实用高中英语语法总结.ppt

TheSummaryOfGrammar,Theattributiveclause（定语从句）,定语从句做题步骤,1.判断句子是否为定语从句2.若句子是定语从句，找到先行词，判断是人还是物3.分析句子是否缺少成分，然后选择关系代词或关系副词4.介词加which就相当于某些关系副词5.What一定不能用于定语从句中,关系词,关系词whoWhomThatWhichWhoseWhenWherewhy,先行词人人人或物物人或物时间地点原因,关系代词,关系副词,只用that不用which的场合,1.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时e.g.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIveeverseen.2.当先行词是不定代词时，如all,little,few,much,something,anything,everything,none,nothing,noone,some等e.g.Hedideverythingthathecouldtohelpus.3.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,oneof,theonly,thevery,theright,last,few,just,still等修饰时e.g.Theonlythingthatwedoistogiveyousomeadvice.4.当先行词既有人又有物时e.g.Myfatherandmymumtalkedforabouthalfanhourofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.,5.当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时e.g.Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal.6.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用thate.g.Theybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.7.当先行词前有such或thesame修饰，先行词和关系代词指同一物时e.g.Sheiswearingthesamedressthatsheworeyesterday.,只用which不用that的场合,1.关系代词前有介词时e.g.Hebuiltahousethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.2.引导非限定性定语从句时e.g.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.3.先行词本身是that时e.g.Whatsthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow.4.先行词后有插入语时e.g.HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIvetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.,只用who不用that的场合,1.先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one,anyone,noone,all,nobody,anybody,none,those,people等e.g.Peoplealllikethosewhohavegoodmanners.2.当先行词有较长的后置定语时e.g.ProfessorSmithiscomingsoonwhowillgiveusalectureonhowtolearnEnglish.3.当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时e.g.Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfathersyoungersister.,Way和Time后的定语从句,当way作为先行词且意为“方法，方式”时关系词可以是that,inwhich或省略当先行词是time时Time表示“次数”时关系词用that,that可省略Time表示“时间”时关系词用when或介词加which,Thesameas侧重于相似性Thesamethat侧重于同一性遇到point和situation时关系词通常用where,Nounclause(名词性从句),名词性从句做题步骤,1.判断句子是否为名词性从句2.若句子为名词性从句再判断是哪一种名词性从句3.要分析该句是否缺少什么成分也就是说所选的连接词除了引导名词性从句外是否要在该从句中充当什么成分4.要特别注意同位语从句(which不能引导同位语从句),名词性从句的种类,1.主语从句2.表语从句3.宾语从句4.同位语从句(能跟同位语从句的通常是抽象名词，如news,idea,report,belief,fact,doubt,hope,information),What和that在名词性从句中的区别,What在名词性从句中可充当主语，宾语和表语，相当于thethingthate.g.Whattheteachersaidwasveryvaluable.That在名词性从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，引导主语从句时常用it作形式主语；引导宾语从句时，常被省略。e.g.Thatshewillrefusetheofferseemsunlikely.,只用whether不用if的场合,1.引导主语从句且置于句首时e.g.Whetherhewillgothereornotisnotclear.2.引导表语从句时e.g.TheproblemiswhethertheTVplayisworthwatching.3.引导同位语从句时e.g.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.4.引导宾语从句，前置，同时又作介词的宾语从句时e.g.Weareinterestedinwhetherhewillagreewithusornot.5.作动词discuss的宾语时e.g.LetsdiscusswhetherMaryisfitfortheposition.6.其后接动词不定式时e.g.Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay.,DoubtVSSure,Doubt用于肯定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或ifDoubt用于否定句或疑问句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用thatSure用于肯定句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用thatSure用于否定句或疑问句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if,That在定语从句和同位语从句中的区别,That作为关系代词引导定语从句，在从句中可充当主语宾语和表语，作宾语时常可被省略That引导同位语从句时，起连词作用，不充当任何成分，一般不能省略也不能与which互换。,动词的时态和语态,常见的时态,一般现在时（要特别注意时刻表及客观事实）一般过去时（要特别注意过去某一段时间经常或反复的动作）一般将来时（要特别注意beto表示按计划或安排要做的事，beaboutto表示即将发生的动作）现在进行时（要特别注意动词加be动词的情况，它有一种故意如此的意思，e.g.Youarestupid.(你很糊涂）Youarebeingstupid.(你在装糊涂）有一些词不用于进行时态：短暂动作类：finish,marry感官类：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,seem,sound感觉类：hate,like,love,wish存在类：be,exist,remain,stay占有从属类：have,possess,own,belong认知类：understand,know,think,remember现在完成时（对现在造成一定影响，要特别注意for,since引导的时间状语从句以及第几次做某事）过去完成时（过去的过去）,动词的语态,用主动表示被动的情况1.表示主语的某种特征的动词，如read,write,wash,dry,sell,weare.g.Thecoatdrieseasily.2.表示开始，结束，运动变化的某些动词，如start,drive,change,movee.g.InEngland,carsdriveontheleft-handsideoftheroad.3.表示主语状态特征的连系动词，如look,feel,smell,sound,taste等e.g.Thedeskfeelssmooth.4.用于be+adj.+不定式中e.g.Thechairisverycomfortabletositon.5.Worth及表示需要的need,want,require之后的动名词e.g.Hiswatchisoutoforderandneedsrepairing.,倒装,完全倒装,1.in,out,up,down,away,off,over,next,such,back等副词置于句首，谓语动词是come,go,rush,run等不及物动词时(人称代词除外)e.g.Outrushedthestudentsthemomentthebellrang.2.there,here,now,then引导的句子（若主语为人称代词则用陈述语句）e.g.Theregoesthebellandclassisover.Hereyouare.3.表示地点的词置于句首时e.g.Onthegroundlayasickperson.4.直接引语置于句首时e.g.“Help”shoutedtheboy.5.现在分词，过去分词，形容词+系动词+主语e.g.Gonearethedayswhenwomenwerelookeddownupon.PresentatthemeetingwasMrWang.,部分倒装,1.否定词如never,little,seldom,hardly,no,few,not等置于句首e.g.LittledidheknowaboutEnglish.2.由only,notuntil,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen引导的状语置于句首e.g.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceed.NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.3.As引导的让步状语从句，意为“尽管”（若表语是名词，其前不加冠词）e.g.Cleverasheis,hedoesntstudywell.Childasheis,heknowsmuchaboutEnglish.4.在so/suchthat结构中，so/such引导的部分置于句首时e.g.Suchagoodboyishethatwealllovehim.5.so/neither/nor置于句首表示也或也不(注意与陈述句的区别)e.g.Isawthefilmlastweek.Sodidshe.Hepromisedtohelp.Sohedid.6.had,were,should开头的虚拟条件句中省略if引起的倒装e.g.Hadheworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexams.,情态动词,can/could1.表示能力e.g.Hecanplaythepiano.2.表示客观可能性e.g.Accidentscanhappentoanydrunkendriver.3.表示请求和允许e.g.CanIhavealookatyournewwatch?4.表示请求时口语中常用could代替can，语气更委婉，但回答时仍用cane.g.Couldyouhelpmewiththefurniture？Yes,Ican.5.表示惊讶，怀疑，不相信的态度（主要用于否定句疑问句）e.g.Howcanyoubelievesuchaliarlikehim?,may/might1.表示允许，许可，否定回答为mustnte.g.MayIlistentosomemusic?2.表示请求允许时，might比may语气更委婉e.g.MightItroubleyoutopassmethebook?3.表示可能性的推测，might比may语气更加不确定e.g.Jackisabsent.Hemightbeill.4.May用于祈使句表示祝愿e.g.Mayyousucceed.,Will/would1.表示意志或意愿e.g.Hesaidhewoulddoanythingforher.2.用于第二人称表示请求或建议，用would比will更委婉e.g.Wouldyouopenthewindow,please?3.表示习惯性的动作e.g.WewouldsitaroundGrandpaaftersuper.4.表示预料或猜想e.g.Itwouldbearoundtenwhenhelefthome.5.表示规律性的注定e.g.Peoplewilldiewithoutairorwater.,Should1.用于表示劝告或建议e.g.Ithinkchildrenshouldlearntorespecttheirelders.2.表示推测e.g.ItshouldbeMikewhohastakenawayallthematerials.3.用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦顺客气委婉的语气e.g.Ishouldadviseyounottodothat.4.Why/how+should表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外惊讶e.g.Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?Shall1.用于一三人称，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示e.g.Shallweputoffthesportsmeet？2.用于二三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令警告允诺或威胁e.g.Youshallgetananswerfrommebytomorrow.,Must1.表示必须(must侧重主观，haveto侧重于客观）语气比should，oughtto强烈，其否定形式mustnte.g.Driversmustntdriveafterdrinking.2.回答时用neednt或donthavetoe.g.MustIcomebackbeforeten？No,youneednt/donthaveto3.表示有把握的推测，意为一定准是e.g.Youmustbeill.Icanseeitfromyourface.Oughtto1.表示应该，同shoulde.g.Humansoughttostoppolluting.2.表示推测，意为想必e.g.Heoughttobehomebynow.,虚拟语气,条件句中的虚拟语气,1.与现在事实相反:从句用过去时（be动词一律用were），主句用would/could/sho