英语句子成分课件课件.ppt

句子成分,定义,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）表语（predicative）定语（attribute）状语(adverbial)宾语补足语(objectcomplement）同位语（appositive）,1.主语：是句子要说明的人或物，说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句皆可做主语。,1)Mr.Leeisawell-knownscientist.2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.3)Twoandtenistwelve.4)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.5)Toswiminthatpoolisagreatpleasure.6)Whatweshalldonextisnotyetdecided.,1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,2.谓语,谓语(Verb)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,3.表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be,become)之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。,1)Wangsfatherisadoctor.（名词）2)Heisalwayscareless.（形容词）3)Thebasketballmatchison.（副词）4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.（介词短语）5)Ouraimistowinmoremedals.（不定式）6)HisworkisteachingFrench.（动名词短语）7)Thequestioniswhocanreallyrepairthemachines.（从句）,4.宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.跟to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.跟for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.,(3)形式宾语：若宾语是动词不定式，动名词或从句，可用it作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其到宾补之后。,Ifounditdifficulttofinishthetaskintime.Doyouconsideritanygoodsendingmorepeoplethere?Wehavemadeitclearthatwedisagreed.,WangLinglentmeanoveltoreadinthebus.（双宾语）me间接宾语表示动作是对谁或为谁做的。anovel直接宾语表示动作的直接承受者或结果。,5.宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.,Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词作宾补）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词作宾补）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词作宾补)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语作宾补）Dontlethimdothat.（省to不定式作宾补）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式作宾补）Dontkeepthefireburning.（现在分词作宾补）Illhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词作宾补）,双宾语和宾补的区别,Hegavemeabook.(他给我一本书）在这个句子中，me作间接宾语，abook作直接宾语。如果一个句子中的某一个动词接了两个宾语，那么，指“人”的是间接宾语，指“物”的为直接宾语。而且，这两个宾语不能形成逻辑上的主谓关系，如，你不能说Iamabook.如果一个动词后所接的两个宾语能够形成逻辑上的主谓关系，则是宾语和宾补的关系。例：Weelectedhimmonitor.在这个句子中，we作主语，elected作谓语，him为宾格，作宾语，monitor作宾语的补足语，而且，此句的宾语him可以和后面的monitor构成逻辑上的主谓关系，即：heisamonitor.,七.定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）,Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词短语作定语)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词短语作定语）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词作定语）Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式作定语）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句作定语）,（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类：,1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,9.同位语是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：,Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）Weareallstudents.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）Thenewsthatwerehavingaholidaytomorrowistrue.（从句作同位语）,10.插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink/suppose/believe等，如：Tobefrank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,练习,说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分,Idontlikethepictureonthewall.Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.Hebrokeapieceofglass.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.,主,谓语,宾语,定语,主语,谓语,谓语,谓语,主,主,主,定语,宾语,宾语,状语,定语,宾语,表语,练习,（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.,S.,Attribute,O.,V,Adverbial,Attribute,V,Adverbial,6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,V,O.,Adverbial,O,O.C,Predicative,8.Icouldntunderstandwhyhehaddecidedtoretireat50.9.Iamterriblyconfusedbyallthisinformation.10.Wehadalreadyreached9000feetbythen.11.Sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights.12.IllbeabletopassmydrivingtestafterIhavehadafewlessons.13.Iloveswimming.Itkeepsmefit.14.Itisobviousthatmoneydoesntgrowontrees.,Adverbial,V.,OC,O.,O.C.,S.,O.,句子成分练习题(二)指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whetherwellgodependontheweather.2.Peoplesstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.Illreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatIdliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.,主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语,宾语,定语,定语,定语,定语,句子成份练习,1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Theteachergotveryangry.3、Theboytoldmehisstory.4、Weelectedhimourmonitor.5、Thesunkeepsuswarm.6、Itoldhimtoopenthewindow.7、Wewatchedthetrainleavingthestation.,状语,表语,间语+直宾,宾语+宾补,宾语+宾补,宾语+宾补,