The grapes of wrath愤怒的葡萄

,TheGrapesofWrath,WrittenbyJohnSteinbeck,.,Aboutthetitle,Whilewritingthenovelathishome,Steinbeckhadunusualdifficultydevisingatitle.TheGrapesofWrath,suggestedbyhiswifeCarolSteinbeck,whichwasdeemedmoresuitablethananythingbytheauthor.ThetitleisareferencetolyricsfromTheBattleHymnoftheRepublic“(共和国的战斗赞美诗)-AwarsongoftheCivilWar:MineeyeshaveseenthegloryofthecomingoftheLord:Heistramplingoutthevintagewherethegrapesofwratharestored;HehathloosedthefatefullightningofHisterribleswiftsword:Histruthismarchingon.我们看到上帝降临的荣耀,他双脚踏着愤怒的葡萄,他拔出闪电这把无敌的利剑,他的真理在奔腾呼啸Theselyricsrefer,inturn,tothebiblicalpassage.,.,WiththeStockMarketcrashof1929,AmericamovedintotheGreatDepression.TheeconomicstructureintheU.S.A.changed.Thegapbetweentherichandthepoorlengthened.Moreandmorepeoplelosttheirjobs,sotheunemploymentandpovertybecamethemainsocialproblems.ThenalotofpeoplewentalongtheHighway66tocalifornia,hopingtofindjobs,lands,dignitiesandtheirfutures.,Background,.,theGreatDepression,TheGreatDepressionin1930sTheWallStreetcrashinOct.24,1929,“thebottomdroppedofthestockmarket”Result:Thedimdecadeof1930sreplacedtheglittering1920s.Banksfailed,factoriesclosedandagriculturewithered;Joblessmillionsroamedthestreet;thebreadlessstretchedlong;Absolutepovertyandstruggledforsurvivalisanightmarishexperienceoflife.,.,ImpressiveCharacters,Protagonistofthestory;theJoadfamilyssecondson,namedafterhisfather.Lateron,Tomtakesleadershipofthefamilyeventhoughheisyoung.,TomJoad,ThemotheroftheJoadfamily.Practicalandwarm-spirited,shetriestoholdthefamilytogether.Sheisthehealerofthefamilysillsandarbiterofitsarguments.,MaJoad,Aformerpreacherwholosthisfaith.Heisaradicalphilosopher,amotivatorandunifierofmen,andamartyr(牺牲者).HeisaChrist-likefigure.,JimCasy,.,RelationshipoftheMajorCharacters,TomJoad,Grandpa,Grandma,JohnJoad,RuthieJoad,WinfieldJoad,PaJoad,MaJoad,JimCasy,ConnieRiver,RoseofSharon,NoahJoad,AlJoad,MulleyGraves,.,Plot,.InitialSituationThelandischangingTomJoadisparoled(假释)fromprisonforhomicide.Onhisjourneyhome,hemeetsanow-formerpreacher,JimCasy,whomheremembersfromhischildhood,andthetwotraveltogether.Whentheyarriveathischildhoodfarmhome,Oklahoma，theyfinditdeserted.Theresbeenadrought,duststormsarerampant(TheDustBowl黑色风暴),cropsaredead,theeconomyisweak,andlandownersmustkicktenantfarmers（佃户，佃农）(liketheJoads)offoftheland.,.,.,Plot,.ConflictTheJoadsmustmovewestward.TheJoadsbuyacarandmovewestonRoute66,likethousandsofotherfamilies,insearchofanewlife,anewhome,andnewopportunity.WithnoworkhereinOklahoma,theyhavenootherchoice.,.,.,11,Route66,.,Plot,3.ComplicationCaliforniaisnotallthat.OverthreehundredthousandpeoplehavemovedtoCalifornia,alllookingforthesamething:jobs.TheJoadscantfindanyjobsandcantsettledown.Theyarehungry,theyaretired,theylosefourmembersofthefamily.,.,Plot,.ClimaxTomkillsaman.TomisreunitedwithReverendCasy,whohasbecomeanagitatororapicketer,fightingforworkerrights.TheauthoritiesmurderCasy,andTomkillsoneoftheauthorities.Hesinbigtroublenow.SuspenseRuthiespillsthebeans.Thefloodwatersrise.Tomtriestohidefromtheworlduntilthemurderhescommittedblowsover（平息）,buthislittlesisteraccidentallyspillsthebeans（说漏嘴）andtellstheworldwhathesdone.Meanwhile,itstartsrainingreallyhardandthecreekbesidetheJoadsboxcarhomerises.,.,Plot,.DenouementTomrunsaway,theJoadsescapeNotwantingtodraghisfamilyintohiscrime,Tomrunsawayforgood.Asthefloodwaterscontinuetorise,RoseofSharonsbabyisstillborn（死胎）.TheJoadsleavetheirboxcarinsearchofhigheranddryerground.ConclusionAdyingmanisnursed.Intheend,RoseofSharoncommitstheonlyactinthebookthatisnotfutile:shebreastfeedsamantoosickfromstarvationtoeatsolidfood,stilltryingtoshowhopeinhumanityafterherownnegativeexperience.Thisfinalactissaidtoillustratethespontaneousmutualsharingthatwillleadtoanewawarenessofcollectivevalues.,.,showingauthorsclearexpressionofsympathywiththedispossessed(失去产业的)andthewretched.,Purposeofthenovel,.,Writingstyles,MetaphoricallanguagesSignificanceofmemoryCarefulchoiceofwords,lavishdescription,true-to-the-heartportrayalofpeopleShortsentences,propheticandpowerfultone,.,Allegory,.,ThemestheJoadfamilyssecondson,namedafterhisfather.Lateron,Tomtakesleadershipofthefamilyeventhoughheisyoung.,TomJoad,ThemotheroftheJoadfamily.Practicalandwarm-spirited,shetriestoholdthefamilytogether.Sheisthehealerofthefamilysillsandarbiterofitsarguments.,MaJoad,Aformerpreacherwholosthisfaith.Heisaradicalphilosopher,amotivatorandunifierofmen,andamartyr(牺牲者).HeisaChrist-likefigure.,JimCasy,.,2.LiesandDeceitCentraltoTheGrapesofWrathisasinglelie:thousandsoffamiliesmovewesttoCaliforniabecausetheybelieveittobethelandofplenty,aplacefullofjobsandopportunity.ThislieisspreadthroughayellowpamphletdispensedbyaCalifornianlandownerlookingforworkers,anditbothgivesfamiliesasenseofhopeandstripsthemofhope.Severalentitieshelptosustainthislie:thebanks,thecarsalesmen,themerchants,andthelandowners.TheJoadsaredeceivedintothinkingthattheirworrieswillbeforgottenoncetheygettoCalifornia.,.,3.MansInhumanitytoMan,Themigrantsgreatsufferingiscausednotbybadwhetherormeremisfortunebutbytheirfellowhumanbeings.Historical,social,andeconomiccircumstancesseparatepeopleintorichandpoor,landownerandtenant,andthepeopleinthedominantrolesstruggleviciouslytopreservetheirposition.Thenoveldrawsasimplelinethroughthepopulation-onethatdividestheprivilegedfromthepoor-andidentifiesthatdivisionastheprimarysourceofevilandsufferingintheworld.,.,4.TheDignityofWrath,TheJoadsstandasexemplaryintheirrefusaltobebrokenbythecircumstancesthatconspireagainstthem.Steinbeckemphasizestheimportanceofmaintainingself-respectinordertosurvivespiritually.TheJoadshadsufferedincomparablelosses:Noah,Connie,andTomhasleftthefamily;RoseofSharongivesbirthtoastillbornbaby;thefamilypossessesneitherfoodnorpromiseofwork.Yetitisatthismomentthatthefamilymanagestoriseabovehardshiptoperformanactofunsurpassedkindnessandgenerosityforstarvingman,showthattheJoadshavenotlosttheirsenseofthevalueofhumanlife.,.,5.ClassConflictTheconflictinthenovelbetweentheimpoverishedmigrantsandtheestablished,securebusinesspeopleandCaliforniansservesasastrongcriticismofeconomicinjustice.Therearealsoconflictswithinthefamilythatreflectthematerialisticconcern