorcar-parksD-Tiltorre-orienttheobject,layitonitssideDumptruckE-Useanothersideofagivenarea.MountcomputerchipcomponentsonbothsidesofasiliconcardFixaleakingcarradiatororpipebyaddingfluidsealanttotheinsideratherthantryingtosealfromoutsideNokiaQWERTYphone,Principle18.MechanicalVibration,A-CauseanobjecttooscillateorvibrateElectriccarvingknifewithvibratingbladesShake/stirpainttomixbeforeapplyingHammerdrillVibrateduringsievingoperationstoimprovethroughput.B-Increaseitsfrequency(evenuptotheultrasonic)UltrasoniccleaningNon-destructivecrackdetectionusingultrasoundC-UseanobjectsresonantfrequencyDestroygallstonesorkidneystonesusingultrasonicresonance.EasebottlecleaningbypulsingwashingactionatresonantfrequencyofbottlesD-UsepiezoelectricvibratorsinsteadofmechanicalonesQuartzcrystaloscillationsdrivehighaccuracyclocks.PiezoelectricvibratorsimprovefluidatomisationfromaspraynozzleE-Usecombinedultrasonicandelectromagneticfieldoscillations.MixingalloysinaninductionfurnaceUltrasonicdryingoffilmscombineultrasonicwithheatsource,Principle19.PeriodicAction,A-Insteadofcontinuousaction,useperiodicorpulsatingactionsHittingsomethingrepeatedlywithahammerPiledriversandhammerdrillscanexertfarmoreforceforagivenweightReplaceacontinuoussirenwithapulsedsound.PulsedbicyclelightsmakecyclistmorenoticeabletodriversPulsedvacuumcleanersuctionimprovescollectionperformancePulsedwaterjetcuttingB-Ifanactionisalreadyperiodic,changetheperiodicmagnitudeorfrequencyReplaceapulsedsirenwithsoundthatchangesamplitudeandfrequency.Washingmachine/dish-washerwaterinjectionoperatesusesdifferentcyclesfordifferentloadtypes.DotsanddashesinMorseCodetransmissionsUseAM,FM,PWMtotransmitinformationC-UsepausesbetweenactionstoperformadifferentactionCleanbarrierfiltersbyback-flowingthemwhennotinuse.InkjetprintercleansheadsbetweenpassesBrushbetweensuctionpulsesinvacuumcleaner.Multipleconversationstakingplacealongthesametelephonetransmissionline.Useofenergystoragemeanse.g.batteries,fly-wheels,etc,Principle20.ContinuityofUsefulAction,A-Carryonworkcontinuously;makeallpartsofanobjectworkatfullloadoroptimumefficiency,allthetimeFlywheelstoresenergywhenavehiclestops,sothemotorcankeeprunningatoptimumpower.Constantoutputgas-turbineinhybridcar,orAPUinaircraft,runsathighestefficiencyallthetimeitisswitchedon.Constantspeed/variablepitchpropellerSelf-tuningengineconstantlytunesitselftoensuremaximumefficiencyHeartpacemakerImprovecompostingprocessbycontinuouslyturningmaterialtobecomposted.ContinuousglassorsteelproductionB-EliminateallidleorintermittentactionsorworkSelf-cleaning/self-emptyingfiltereliminatesdown-timePrintduringthereturnofaprintercarriage-dotmatrixprinter,daisywheelprinters,inkjetprinters.Digitalstoragemediaallowinstantinformationaccess(asopposedtotapeswhichrequiretoberewound)Kayaksusedouble-endedpaddletoutiliserecoverystrokeComputeroperatingsystemsutiliseidleperiodstoperformnecessaryhousekeepingtasks.Rapid-dryingpaint,Principle21.Skipping,A-Conductaprocess,orcertainstages(e.g.destructible,harmfulorhazardousoperations)athighspeedUseahighspeeddentistsdrilltoavoidheatingtissue.LasereyesurgeryCutplasticfasterthanheatcanpropagateinthematerial,toavoiddeformingtheshape.BreaktoffeewithanimpulsiveblowfromahammerDropforgeFlashphotographySuper-criticalshaftrunthroughresonantmodesquickly,Principle22.BlessinginDisguise,A-Useharmfulfactors(particularly,harmfuleffectsoftheenvironmentorsurroundings)toachieveapositiveeffectUsewasteheattogenerateelectricpower.UsewasteheatfromenginetoheatpassengercabinRecyclewaste(scrap)materialfromoneprocessasrawmaterialsforanother(e.g.chipboard)Usecentrifugalenergyinrotatingshafttodosomethingusefule.g.seal,ormodulatecoolingairUsepressuredifferencestohelpratherthanhindersealperformanceCentrifugalclampinginhighspeedchuckB-EliminatetheprimaryharmfulactionbyaddingittoanotherharmfulactiontoresolvetheproblemAddabufferingmaterialtoacorrosivesolution(e.g.analkalitoanacid,orviceversa)Useahelium-oxygenmixfordiving,toeliminatebothnitrogennarcosisandoxygenpoisoningfromairandothernitroxmixes.C-AmplifyaharmfulfactortosuchadegreethatitisnolongerharmfulUseabackfiretoeliminatethefuelfromaforestfire.Useexplosivestoblowoutanoil-wellfire.Laser-knifecauterisesskin/bloodvesselsasitcuts,Principle23.Feedback,A-Introducefeedback(referringback,cross-checking)toimproveaprocessoractionAutomaticvolumecontrolinaudiocircuitsSignalfromgyrocompassisusedtocontrolsimpleaircraftautopilots.EnginemanagementsystembasedonexhaustgaslevelsmoreefficientthancarburettorThermostatcontrolstemperatureaccuratelyStatisticalProcessControl-MeasurementsareusedtodecidewhentomodifyaprocessFeedbackturnsinaccurateop-ampintouseableaccurateamplifierB-Iffeedbackisalreadyused,changeitsmagnitudeorinfluenceinaccordancewithoperatingconditionsChangesensitivityofanautopilotwhenwithin5milesofanairport.Changesensitivityofathermostatwhencoolingvs.heating,sinceitusesenergylessefficientlywhencooling.Useproportional,integraland/ordifferentialcontrolalgorithmcombinations,Principle24.Intermediary,A-UseanintermediarycarrierarticleorintermediaryprocessPlayaguitarwithaplectrumUseachiseltocontrolrockbreaking/sculptingprocessDrinkcoastersDwellperiodduringamanufactureprocessoperationB-Mergeoneobjecttemporarilywithanother(whichcanbeeasilyremoved)GlovestogethotdishesoutofanovenJoiningpaperswithapaperclipIntroductionofcatalystsintochemicalreactionAbrasiveparticlesenhancewaterjetcutting,Principle25.Self-service,A-MakeanobjectserveororganiseitselfbyperformingauxiliaryhelpfulfunctionsAsodafountainpumpthatrunsonthepressureofthecarbondioxidethatisusedtofizzthedrinks.Thisassuresthatdrinkswillnotbeflat,andeliminatestheneedforsensors.Halogenlampsregeneratethefilamentduringuse-evaporatedmaterialisredeposited.Self-aligning/self-adjustingsealSelf-lockingnutSelf-cleaningoven/glass/materialSelf-repairingstructuresAbradablematerialsusedinenginessuchthatinitialrunning-incutsoptimumsealsintolining“Self-healing”cuttingmat.B-Usewasteresources,energy,orsubstancesUseheatfromaprocesstogenerateelectricity:Co-generation.Useanimalwasteasfertilizer.Usefoodandlawnwastetocreatecompost.Usepressuredifferencetoreinforce