英美概况复习资料英国部分

张元德兰全名：1. United kingdom of great Britain and northern Ireland 2.“Britain”comes from”bry thons(300 BC)3.“England”comes from the“anglo-Saxon”conqueors。means“anglas-land”、it also known as“angles”位置：1.English islands are seperated by“north sea”“English channel”“dover strait”2.50 degree and 60 degree north latitude 2 degree east and 8 degree west longitude3.the prime meridian of 0 degree passes thor GH“gren wich”4.on which sun never setsland forms :1.洛兰区：米德兰，萨森和伊斯特森恩格兰。2.highland area : pennies，the lake district，most of Wales and Scotland3.England and northern Ireland are plain4.Wales and Scotland most are mountain ous and highland。The rivers and lakes1.the most important river : the Thames river，passes through the centre of London。2.the longest river : the serven river(流浪剑客之河，锤子之长)3.the Mersey river : Manchester by a ship canal，port livrpool。4.the most beautful part in English : the lake district。5.the largest lake : the lake neagh northern Irelandclear mate1.temperate，martime climate : damn，warm2.London is a foggy city。3.Rains a lot.lesssunny4.Weathers are instable。Populationincluding : English(anglo-Saxon)；苏格兰；威尔斯(Celts)；Irish(celtis)Religion (most important part)1.conclusion : uk is a Christian country。2.establish church : the church of England。3.the head of church : queen or king，crowned by archbishop of Canterbury western Abby。亨利八世4.kinds :a。proestantism (free church)B.non-christain religions : budhist，Jews，the MoslemsC.Roman Catholic is quite weak cause of the failure of Roman colonistsMajor citiesLondon : the capital of England and uk . inner outerEdinburgh : the capital of Scotland卡迪夫： the capital of Wales cool shipping portbel fast : the capital of northern Ireland。birming am : the second largest city in Britain。glas cow : the largest city in Scotland。Manchester : the old city in Britain and the centre of the textile industry。Chapter Twocurrency and banking : pound sterling1.old system : 1 pound=20 shillings，1 shillings=12 pence2.New system: 1 pound=20 penceCupronickel Coins: 50p 10p 5pBronze: 2p 1p 0.5pPaper :1 pound，5 pound，10 pound，20 pound3.the bank of England is Britain s central bank。both as a agent of government and for it s own profits。4.“big four”: Lloyd、barclay、midland、national western bank group。张蒙阿希1.constitution al monarchy : queen or king(queen Elizabeth ii)2.theoreticly : the monarchy has all the power-“head of government”、“pardon criminal”、“commander-in-chief of army”3.in reality : all the power rights are on the advice of prime minister . a formality of appointment。4.monarchy s importance : a . public attitude。B.a symbol that queen seems helpful。5.her royal duties : a . visiting many parts of Britain IC，cheer those workers up。B.paying visit to foreign countries。C.To other Commonwelth countries。ParliamentThe uk is a unitary，not a federal country。parliement is the supreme legilative authority in the realm。conists 3360 sovereign(queen，give out a speech)，house of Lord (conists of peers)。the head names the Lord chancellor。)，house of commons (650 member，Elected from 650 constitiencies。the meeting places : a chamber，named St. Stephens chapel)Main function : debating，passing legislation and supervising the goverement and finance。method of legislation : a . providing a bill by either the commons or lords。Lord cannot come up with any bills invoicing finance and money。B.the house of Lord cannot delay nor invoice the bills of financeGovernment1.Britain is a constitution al monarch al country . prime minister and other ministers that they all are appointed by queen。2.财务长a lot of ministers except for three specally titled ministers : the chancellor of the exch quer。The Lord chancellor。3.Civil ServiceThe civil service is non-political，servants will not get changed when government changed it s main leading party . only by public competets4.the cabinet，prime minister decided that few people can get into this group。there are few ministers of important department，and some other ministers without department。5.the privy Council : all the ministers and ex-ministers。gave as an honour，and entitled to the prefix the right honourable before their name。6.the prime minister : control both cabinet and parliary that as he is the leader of the majority party in the commons .General Election5 years a time。two principle parties : conservative party and the labour party。some people who cannot be the voter : peopleund 18。peers，lunatics，the people who have already has seat in the house of lords，churchman。Chapter Four(History):Earliest man in Britain。Iberia ns、from Iberian peninsula 3000 BC、however、only some stone monumets remained。Celts : 700BCTwo Celts invasions:1.gaels or goid els，found in Ireland and Scotland。2.cymric and bry thons，found in Wales。罗姆布里泰斯1.twist invaded by Roman troops under juius Caesar in 55bc and 54bc2.Roman province beginning of 5th century3.410ad，Roman troops back to continent4.3 things of value : wesh Christianity，the Roman roadside，cities (London)Angol-Saxon British1.5th century three TEU tonic groups，angles，saxons and Jutes，migrate from the region of Denmark and the low countrie