最新高考英语专题解析课件-阅读理解[说明文].ppt

说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理,给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说,或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解,或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强,它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。复习这类文体,注意以下几点：,主要题材：题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。说明顺序：时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。,说明方法：为了把事物的本质特征说清楚,或者把事理阐述明白,常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。,结构特点：说明文的大体结构有：(1)总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述；(2)现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。语言特点：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材,文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高,解题的难度相对较大，在高考阅读中多为最后一篇。,阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意：(1)注意说明的顺序,了解文章的结构,把握文章的脉络。(2)在阅读过程中划出长难句的主干成分(主谓宾)、标出关键词、有的可边看边画草图或结构、流程图。,(1)短文略，见资料书P87,A.helpstudentsgetahigh-paidjobB.helpstudentsworkinGoogleC.encouragestudentstogiveupscienceD.arousestudentsinterestinliberalarts,1.StanfordUniversityheldalectureofliteratureandphilosophyto_.,1.D细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句Seekingtore-arouseinterestintheliberalarts可知。,A.aperiodwhensomethingbeginstobeaccepted.B.aperiodwhensomethingisout-dated.C.aperiodwhensomethingismostpopular.D.aperiodwhensomethingisreplacedbyanotherthing.,2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“heyday”mean(inpara.6)?,2.C词义推测题。根据第六段morethan1in3Stanfordstudentsmajoredinlanguages,literature,thearts,history,culturalstudiesandphilosophy可知超过1/3的斯坦福学生主修人文学科,与现在10%的数据比较起来,那是个主修文科的鼎盛时期。,A.Only10%ofuniversitystudentsmajorinthehumanities.B.Moreandmorestudentschoosescienceastheirmajor.C.MorestudentsstudythehumanitiesinStanfordthanotheruniversities.D.Thetrendofwhatmajortostudyhasneverchanged,3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoparagraph7?,3.B细节理解题。由第六段最后一句可知。,A.Becausethehumanitiescanthelpstudentsfindjobs.B.Becausestudentsnevercareaboutlifemeaning.C.Becausestudentsbelievesciencecanhelpthemgethigh-paidjobs.D.Becausethetuitionfeesofthehumanityeducationarehigher.,4.Whydostudentsloseinterestinthehumanities?,4.C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段ButforstudentswhocameofageintheGreatRecession,thesirensongofsciencecanbetoughtoresist和最后一段Shakespearewasntinitforthemoney可知,学生选择理科是因为能找到赚钱的工作。,A.Approving.B.Doubtful.C.Negative.D.Indifferent.,5.WhatisSatzsattitudetowardstheeducationofhumanities?,5.A情感判断题。通过文章最后一段最后一句Butsheaddedhumanitiesstudentswhogoontograduateschoolandlandjobsintechintensivefieldsdojustfine可知。,The1,718incomingstudentsnearlyhalfofwhomarriveintendingtomajorinthesciencesorengineeringlistenedtoalectureorganizedbytheCollegeofHumanitiesandArts,wherefamousauthorandphysicianAbrahamVerghesepraisedthemeaning,andopportunities,ofaliberalartseducation.,【难句理解】,结构分析:nearlyhalfofwhom引导一个定语从句,在这个定语从句中wherefamousauthorandphysicianAbrahamVerghesepraisedthemeaning,andopportunities,ofaliberalartseducation是从句中的另一个定语从句。,汉语大意：1718个新入学的学生其中半数都打算主修科学或者工程学听了一个由人文艺术学院组织的讲座。在这个讲座中,作为作家和内科医生的AbrahamVerghese赞扬了文科教育的意义和机遇。,outnumberv.数量上超过humanitystudents人文学科的学生comeofage成年,长大成人theGreatRecession(经济)大萧条时期,【助读词汇】,A.Touchingsomeonesarmwhentalkingtohim.B.Sayinghellotosomebodywithawarmhug.C.Givingsomeoneagreetingwithkisses.D.Nottotouchsomeonesarmwhenmeetinghim.,6.AllthatarentconsideredcoldinMediterraneancountriesarementionedEXCEPT_.,6.D事实细节题。从文中第一段的第一句InMediterraneancountries,ifyoutrynottotouchsomeonesarmwhentalkingtothemorifyoudontgreetthemwithkissesorawarmhug,youllbeconsideredcold.可知答案应选D。,(2)短文略，见资料书P88,A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.,7.HowmanyinadvisablebehaviorsinKoreanareclearlymentioned?,7.B事实细节题。从文中第一段的第二句ButbackslapsomeonewhoisntafamilymemberoragoodfriendinKorea,andyoullmakethemuncomfortable.与文章倒数第三段的第一句butfailtoremoveyourshoesbeforeenteringahomeinKorea,Hawaii,orthePacificIslandsandyoullbeconsidereddisrespectful.可知文章中明确提到的有两处在韩国属于不得体的行为,因此答案应选B。,A.Annoying.B.Miserable.C.Negative.D.Selfish.,8.Whatdoes“disgusting”inpara.3referto?,8.A词义猜测题。从文中第三段的第二句TheJapaneseandChinesealsodisliketheideaofahandkerchief.日本人和中国人也都不喜欢手绢,可知disgusting应与dislike是同一类型的意思,因此可知答案应选A。,A.PuttingonclothesB.TalkingoverdinnerC.BlowingyournoseD.Touchingsomeone,9.AllthefollowingculturalmistakesaredescribedEXCEPT_.,9.A事实细节题。文中的第一、二段描述的内容是touchingsomeone;第三、四段描述的内容是blowingyournose;第五段描述的内容是talkingoverdinner;第六、七段描述的内容是takingoffyourshoesornot。puttingonclothes这一内容文中没提及，因此答案应选A。,A.politicalsystemsB.historicaleventsC.worldcultureD.popularscience,10.Thepassageislikelytobefoundinawebsiteabout_.,10.C推理判断题。文章介绍了国外时要特别留心并尽量避免误入的几种文化陷阱。因此可判断出在网站的文化板块中可以阅读到这篇文章。,Notonlydoesshoeremovalverypracticallykeepsandanddirtoutofthehouse,itsasignofleavingtheoutsideworldbehind.,结构分析：Notonly位于句首,其后接的句子要进行半倒装,而butalso后接的句子则保持正常语序。该句省略了butalso。这句话的正常语序为：Shoeremovalnotonlyverypracticallykeepssandanddirtoutofthehouse,(butalso)itsasignofleavingtheoutsideworldbehind.,【难句理解】,汉语大意：脱掉鞋子不仅把沙粒与尘土留在了门外,更意味着把外面的世界拋之脑后。,followsuit跟着做letalone更不用说sacredadj.神圣的uncivilizedadj.不文明的,【助读词汇】,A.climboveryourheadB.quitlookingforawayC.searchforanotherwayD.keepclimbingaround,11.Ifyoutrytostopantsgoingforward,theywill_.,11.C细节理解题。根据第二段的Iftheyreheadedsomewhereandyoutrytostopthem;theylllookforanotherway.可以推知,蚂蚁找其他路lookfor=searchfor。,(3)短文略，见资料书P89,A.Thinkwinterallsummer.B.Alwaysberealistic.C.Neverbecomelazyinsummer.D.Alwayslookahead.,12.Whatisthesecondphilosophyofants?,12.D推理判断题。根据第三的第一句antsthinkwinterallsummer.四段最后1句Thinkahead.可以推知答案。文章的最后一段此句Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.也进行了归纳。,A.Alwaysstaypositive.B.Alwaysremindyourself.C.Alwaysthinksummer.D.Alwaysbehardworking.,13.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethethirdpartoftheantphilosophy?,13.A推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第1、2句antsthinksummerallwinter.Thatissoimportant.Duringthewinter,antsremindthemselves,“Thiswontlastlong;wellsoonbeoutofhere.”可以得知,蚂蚁在冬天里总是想着夏天,想着希望,总是提醒自己冬天来了,夏天不远了,故保持积极的心态staypositive。其他选项与蚂蚁的这种生活哲学不符,只是在本段出现的一些词,学生选了,则犯了断章取义的错误。,A.neverstopgatheringfoodinthesummerB.alwaysgetpreparedforthewinterC.gatherasmuchaspossibleforthefutureD.dowhateverwecanforthefuture,14.Wecanlearnfromthelastpartoftheantphilosophythatweshould_.,14.D推理判断题。根据文章的倒数第二段的最后一句Whatanincrediblephilosophy,the“all-you-possibly-can”philosophy.可以推断应该选D。,A.TheConceptofAntsB.TheAntPhilosophyC.NeverGiveupD.DoAllYouCan,15.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?,15.B主旨大意题。最后一段Wow,whatagreatseminartoattendtheantseminar.Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.是文章的主题段,完整的归纳了文章大意。A选项是说蚂蚁的概念,C和D选项以偏概全。B选项全面概括了蚂蚁的四个哲学。,concept概念seminarn.研讨会realisticadj.现实的cantwaittodosth迫不及待做,【助读词汇】,(4)短文略，见资料书P90,A.theyarefloatingabovetheirownbodiesB.theyarewalkingtowardsalightC.theyareflyingintheskyD.theyareseeingabrightlight,16.Whenpeoplearedying,somemayhavethefollowingfeelingsexceptthat_.,16.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段可知。,A.Bystudyingchemicalmaterialsindyingpeoplesbrains.B.Bystudyingchangesinthebrainthatcausesuchexperience.C.Bylisteningtopeoplesdescriptionsofout-of-bodyexperienceD.Bymonitoringpatientsbehavioronascree.,17.Howdidscientistsstudythecauseofout-of-bodyexperience?,17.B细节理解题。根据第四段reviewedstudiesintochangesinthebrainthatcausecertainsensationsassociatedwithnear-deathexperiences可知。,A.achemicalmaterialreleasedbyhumanbodiesB.amedicinetohelppeoplewithstressandinjuriesC.amedicinewhichhelppeoplefeelloveandpeaceD.achemicalmaterialtocausethedeathofpeople,18.The“hormonenoradrenalin”(inPara10)isprobably_.,18.A词义判断题。由倒数第四段的whichisreleasedwhenwesufferfromstressandinjuries可知。,A.SamParniadoesntthinkthatpeoplesnear-deathexperiencesarereal.B.SamParniahasntfinishedthestudyofpeoplesnear-deathexperiences.C.Thecausesofnear-deathexperiencesandotherfeelingsaredifferent.D.Itsimpos