andSpeaking如何写说服性短文和进行演讲.ppt

EffectivePersuasioninWritingandSpeaking,LearningObjectives,Afterthissession,youshouldbeabletoDistinguishbetweenpersuasivewritingandotherwritingtypessuchasexposition.Useasetofpersuasivedevicesandevaluateotherswritingandspeakingcriticallyinlightofsuchdevices.Speakandwritereasonablyandlogicallythrougheffectivepersuasion.Persuasivelyargueabouttopicsrelevanttodailylife,academicpursuit,careerandothercontexts.Writeapersuasivepoemforpublic-serviceannouncements.,ModesofWriting,Persuasion/Argumentation,2,Communicationsmaybedividedintofourmodes(types).Theyarethebasicwritingtypes.,Toexplainorinform,Toconvinceorpersuade,Tocreateinwordsapictureofaperson,place,object,orfeeling,Totellastoryorrecountanevent,WhatisPersuasiveWriting?,Definition:Inapersuasiveessay,youmusttakeapositioneitherfororagainstsomething;Youarewritingtoconvinceyourreadertobelieveordosomething;Inotherwords,therewillbeacalltoactioninapersuasiveessay.,Significanceofpersuasion,Menarenotgovernedbyjustice,butbylaworpersuasion.Whentheyrefusetobegovernedbylaworpersuasion,theyhavetobegovernedbyforceorfraud,orboth.-BernardShaw,Lead-inTask1(1minute)WhentoPersuadeanAudience,Directions:Canyouthinkofotherpersuasivecontexts?Workingroups.Findoutasmanysituationsasyoucanwhereyouneedtopersuadeothers.E.g.Youpersuadeyourteachernevertogivehomeworkagain.Youpersuadeyourmomtoletyouwearahairstyleshedoesntlike.Youpersuadeyourfriendtojoinanassociationwithyou.,OutlineofaPersuasiveEssay,IntroductionBodyparagraphsOpposingviewandcounterargumentDeveloponeparagraphtoaccuratelyexplainthemostsignificantopposingviewandthenrefuteit,beforeorafterpresentingyoursupportingpoints.Conclusion-Creativelyrestateyourmainidea.,PersuasiveStrategiesinSpeakingandWriting,1.UnderstandyourAudience2.Buildcommonground3.Predicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumenttorefutethem4.Supportyourperspectivewithreliablesources,UnderstandYourAudience,Relateyouraudiencetoyourtopic.Appealtotheirheartsaswellastheirminds.Useanecdoteswhenappropriate.Paintyourtopicinwithplentyofdetails,appealtoreason,appealtoemotion,Establishcommongroundwithyouraudience,E.g.PointofOpposition:Youmightsupportawar,whereasyouraudiencemightnot.Commonground:Bothsideswanttoseetheirtroopscomehome.,E.g.Tofavortuitionincreaseintheuniversityanunpopularviewpointwiththeaudience.Asweallknow,therearemanydifferencesamongthepeopleinthisuniversity.Butregardlessofage,major,background,orgoals,weallshareonethingincommonweareallconcernedwiththequalityofeducationinuniversity.Andthatqualityisclearlyindanger.Becauseofbudgetreductions,facultysalarieshavefallenbelowthoseatcomparableuniversities,libraryhourshavebeencutback,andmoreandmorestudentsarebeingcrowdedoutofclassestheyneedtotake.Whetherwelikeitornot,wehaveaproblemaproblemthataffectseachofus.Iwouldliketodiscusswhetherthisproblemcanbesolvedbyanincreaseintuition.,Predictopposingviews,Youmustbeawareofothersidesandbefairtothem;dismissingthemcompletelywillweakenyourownargument.Example:YourArgument:Organicproduce(有机农产品)fromlocalFarmersMarketsisbetterthanstore-boughtproduce.TheOpposition:Organicproduceistooexpensive.,CreateaStrongCounterargument:,Organicproduceishigherinnutritionalvaluethanstore-boughtproduceandisalsofreeofpesticides,makingitabettervalue.Also,store-boughtproducetravelsthousandsofmiles,andthecostofgasolineaffectsthepricesoffoodonsupermarketshelves.,Usingtransitionstoacknowledgeopposition,Usetransitionalwordsorphrasestomakeconcessionbeforerefutingtheopposingview:Certainly/Ofcourse/Nodoubt/TobesureAdmittedly,Granted,althoughitstruetosaythatwhileitsfairtosaywhileIagreethat,Admittedly,itisdifficult,butitisntimpossible.,Granted,itsnotapleasantjob,butithastobedone.,Followedbywhatyouagreewith,thenwhatyoudontagreewith,oracontrastingidea),SupportYourPerspectivewithReliableSources,Buildcredibility/Ethos(Aristotlesterm)Useevidence(logos)fromcrediblesourcesEsp.statisticsandreputablestudies-AppealtotheaudiencesreasonQuestion:Whichoneofthefollowingstatements(imaginary)ismorecredible?,“Withintenyears,changesintechnologywillmaketodayspersonalcomputersseemhopelesslyold-fashioned.”(BillGates)“Personalcomputersarenotlikelytobemuchdifferentintenyearsthantheyaretoday.”(ZhangYimou)“Despitechangesinaudiencevalues,therewillalwaysbeamarketforwell-madekungfufilms.”(ZhangYimou)“Thereisnolongerasignificantmarketforkungfufilms.”(BillGates),17,Evidenceinclude:personalexperience(narration,anecdote)hypotheticalexamplesresearchandstudiesstatisticspeertestimonyexperttestimony,Differenttypesofevidence,CiteReliableSources,Citeexpertsonthetopic-Dotheybackupwhatyousay?Dotheyrefutetheotherside?Whichsourcewouldareaderfindmorecredible?TheNewYorkTimes,Whichpersonwouldareaderbemorelikelytobelieve?-JoeSmithfromFortWayne,IN-Dr.SusanWorth,Prof.ofCriminology(犯罪学)atPurdueUniversity,Organizingpersuasivespeeches,Fourspecialpatternstoorganizepersuasivespeeches:1)Problem-solutionorder2)Problem-cause-solutionorder3)Comparativeadvantagesorder4)MotivatedsequenceItistailor-madeforpersuasivespeechesthatseekimmediateaction.,MotivatedSequenceFiveSteps,Attention:Gaintheattentionofyouraudience.Need:Maketheaudiencefeelaneedforchange.Satisfaction:Satisfytheneedbyprovidingasolutiontotheproblem.Visualization:Showvividlyhowmuchbetterconditionswillbeonceyourplanisadopted.Action:Callforaction(whattodo,andhowtodoit).,ORGANDONATION,(Samplepersuasiveessay),Inputreading,Ladiesandgentlemen,todayIamheretosharewithyoumyviewsonorgandonation,inthehopethatyouwilltakethemonboard(接受)andgivesomeonetheultimategiftafteryouhaveleftthisearth-thegiftoflife.,thesisstatement,identifyyouraudience,attention,Ladiesandgentlemen,atthismomentintheUSthereare79,000U.Spatientsonthetransplant(移植)waitinglist.Threethousandamonthareaddedtothistotal.Notalotyoumaysaywhenthepopulationisclosetothreehundredmillion,butnowaddtwentytothirtyfamilyandfriendstoeachpatient,andthenumberincreasesvastly(极大地).,usestatistics,predictopposingviews,createastrongcounterargument,Appealtothereadershearts,need,Everydaybetween16and17peoplediewhilst(=while)waitingforatransplant.Againyoumaysaynotalot-butintheaveragemanslifetimethedeathtoll(死亡人数）is1,980,160-almosttwomillionpeople.Ladiesandgentlemenyoucanhelp.Bydonatingyourvitalorgansafteryouhavepassedaway(去世)youcansavelives.Forthemoresentimentalofyou,ofthe79,000patientswaitingforatransplant,over10percentofthesearechildrenunder18yearsofage.,appealtothereadershearts,usestatistics,relateyouraudiencetoyourtopic,predictopposingviews,createastrongcounterargument,So,howcanyouhelp?Allyouhavetodoisgetintouchwithyourlocaldoctorandhewilltellyouallyouneedtoknow.Youfilloutoneform,andreceiveacard;itreallyisthateasy.Then,onceyouhavepassedawayinmanyyearstocome,yourorganswillberemovedandwillgivesomebodyelsethechanceoflife.Afteratransplantofavitalorgan,theaveragesurvivalrate（存活率）isover80%.Amassiveincreasefromthe20%thatwouldlivewithoutthesurgery.,usestatistics,relateyouraudiencetoyourtopic,satisfaction,visualization,Somepeopleworry.Willtheybeleftopenafterthesurgeryastheyarealreadydead,orwilltheystillbeabletohaveanopencasket(棺材)funeral?Theanswerstothesearesimple.Youwillbetreatedwiththeupmost(最大的)respectinthesurgeryandthesameproceduresapplyto(适用于)thebodyasalivingbody.Andyes,youwillbeabletohaveanopencasketfuneralifyouwishto.,predictopposingviews,createastrongcounterargument,paradox,Ladiesandgentlemen-thegiftoflifeisthemostamazinggiftanybodycangive.HowIseethings,andwhatmademebecomeadonor(捐赠人),isthatafterIamgoneIwillhavenouseformyorgans.SowhyshouldIdeprive（剥夺）someoneelsefromusingthem.PleaseconsiderwhatIhavesaidtoday.Thankyou!,conclusion,so-what,action,Task3Makingaspeechinthemotivatedsequence(10minutes),Directions:1)Workinpairs.2)Preparefor2minute.3)Taketurnstomakeatwo-minutespeechononeofthefollowingtopics.Organizeyourspeechaccordingtothemotivatedsequence.AttentionNeedSatisfactionVisualizationActionTopic1:Persuadeyourclassmatetodoregularexercise.Topic2:Persuadethecitizenstodonateblood.Topic3:Persuadetheschooladministratorstoimprovethecurrentmixeddormitorysystem.,Recap,Thepurposeofargumentation/persuasionisto_,whilethepurposeofexpositionisto_.PersuasivestrategiesinspeakingandwritingUnderstandyourAudienceBuildcommongroundPredicttheopposingviewsandcreateastrongcounterargumentSupportyourperspectivewithreliablesourcesAppealstomakepersuasionappealto_appealto_,emotion,reason,convinceorpersuade,explainorinform,Recap,Motivatedsequencetomakepersuasionthatcallsforimmediateaction._Differenttypesofevidencepersonalexperience(narration,anecdote)hypotheticalexamplesresearchandstudiesstatisticspeertestimonyexperttestimony,attention,need,satisfaction,visualization,action,IndividualHomework,Written:Writeapersuasiveessayonyourchosentopic.Itshoulddealwithanarguableandcurrentissue.Length:300words,or3minutesinlengthwhenpresentedinspeech.Oral:Rehearsedeliveringaspeechbasedonthepersuasiveessayyouwrite.*Nexttime,youwillhaveaspeechcontestinyourgroupbasedonthispersuasiveessay,andwillcritiqueeachothersperformance.,Prewritingactivities-Brainstorming,Directions:Sitingroupstobrainstormtopicsthatmightbeusedforthepersuasiveessayyouaregoingtowrite.*Whilebrainstorming,evaluatetheeffectivenessofyourpartnerstopic.Isthetopicarguable,current,fresh,relevantandinteresting?(Avoidoutdatedandoverusedtopics.),EnrichmentpracticeListeningandviewing,View“CulturalProgramsandthe2008OlympicGames.”*Noticeandcritiquehowthespeakerutilizesthestrategiesofpersuasioninappealingtotheintendedaudience.,GroupWork-Writingapersuasivepoem,Rational:“Logicandgrammarareimportant.ButforstudentstotrulyowntheEnglishlanguage,theyneedtoreadandwritepoems.”-DorotheaLasky,Unleashyourpoetself,Thereisapoetinsideallofus,Invitepoetryintoyourheart,Setfreeyourinnerpoet,Fuelyoursoulbywritingpoetry.,TaskWritingapersuasivepoem(10minutes),Directions:Workingroups.Writeapersuasivepoemforpublic-serviceadvertisementsononeofthefoll