语流(II) connected speech.ppt

ChapterSevenConnectedSpeechII,语流II,Syllables,StressedSyllablesandtheUnstressedSyllablesarenamedasWeaklyStressedSyllables（弱重读音节）,asthevowelsinthemdohavecertainlengthandloudness,buthabitually,wecallthemUnstressedSyllables.Vowelsinstressedsyllablesshouldbepronouncedlonger,louderandinahighertone.Weuse“_”tomarkthestressedvowel,and“.”tomarktheunstressedvowel.,Stressonthe1stsyllable:motherexcellentreasonableStressonthe2ndsyllable:agobeginningmagnificentEvenstress:unknownmisprinteighteenPrimarystressifitworksasaverb,itisstressedonthe2ndsyllable.,SomeRulesofWordStress,2.Acompoundnounisusuallystressedonthe1stsyllable;andacompoundverbisusuallystressedonthe2ndsyllable.,SomeRulesofWordStress,3.Somecompoundwordshaveevenstresses.,4.Afewcompoundwordsarestressedonthe2ndsyllable.,Exercise1P99,SentenceStress,句子重音,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,WeaklyStressed/Unstressed,articles（冠词）prepositions（介词）conjunctions（连词）auxiliaries（助动词）modalverbs（情态动词）,PersonalPronounsFunctionWords虚词/功能词,StronglyStressed/Stressed,nounsadjectivesadverbsnotionalverbsnumerals（数词）interrogatives（疑问词）interjections（感叹词）,NotionalWords实词,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,E.g.(1)Twonewly-marriedcoupleswalkedquietlyalongtheriver.(2)Hespokeintothetelephone,wrotedownanameandhungupthereceiver.,num.,adv.,adj.,n.,N.v.,adv.,prep.,art.,n.,pron.,N.v.,prep.,art.,n.,N.v.,adv.,art.,n.,conj.,N.v.,adv.,art.,n.,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,Whenan./adj./adv.isusedtomodifyanotherword,boththemodifierandthewordbeingmodifiedarestressed.e.g.(3)alatepapertomorrowmorningroastducktheGreatWallgreatlyshocked,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,Wedonotstresson“Street”,butwestresson“Road”&“Avenue”.e.g.(4)MainStreetOxfordStreettheFifthAvenueNanjingRoadTheindefinitepronoun“one”isusuallyunstressed.e.g.(5)abeautifuloneasillyone,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,Althoughn./adj./adv./N.v.areusuallystressed,butinpracticaluse,theyareonlystressedwhenthespeakerconsiderstheyarethemostimportant.e.g.(6)JanewasreadinganEnglishnovelathomeyesterdaymorning.(7)-Whowasreading?-Janewasreading.,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,InoralEnglish,onlynewconceptsarestressed,thisphenomenoniscalledLogicalStress.e.g.(8)-Whereareyougoing?-NewYork.-WhereinNewYork?QueensorManhattan?-Neither.IamgoingtoBrightonBeach.,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,Generally,wedonotstressonthewordswehavementionedinthepreviouscontext.e.g.(9)Sallyisadancer.Sheisamarvellousdancer.,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,Normally,personalpronouns,prepositions,articles&auxiliariesarenotstressed,butwhenwewanttoemphasizeacertainmeaning,theyneedtobestressedincertaincircumstances,&inaspecialtone.e.g.(10)-WhatdidTomsaytoSally?-Hewasspeakingtome.(11)Iknowshehasbeenworkingveryhard,butwhatdoessheworkfor?,SomeRulesofSentenceStress,(12)IhaveneverbeentotheGreatWall,butIwillgotheresomeday.Normally,personalpronouns,prepositions,articles&auxiliariesarenotstressed,butincertaincircumstances,theyarenotonlystressed,butalsotheNuclearStress(语调核心)ofasentence.,Exercise1P102,Hopeforthebest.Preparefortheworst.Letsgowithher.Idliketoseemoreofit.IdontthinkIquiteagreewithyou.ThatsjusthowIsawit.Whatdidyoumajorin?EnglishorFrench?Everybodyknowsthatthesunrisesintheeast.Maryisnotcomingtothepartybecauseshehasgoneabroad.WhenyouvisitLondon,oneofthefirstthingsyouwillseeisBigBen.Thatmorning,shewasntquiteherselfandlookedsomewhatworried.,Strong&WeakForms,强读式和弱读式,Strong&WeakForms,UnstressedWeak,UnstressedWeak,StressedStrong,inasentence,StressedStrong,StressedStrong,StressedStrong,asasingleword,Functionwords,PersonalPronouns,Notionalwords,Personalpronounsandfunctionwordsareonlypronouncedintheirstrongformsinthefollowingcircumstances:Whentheyoccurattheendofasentence.Whenaweak-formwordisbeingcontrastedwithanotherword.Whenaweak-formwordisgivenstressforthepurposeofemphasis.Whenaweak-formwordisbeingcitedorquoted,ChipsarewhatImfondof./tipswtaimfndv/,Thelettersfromhim,nottohim./letzfrmimnttu:im/,aworkofandaboutliterature/wkvnbautlitrit/,Asimilarcaseisacoordinateduseofprepositions,ItraveltoandfromLondonalot./aitrvltu:nfrmlndnlt/,Youmustgivememoremoney./jumstgivmim:mni/,Youshouldntputandattheendofasentence./juudntputndtiendvsentns/,Strong&WeakForms,e.g.WehavejustheardfromMary.,dsth:dmri,wi:hvfrm,wIhvfrm,Strong&WeakForms,Functionalwordsareusuallyunstressed&intheirweakforms,butwhentheyappearattheendofasentence,theyarestillunstressedbutintheirstrongforms.e.g.Whatareyoulookingat?,wtlukI,ju,t,t,Strong&WeakForms,Somepronounsattheendofasentencearenotstressed,butareintheirstrongforms.e.g.(13)Thatsverykindofyou.,v,ju,Strong&WeakForms,Whensomefunctionalwordsatthebeginningortheendofasentencearestressed,theyshouldbeintheirstrongforms.e.g.(14)-Doyoustaythere?-Yes,Ido.,du:,Strong&WeakForms,Whenfunctionalwordsarelogicallystressed,theyarereadintheirstrongforms.e.g.(15)-Patisnotfoolish.-Sheisbeingfoolish.P105Listentotherecording,Iz,Rhythm&RhythmicGroup,节奏和节奏群,Rhythm&RhythmicGroup,oneRhythmGroup=astressedsyllable+oneormoreunstressedsyllablese.g.(16)Eat./i:t/Iameating./aImi:tI/,Rhythm&RhythmicGroup,e.g.(17)Hewantedtogo./hIwntIdtgu/Hewantedittobedone./hIwntIdIttbIdn/,2S+3US,2S+5US,Rhythm&RhythmicGroup,Inpracticaluse,n./adj./adv./v.losestresswhentheyaffectedbyrhythms.e.g.(18)Alltheway.Allthewayback.,Rhythm&RhythmicGroup,AcompoundwordalwayshasaEvenStress,butaffectedbyrhythms,thestresschanges.e.g.(19),Rhythm&RhythmicGroup,Boththeverbs&adverbsinPhrasalVerbs（短语动词）arestressed,butwhenthephrasalverbisfollowedbyanObject（宾语）,thestressischangedaffectedbyrhythms.e.g.(20),Exercise1P111,Help!Writeitdown.Iwanttoknow.Putitontheshelf.Dontbesuchafool.theyvecleanedtheblackboard.hegoestoworkonfoot.Ithinkthathewantsustogo.YoushouldnthaveleftittoJane.Ishouldnthavethoughtthathecouldgetthereintime.,Pausing,停顿,AimsofPausingHowtomarkPauses,TobreathinfreshairToexpressideasclearly&logicallyTomakethelistenerhearclearly&understandwell,E.g.(21)/ShetoldPiptogo./Theoldladyinwhite/toldPiptogo./Theoldlady,/whowassittinginthearmchair,/toldPiptogo./,LengthofPausing,Factorsaffectingthelengthofpausing:SpeedofspeechLengthofgrammaticalstructureforasentence,Speedofspeech,e.g.,Lengthofgrammaticalstructureforasentence句子语法结构的长度,Ashortsentencehasaindependentsensegroup.E.g.(22)/Areyousure?/E.g.(23)/IlikeSundaybest./Alongsentencehastwoormoresensegroups.,Thedivisionofthesensegroupsofalongsentencedependsonthefollowingprinciples:1.Anounphraseoraclauseworksasthesubject（主语）ofasentence:E.g.(24)/Mostofthestudents/arestudyingintheclassroom.E.g.(25)/WhatIhavetoldyou/istrue.,Lengthofgrammaticalstructureforasentence句子语法结构的长度,Lengthofgrammaticalstructureforasentence句子语法结构的长度,2.Aphraseorclauseworksasanadverbial（状语）atthebeginningofasentence:E.g.(26)/Inthatcase,/Illstayhome./E.g.(27)/Whenhecomesback,/askhimtocallme,please./,Lengthofgrammaticalstructureforasentence句子语法结构的长度,3.Anon-restrictiveattributiveclause（非限定性定语从句）isaindependentsensegroup:E.g.(28)/Afteralittletime,/shechoseoneofthemostexpensivedressesintheshop/andhandedittoanassistant,/whowrappeditupforherasquicklyaspossible./E.g.(29)/ThisisProf.Wang,/whohasjustreturnedfromAmerica./,Lengthofgrammatical