机电专业英语第2版1Unit-1-Engineering-Materials-工程材料

EngineeringMaterials,Unit1,工程材料,TestingBeforeClass：,Whichstateofironhascommercialuse(radio),EngineeringMaterials,Nonmetallicmaterials,Metallicmaterials,EngineeringMaterials,Inthedesignandmanufactureofaproduct,itisessentialthatthematerialandtheprocessbeunderstood.Materialsdifferwidelyinphysicalproperties,machinabilitycharacteristics,methodsofforming,andpossibleservicelife.Thedesignershouldconsiderthesefactsinselectinganeconomicalmaterialandaprocessthatisbestsuitedtotheproduct.Engineeringmaterialsareoftwobasictypes:metallicornonmetallic.Nonmetallicmaterialsarefurtherclassifiedasorganicorinorganicsubstances.Sincethereisaninfinitenumberofnonmetallicmaterialsaswellaspureandalloyedmetals,considerablestudyisnecessarytochoosetheappropriateone.,Fewcommercialmaterialsexistaselementsinnature.Forexample,thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoaseparatingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.Onceseparated,theymusthaveanatomicstructurethatisstableatordinarytemperaturesoveraprolongedperiod.Inmetalworking,ironisthemostimportantnaturalelement.Ironhaslittlecommercialuseinitspurestate,butwhencombinedwithotherelementsintovariousalloysitbecomestheleadingengineeringmetal.Thenonferrousmetals,includingcopper,tin,zinc,nickel,magnesium,aluminum,lead,andothersallplayanimportantpartinoureconomy;eachhasspecificpropertiesanduses.,Manufacturingrequirestoolsandmachinesthatcanproduceeconomicallyandaccurately.Economydependsontheproperselectionofthemachineorprocessthatwillgiveasatisfactoryfinishedproduct,itsoptimumoperation,andmaximumperformanceoflaborandsupportfacilities.Theselectionisinfluencedbythequantityofitemstobeproduced.Usuallythereisonemachinebestsuitedforacertainoutput.,Insmall-lotorjobshopmanufacturing,general-purposemachinessuchasthelathe,drillpress,andmillingmachinemayprovetobethebestbecausetheyareadaptable,havelowerinitialcost,requirelessmaintenance,andpossesstheflexibilitytomeetchangingconditions.However,aspecial-purposemachineshouldbeconsideredforlargequantitiesofastandardizedproduct.Amachinebuiltforonetypeofworkoroperation,suchasthegrindingofapistonorthesurfacingofacylinderhead,willdothejobwell,quickly,andatlowcostwithasemiskilledoperator.,Manyspecial-purposemachinesortoolsdifferfromthestandardtypeinthattheyhavebuiltintothemsomeoftheskilloftheoperator.Asimpleboltmaybeproducedoneitheralatheoranautomaticscrewmachine.Thelatheoperatormustknownotonlyhowtomaketheboltbutmustalsobesufficientlyskilledtooperatethemachine.Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.Thistransferofskillintothemachine,orautomation,allowslessskillfuloperatorsbutdoesrequiregreaterskillinsupervisionandmaintenance.Oftenitisuneconomicaltomakeamachinecompletelyautomatic,becausethecostmaybecomeprohibitive.,Theselectionofthebestmachineorprocessforagivenproductrequiresknowledgeofproductionmethods.Factorsthatmustbeconsideredarevolumeofproduction,qualityofthefinishedproduct,andtheadvantagesandlimitationsoftheequipmentcapableofdoingthework.Mostpartscanbeproducedbyseveralmethods,butusuallythereisonewaythatismosteconomical.,machinabilitym,i:nbiltin.可加工性，可切削性，机械加工性characteristic,krktristikadj.典型的，特有的n.特征,特性metallicmitlik,me-adj.金属的，含金属的n.金属纤维nonmetallic,nnmitlikadj.非金属的n.非金属物质organic:nikadj.有机的,组织的,器官的infiniteinfintadj.无穷的，极大的n.无限，无穷大alloyedlid,l-adj.合金的；合铸的；熔合的vt.将铸成合金appropriatepruprieit,prupritadj.适当的,合适的vt.占用,拨出commercialkm:ladj商业上的，商业的n.商业广告compoundkmpaund,k-n.化合物vt.合成vi.和解adj.复合的oxideksaidn氧化物，氧化层，氧化合物,sulfideslfaidn硫化物，含硫系列，硫醚carbonatek:bneitn碳酸盐vt.使充满二氧化碳，使变成碳酸盐undergo,nduvt.经历，经受；忍受prolongedpruld,-l:-adj.延长的，拖延的，持续很久的ironainn.铁，熨斗；烙铁adj.铁的；刚强的optimumptimmn最佳效果,最适合条件adj.最适宜的influenceinflunsn.影响，势力，有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变flexibility,fleksibilitin机动性，灵活性，适应性camkmn.凸轮，偏心轮vt.给(机器)配置偏心轮supervision,sju:pvinn监督，管理；指导,physicalproperties物理性质atomicstructure原子结构nonferrousmetal有色金属small-lot小批量finishedproduct成品general-purpose普通用途special-purpose专用的，特殊用途的standardizedproduct【工程设计】标准化产品,1.Sincethereisaninfinitenumberofnonmetallicmaterialsaswellaspureandalloyedmetals,considerablestudyisnecessarytochoosetheappropriateone.译文：由于非金属材料与纯金属和合金的种类一样繁多，所以在选择合适的材料时需要做大量的研究工作。说明：句中aswellas和一样，不但而且；Sincethereisaninfinitenumberof作原因状语从句。tochoosetheappropriateone作目的状语。considerableknsidrbladj.相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的1）relatedphrases：considerableorders大量订货；considerabledamage相当大损失2）Todrillthepropersizeholeinanexactlocationrequiresconsiderableskill.在准确的位置上钻一个尺寸正确的孔要求相当的技巧。3）Sheisawomanwithconsiderableculture.她是一个文化修养很高的女子。,2.Forexample,thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoaseparatingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.译文：自然金属化合物如氧化物、硫化物和碳酸盐在能够进行深加工前必须经过分离或提纯。说明：句中suchas例如，before引导时间状语从句。compoundkmpaund,k-n.化合物vt.合成vi.和解adj.复合的1）Hecompoundedwater,sandandsoilandformedbricks.他将水、沙和土掺和一起做成砖。2）Itisthemostpervasivecompoundonearth.它是地球上最普遍的化合物。undergo,nduvt.经历，经受；忍受1）Thecityhasundergonemanychangesduringthelasttenyears.这个城市在过去十年中经历了很多变化。2）Theideamustundergothetestofexperiment.观念必须经得起实验的检验。,3.Economydependsontheproperselectionofthemachineorprocessthatwillgiveasatisfactoryfinishedproduct,itsoptimumoperation,andmaximumperformanceoflaborandsupportfacilities.译文：要达到经济性要求，就要选择合适的设备和工序，这样可以得到理想的产品，还要有最佳的操作、高效的人工执行和设备支持。说明：句中dependson取决于，依赖于；thatwillgiveasatisfactory作结果状语从句；itsoptimumoperation,andmaximum作dependson的并列介词宾语。processpruses,pr-vt.处理；加工；n.过程，进行，方法，步骤；作用；程序；vi.列队前进；adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的1)relatedphrases：DesignProcess设计程序；irreversibleprocess不可逆过程；前处理preprocess。2）Processdataandreportresults.处理数据和报告结果。3）Bigcutterdiameter,highcuttingspeed,goodprocessquality.刀具直径大，切割速度高，加工面质量好。,4.Theselectionisinfluencedbythequantityofitemstobeproduced.译文：选择受生产批量的影响。说明：句中tobeproduced作items的后置定语。influenceinflunsn.影响；势力；有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变1)relatedphrases：influencebasin影响范围；Influencesurface影响面；shadeinfluence阴影效2）Bothdrinkingandsmokinghavegreatinfluenceonourhealth.喝酒和抽烟对我们的健康都有很大的影响。3）Youngpeoplearequicklyinfluencedbynewideas.年轻人很快地受到新思想的影响。,5.Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.译文：在自动机床上，工具的操作和运动是由凸轮和制动器来控制的，并且每一零件的生产过程都与前一个过程相同。说明：句中sequenceofoperation操作顺序，作业程序；beidenticalwith与相同/一致。1）Thenumberonthecardshouldbeidenticalwiththeoneonthechequebook.卡上的号码应该和支票簿上的相同。2）Thefanasshowedinthisdesigndrawingonlyindicatesitsinstallationposition.Whenthefanismounted,directionofairflowofthefanshouldbeidenticalwiththatrequiredinthisdrawing.本设计图中所示的风机仅表其安装位置，风机安装时，应注意风机的气流方向与本图所要求的方向一致。,6.Thistransferofskillintothemachine,orautomation,allowslessskillfuloperatorsbutdoesrequiregreaterskillinsupervisionandmaintenance.译文：机器或自动化生产中的这种“技能迁移”对操作者的技能熟练程度要求有所降低，但在监督管理和维护方面要求更高。说明：transfertrnsf:n.转让；转移vi.转让；转移；转学vt.转让；使转移；传递；调任1)relatedphrases：datatransfer数据传送；transferincome转让收入2）Technologytransfertothemainland.把技术转移到大陆。3）Share,browse,access,transfer,organize,rename,copyormoveanyfilesandfoldersbetweenmobilephoneandcomputer!在手机和电脑之间共享，浏览，访问，传输，组织，重命名，复制和移动任何文件和文件夹！,I.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetextwiththewordsgivenbelow.Makechangesifnecessary.,1.Thedesignershouldconsidertheseinselectinganeconomicalmaterialandaprocessthatisbestsuitedtotheproduct.2.materialsarefurtherclassifiedasorganicorinorganicsubstances.,metallic,alloy,special-purpose,pure,fact,general-purpose,result,nonmetallic,standard,facts,Nonmetallic,3.Ironhaslittlecommercialuseinitsstate,butwhencombinedwithotherelementsintovariousitbecomestheleadingengineeringmetal.4.Manymachinesortoolsdifferfromthetypeinthattheyhavebuiltintothemsomeoftheskilloftheoperator.,pure,alloys,special-purpose,standard,II.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish,1.材料在物理性能、机加工性能、成形方法以及使用寿命等方面有很大不同。,Materialsdifferwidelyinphysicalproperties,machinabilitycharacteristics,methodsofforming,andservicelife.,2天然金属化合物如氧化物、硫化物和碳酸盐在能够进行深加工前必须经过分离或提纯。,Thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoaseparatingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.,3在自动机床上，工具的操作顺序和运动是由凸轮和制动器来控制的，并且每一零件的生产过程都与前一个过程相同。,Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.,翻译是一种再创造，即译者根据原作者的思想，用另一种语言表达出来。这就是要求译者必须确切理解和掌握原作的内容与含意，在确切理解的基础上，很好地运用译文语言把原文内涵通顺流畅地再现给读者。一、翻译的标准科技英语的翻译标准可概括为“忠实、通顺”四个字。忠实，首先指忠实于原文内容，译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确的表达出来，不得任意发挥或增删；忠实还指保持原作风格，尽量表现其本来面目。通顺，即指译文语言必须通俗易懂，符合规范。忠实与通顺是相辅相成的，缺一不可。忠实而不通顺，读者会看不懂；通顺而不忠实，脱离原作的内容与风格，通顺就失去了意义。,科技英语翻译的标准与方法,例如：1.Theelectricresistanceismeasuredinohms.误译：电的反抗是用欧姆测量的。正译：电阻的测量单位是欧姆。2.Allmetalsdonotconductelectricityequallywell.误译：全部金属不导电得相等好。正译：并非所有的金属都同样好地导电。3.Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingthecoil.正译：电路一旦接通，电流开始流向线圈。,4.Somespecialalloysteelsshouldbeusedforsuchpartsbecausethealloyingelementsmakethemtougher,stronger,orharderthancarbonsteels.正译：对这类零件可采用某些特殊的合金钢，因为合金元素能提高钢的韧性、强度、硬度。从以上例句可以清楚的看到，不能任意删改，并不是逐词死译；汉语译文规范化，并非是离开原文随意发挥。此外，还应注意通用术语的译法。比如，例1中的“电阻”已成为固定词组，不能用别的译法。,二、翻译的方法翻译的方法一般来说有直译（literaltranslation）和意译（freetranslation）。直译，即指“既忠实于原文内容，又忠实于原文的形式”的翻译。意译，就是指忠实于原文的内容，但不拘泥于原文的形式。翻译时，我们应灵活运用上述两种方法，能直译的就直译，需要意译的就意译。因为对同一个句子来说，有时并非只能用一种方法，所以我们可以交替使用或同时并用以上两种方法。,请看下面的句子:1.MilkyWay银河（意译）（不可直译为：牛奶路）2.bullseye靶心（意译）（不可直译为：牛眼睛）3.Newuseshavebeenfoundforoldmetals,andnewalloyshavebeenmadetosatisfynewdemands.老的金属有了新用途，新的金属被冶炼出来，以满足新的需要（本句前半部分用了意译法，后半部分用了直译法）。4.Theabilitytoprogramthesedeviceswillmakeastudentaninvaluableassettothegrowingelectronicindustry.对这些器件编程的能力将使学生成为日益增长的电子工业领域中的无价人才（这里asset原意为资产，我们根据上下文意译成“人才”）。,三、翻译中的专业性特点科学技术本身的性质要求科技英语与专业内容相互配合，相互一致，这就决定了专业英语与普通英语有很大的差异。专业英语以其独特的语体，明确表达作者在其专业方面的见解，其表达方式直截了当，用词简练。即使同一个词，在不同学科的专业英语中，其涵义也是不同的。例如：1.Thecomputertookoveranimmenserangeoftasksfromworkersmusclesandbrains.误译：计算机代替了工人大量的肌肉和大脑。正译：计算机取代了工人大量的体力和脑力劳动。（这里musclesandbrains引申为“体力和脑力劳动”。）,2.Inanycaseworkdoesntincludetime,butpowerdoes.正译：在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率包括时间。（这里work，power在物理专业分别译为“功”、“功率”。）3Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattracted.正译：同性电荷相排斥，异性电荷相吸引。（charge含义有“负载、充电、充气、电荷”，按专业知识理解为“电荷”。）从以上例句可知，专业英语专业性强，逻辑性强，翻译要力求准确、精练、正式。这不仅要求我们能熟练地运用汉语表达方式，还要求具有较高的专业水平。,超硬合金材料,黑色金属材料,陶瓷材料,高速钢刀具材料,金刚石材料,FerrousandNon-ferrousMaterialsMetalsarefoundeverywhereinourlife.Theyareclassifiedintotwocategories,“ferrous”and“non-ferrous”metals.Ferrousmeansrelatingto,orcontainingironandnon-ferrousmeanshavingnoiron.Thesetwokindsofmetalscanbeusedtomanufactureanequallylargerangeofitems.,Table1-1Someferrousmetalsandproperties,Table1-2Somenon-ferrousmetalsandproperties,ferrousfersadj.化学亚铁的；铁的，含铁的categoryktirin.种类，分类；范畴case-hardenedadj.表面硬化的；定型的；无情的tempertempn.脾气；（钢等）回火；性情；倾向v.调和；使回火stainsteinvt.沾污；给着色vi.污染；被沾污n.污点；瑕疵cutlerykQtlrin.餐具；刀剑制造业；刀叉餐具chromiumkrumjmn.化学铬（24号元素，符号Cr）brittlebritladj.易碎的，脆弱的；易生气的castingk:stin.投掷；铸造；铸件v.投掷；铸造；投向；扔掉manholemnhuln.人孔；检修孔；检查井wroughtr:tadj.锻造的；加工的；精细的tubingtju:bin.管子；装管v.把装管；使成管状,zinczikvt.镀锌于；用锌处理n.锌ornament:nmntn.装饰；装饰物；教堂用品vt.装饰，修饰fibrousfaibrsadj.纤维的，纤维性的；纤维状的ductiledktail,-tiladj.易教导的；易延展的；柔软malleablemlibladj.可锻的；有延展性的；易适应的；可塑的aluminium,ljuminjmadj.铝的n.铝manganesem,ni:s,mni:zn.化锰tarnisht:nin.污点；无光泽vt.vi.玷污；使失去光泽whitishhwaitiadj.带白色的；发白的sterlingst:liadj.英币的；纯正的；纯银制的n.英国货币；标准纯银soldersldvi.焊接vt.焊接；使联接在一起n.焊料；接合物bluishblu:iadj.带蓝色的；有点蓝的,I.ScanthetablesagaintofindthefollowingfactsandtranslatethemintoChinese.,1.aferrousmetalusedtomakecuttingtools,2.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakepartsforelectricalfittings,3.aferrousmetalusedtomakecutleryandmedicalinstruments,铁质金属用于制造切削刀具,非铁质金属用于制作电气设备的零件,铁质金属用于制造刀叉餐具和医疗器械,I.ScanthetablesagaintofindthefollowingfactsandtranslatethemintoChinese.,4.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakeelectricalwiring.,5.ametalusedtomakemanholecovers,6.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakeaircraft,非铁质金属用于制作电线,金属用于制造检查井盖,非铁质金属用于制作飞机,IIStudythefollowingsentenceaboutaluminumandaddextrainformationtoit.,Aluminumisusedtomakeair