英汉翻译讲义[2]彭.ppt

英汉翻译理论与实践主讲人：彭忍钢,1“翻译”古今称呼之由来。2中国历史上四次翻译高潮。佛经翻译科技翻译政文翻译马列翻译3翻译的标准。案本求信神似化境忠实，通顺4翻译的过程：正确理解-充分表达-校核翻译时译者要牢记：Themeaningofasignisdeterminedbythemeaningofothersigns*Janedoesnotworkhardbecauseshewantstoearnmoney.*Imuptomyneckinyourbullshit.*Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishunlikechargesattract.”*Thehotelchargedus480yuanforaroomandtheservicesinvolvedextracharge,butthebossinchargeofthecompanydidntbelieveinusandplannedtochargeuswithdishonesty.Wewerechargedwithangerandwantedtomakeasuddenchargeonhim.*Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.*See-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.,*ThecarinfrontofmestalledandImissedthegreen.*VietnamwashisentreetothenewAdministration,histhirdincarnationasaforeignpolicyconsultant.,8.1.2词类转换/译法A)转译成动词n,adj.adv.prep-v*Headmiresthepresidentsstateddecisiontofightforthejob.*Thesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.*Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.*TheJapanesesoldiersweremoreconcernedwithsavingtheirownlivesthanwithtakingours.*Therealvictoryisnotoveronesfellowmembersbutoveronesownbody.*Heisusingthelanguage-English,talkinginit,thinkinginitallthetime.,B)转译成名词v.adj-n*Awell-dressedman,wholookedandtalkedlikeanEnglish,gotintothetrain.,*Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.*itiswell-knownthatwesternpeoplethinkdifferentlyfromChinesepeople.*RobinHoodandhismerrymenhatedtherichandlovedandprotectedthepoor.*TheWildefamilyappeartobereligiousbutareconsideredinsincere.C)转译成形容词n.adv-adj*Whateverhappens,wearedeeplyconvincedofthecorrectnessofthisnewpolicy.*AsheisaperfectstrangerinJinan,Ihopeyouwillgivehimthenecessaryhelp.,*Whatshedidwasfavorablycommentedatthemeeting.D)转译成副词n.adjadv*Thegirlintheseatisstudyingtheboybesideherwithinterest.,*Ihavethehonortoinformyouthatyouhavebeenemployedbyus.*Thereisanincreasinginterestinthelarge-scaleuseofsolarenergyallovertheworld.练习(词义的选择，引申和褒贬以及词类转换法）*Itsnotrightforchildrentosituplate.Theplanewasrightaboveourheads.Inthenegative,rightandleft,andblackandwhitearereversed.Shetriedherbesttorightherhusbandfromthechargeofrobbery.*Theforeigntradehasrisentounprecedentedfigures.Dr.Eliotwasoneofthemostreveredfiguresintheworldoflearning.,OnthedesktherewasabronzefigureofPlato.Hesawdimfiguresmovingtowardshim.Junewasgoodatfigureskating.,*FattysRestauranthadbecomeaninstitutioninhislifeinthelastsevenyearsThewedding,whichHeywardstillrememberedwithpride,wasattendedbyWhosWhoofBostonSociety.TheinventionofmachineryhadbroughtintotheworldaneweratheIndustrialage.MoneyhadbecomeKing.*Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemanbysayinghewasthemostcourageousmanhehadeverseen.Mr.Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.,Wehavecometoknowthenameofyourfirmandtakethepleasureofaddressingthislettertoyouwiththehopeofestablishingbusinessrelationswithyou.,*Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.*Hisveryappearanceatanyaffairproclaimsitatriumph.*AviewofMt.Fujicanbeobtainedfromhere.*SheisaloverofChineseculture.*Heisnosmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.*Heshowedwithhiseyesthatheheard,butmadenosignofassentordissent.*Wedrovehomeabitaftermidnight,overtheriverandthroughthelovelyoldsleepingtown.,*Suddenly,IfeltagentletouchonmyshoulderandIturnedaround.*Thereisanincreaseindemandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcountry.,*Youcantthinkhowangryyourmotherwasatthenewsthen.*”Pleasedoletmein!Theyaresearchingforme,”hebegged.*Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics.*Thelandingisdesignedtocuttheislandintwo.*Theysignedtwoagreementsthatservedtowarmuptheatmosphereoftheirrelations.*Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthegrowthinpopulation.*Heisphysicallyweakandmentallysound.*Theeasewithwhichheliftedupthehugestonequitesurprisedus.,*Themainreasonisthegrowingcomplexityandwideningscopeofpresent-dayresearch.*Whenhecatchesaglimpseofapotentialantagonist,hisinstinctistowinhimoverwithcharmandhumor.,*Shepromptlyshepherdedthemoutofthecrowdedofficeandintotheprivacyofthelibrary.*Thesunrosethinlyfromthesea.*Areluctantinterpreterdialedthewrongphonenumber.*”Isupposeboysthinkdifferentlyfromgirls,”hesaid.*Stevensonwaseloquentandelegant,butsoft.*Atlast,hewhisperedahurriedgood-byetohishostanddartedtowardthedoor.*Yetallofhistoryhastaughtusthatthedenialoftheseultimatereasonsresultsinaparalyzingmassselfishness.,8.1.3增词法（增加原文无其形但有其义之词）*Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcertandthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcontract.,*“Itllmakeamanofhim,”saidJack.“Collegeistheplace.”*Heturnedachairaroundandstraddledit,restinghischinontheback.*Heateanddrank,forhewasexhausted.*Anewkindofaircraftsmall,cheap,pilotlessisattractingincreasingattention.*Afterallpreparationsweremade,theplanewereflownacrosstheU.S.toSanFrancisco.*Heallowedthefathertobeoverruledbythejudge,anddeclaredhisownsonguilty.*Flowersbloomallovertheyard.*Thelionisthekingofanimals.,*Astreamwaswildingitswaythroughthevalleyintothesea.*Nowthatyouaretired,letshavearest.*Thateveningtheydressedthemselvesandwenttothecinema.,*Theeyeswerethesamecolorasthesea,cheerfulandundefeated.*Watchyourstep,itisabitdarkdownhere.*Itwasdarkeningandthestreettensionwasontherise.（正，在，着,渐渐）*Theoldmanhadtaughttheboytofishandtheboylovedhim.（曾，已经，过，了，原来）*Theysayhisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.（过去，以前，曾经）*Theprofessorwhomwearegoingtovisitisfamousbothathomeandabroad.（将，要，会，就，便）,*Thefinishedproductsmustbecarefullyexaminedbeforedelivery.（加以，被，由，使，受到，得到，得，为-所，予以或增加主语）*Suchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithconfidence.,*InApril,therewasthe“ping”heardaroundtheworld.InJuly,theping“ponged”.*Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers,artificialsatellitesandrockets.*Itisbettertobewisebythedefeatofothersthanbyyourown.*Theplanwithallitsdisadvantagesisconsideredtobeoneofthebest.*Wedidntadmitit(escape)wasimpossible.Tobesowouldhavebeentosurrenderoneofourfewhopes.*Hesteppedtotheplatformandpaused:alittledingystation,asmallcrowdoftravelers.*Hewantedtosendthemmoreaid,moreweaponsandafewmoremen.,*IknowyouhatemeandIhateyou,wehadbetterpartrightnow.*Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.*greatcontributions*prosperity*streetgossip*rumours,8.1.4减词法/省略法（删减一些可有可无或有了反而累赘的词，译文无其词有其意）*Hewasthinandhaggardandhelookedmiserable.*Weliveandlearn.*Shelaidherhandlightlyonhisarmasiftothankhimforit.*PeterhasalwaysenjoyedclaimingthatitwasheandnotGeorge,whowasthefirsttoreachthesummitofthemountain.*Helookedgloomyandtroubled.*Becausethedeparturewasnoteasy,wemadeitbrief.*Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind？.,*Herosegloomilyasthetrainstopped,forhewasthinkingofhisailingmother.*Heisnotaprofessor.,*Nowcomplaintsareheardinallpartsofthatcountry.*Therewasnosnow,theleavesweregonefromthetrees,andthegrasswasdead.8.I.5正反互译法（保证语义明确，加强修辞效果和符合汉语表达习惯）*Suchachancewasdeniedme.*Wemaysafelysayso.*Theexplanationisprettythin.*IwillnotgounlessIhearfromyou.*Thisfailurewasthemakingofhim.,*Webelievethattheyoungergenerationwillproveworthyofourtrust.*Myguessisasgoodasyours.以上是正-反,*Thedoubtwasstillunsolvedafterhisrepeatedexplanations.*Hecarelesslyglancedthroughthenoteandgotaway.*Allthearticlesareuntouchableinthemuseum.*Hemanifestedastrongdislikeforhisfathersbusiness.*Dontlosetimeinpostingthisletter.*Suchflightscouldntlongescapenotice.以上是反-正练习：（正反互译法）Herhandwasunderneath,andhekepthisclasponitamomentlongerthannecessary.,*Marylayawakealmostthewholenight.*Givemelibertyorgivemedeath.*Weneverknowtheworthofwatertillthewellisdry.,*ThestudentshesitatewhenconfrontedwiththevastuntouchedareaofEnglishvocabularyandusagewhichfallsoutsidethescopeofbasictextbooks.*Ifhehadkepthistemper,thenegotiationwouldprobablyhavebeenasuccess.*Whenwereadwemayvisitthemostbeautifulpartsoftheearth,withoutfatigue,inconvenience,orexpense.*Theyweresuspiciousandresentfuloftheirparents.*Ourpeoplearefearlessanddependablepeople.*Thenextspeciesofintelligentlifeontheearthwillbeacreaturelikeourselvesbutwithaverybigheadandweakmuscles.,*Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.*Firstcatchyourhareandthencookit.*Unlessitgoeshandinhandwithscience,democracywillhavenofuture.,*ForthreeyearswehadneverspentHalloweenwithoutFathergettinghisnosebroken.ThisexperiencetookthefunoutofHalloweenpartiesinourfamily.Ofcourse,peoplesaidthatthingsalwaysgobythrees,sotherewasnochanceofitshappeningagain.Butalas!WhenFatherjumpedoutofbedandstartedintothehalltoanswerthetelephone,heranslamintothepartlyopendoor,andbrokehisnoseforthefourthtime,andtodayisHalloween.再练习练习增词法和省略法？*Decisivenessandperseverancearekeysforpeopletosucceedinbusiness.,*Therealreasonwhypriceswere,andstillare,toohighiscomplicated,noshortdiscussioncansatisfactorilyexplainthisproblem.,*Theairismadeupofamixtureofgases.*Therehadbeenaneaseofinternationaltension*Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;writinganexactmanHefavoredtheeffortstoimproverelationswithallpeace-lovingcountries.*Itisnotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandyourleisurewhenyoucanaffordtosupportyourself.*Ifitshouldraintomorrow,Ishallstayathome.*MostpeopleinAmerica,minoritypeopleinparticular,areconvincedthatinjusticeexistintheirpoliticalandeconomicsystems.*Pleaseinformuswhatarrangementsyouhavemadeforpayment.Shipmentwillbeeffectedimmediatelywhenwehaveyourreply.,请用英译汉（词语）的五种翻译技巧来翻译下列句子，长难句或短文。*Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttore-createandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.(研1999-70）,*Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.（研1999-72）*Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.（研1999-73）,*Heisthelastmantocomelate.*Heisthelastmantodoit.*heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.,*Heshouldbethelastmantoblame.*Heisthelastmantoconsult.*ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.*Heisagoodeaterandagoodsleeper.*Hewasanonsmokerandateetotaler*Heisayoungandrapidwriter.*SheisthebesthaterIveeverknown.Howshegottohatemesomuch!*Litmuspapercanbeusedasanindicatorofthepresenceornotofacidinasolution.,*TherealshockerwasthatthingsdraggedonwellbeyondthetwoweeksIhadanticipated.,*Iusedtobeabitofafanciermyself.*Thatboyisamastercomplicator.*Youreallclock-watcherstoday!*Sincehelosthisjob,hesbeenaloner.*Thecomputerisafarmorecarefulandindustriousinspectorthanhumanbeings.*Everycountryisthebestjudgeofwhatisrequiredtosafeguarditsnationalsecurity.*Hewasacleverman;apleasantcompanion;acarelessstudent;withagreatpropensityforrunningintodebt,andapartialityforthetavern.(“VanityFair”),*Itmayalsobesaidthatrational,industrious,usefulhumanbeingsaredividedintotwoclasses:first,thosewhoseworkisworkandwhosepleasureispleasure;andsecondly,those,whoseworkandpleasureareone.Ofthesetheformerarethemajority.Theyhavetheircompensations.Thelonghoursintheofficeorthefactorybringwiththemastheirreward,notonlythemeansofsustenance,butakeenappetiteforpleasureeveninitssimplestandmostmodestforms.ButFortunesfavoredchildrenbelongtothesecondclass.Theirlifeisanaturalharmony.Forthemtheworkinghoursareneverlongenough.Eachdayisaholiday.*IgavemyyouthtotheseaandIcamehomeandgavemywifemyoldage.*Manyofhisideasareespeciallyinterestingtomodernyouth.*Jackboughtasuitforone-thirdofftheregularprice.,*Informationandcommunicationarecentraltomodernsocietyandorganizations.Oneapproachtounderstandtheworkingenvironmentistoconsideranorganizationasacommunicationsystem.Anorganization,whichhasopenchannelsof,communicationwithhonest,reliableinformationgoingupanddown,willbemuchmoreeffectiveandamuchbetterplacetoworkthantheorganizationthatattemptstorestricttheflowofinformationordistortanddeceive.Whenleadershipattemptstokeepworkersinthedark,workerstendtobecomedistrustful.Thisruinstheircooperation.*Ignoringthechairofferedhim,ZhuDestoodsquarelybeforethisyouthmorethantenyearshisjuniorandinalevelvoicetoldhimwhohewas,whathehaddoneinthepast,howhehadfledfromYunnan,talkedwithSunZhongshan,beenrejectedbyChenDuxiuinShanghai,andhadcometoEuropetofindanewwayoflifeforhimselfandanewrevolutionaryroadforChina.,*It(fallacy)appliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.（研1999-75）,*Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.(研2000-71）*Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountryseconomyisdirectlyboundwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.(研2000-72）,*Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.(研2000-73),*IntheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrializationwithallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.（研2000-74）*Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovementsthemselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.（研2000-75）,8.2句子的翻译8.2.1分句/合句法*They,notsurprisingly,didnotrespondatall.*Thatregionwasthemostidentifiabletroublespot.,*Heshookhisheadandhiseyeswerewide,thennarrowedinindignation.*Shesatwithherhandscuppingherchin,staringatacornerofthelittlekitchen.*Themilitaryisforbiddentokillthevessel,arelativelyeasytask*HearrivedinWashingtonataripemomentinternationally.*Shehadmadeseveralattemptstohelpthemfindotherrentalquarterswithoutsuccess.*HisfatherhadasmallbusinessinthecityofPisa.ThiscityisinthenorthofItalynearthesea.,Whenhepraisesus,heisnotmerelybeingpolite.Thetimewas10;30,andtrafficonthestreetwaslight.8.2.2被动语态的翻译,A英被动-汉主动*Themisunderstandinghasbeencleared.*Janewasseverelyrebukedbyhermother.*Thedecisiontochallengewasnottakenlightly.*Theproblemmustbeimmediatelysolved.*Itissaid/stated/supposed/reported/claimed/announced/estimated/demonstratedthat（据.)*Itisbelieved/asserted/pointedout/regarded/wastold/generallyconsideredthat(有人，人们，我们，大家)*Itisfelt/hoped/noted/turnedout/wellknown/willbeadmittedthat,B英被动-汉被动（被给受为所)IwassoimpressedbythesewordsthatIusedthemlaterforaChristmascard.,C译成含把使由的句子*Mostlettersfromhiswife,arereadtohimbythenurseinthehospital.8.2.3名词从句的翻译（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）*Whateverhesawandheardonhistripgavehimaverydeepimpression.*Itdoesntmakemuchdifferencewhetherheattendsthemeeting.*Itisstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtoseeherownshortcomings.*IalsotoldhimhowappealingIfoundtheoffer.*Itakeitforgrantedthatyouwillcomeandtalkthematteroverwithhim.,*Anyhow,oldchap,IoweittoyouthatImhere.*Hisviewofthepresswasthatthereporterswereeitherforhimoragainsthim.,*Anobedientson,IhadacceptedmyfathersdecisionthatIwastobeadoctor,thoughtheprospectinterestedmenotatall.*Itdoesnotalterthefactthatheisthemanresponsibleforthedelay.*AccordingtoPeter,mycousin,shementionedthismatter.*IhavebeentoallthecinemasinJinan,bigorsmall.*Wetwoliketogothere.*Herson,myemployersnephew,washimselfanassistantintheshop.*Butinthreehourswereachedourdestination,Volkswagen.*Butconsideredrealistically,wehadtofacethefactthatourprospectswerelessthangood.,8.2.4定语从句的翻译A前置法（带的的定语词组）*Theoldcouplehasadaughter,whoworksinabigcompany.,*Thosewhosacrificethemselvesforthepeoplescausearetherealheroesofhistory.B后置法（定语从句过长过于复杂-后置的并列分句）*Hemadethesoundofsympathywhichcomessoreadilyfromthosewhohaveanindependentincome.*Occasionallytherewouldbethedayswhenmydepressionwoulddissipatetemporarily.C融合法（主语+定语从句=独立句子）*Thereisagirldownstairswhowantstoseeyou.*Therewillbeaspecialdiscountforanybodywhoorderstheshoesofsize36.*“Weareanationthatmustbegtostayalive,”saidaneconomist.,D转译法（转译成表原因，目的，让步，结果，条件假设等的状语从句）*Thelittleboywhowasafraidofwakinghismotherwalkedquietlyoutoftheroom.*Weknowthatacat,whoseeyescantakeinmanymoreraysoflightthanoureyes,canseeclearlyinthenight.,*Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem.*Hewishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpublicattentiontothematter.*Heinsistedonbuildinganotherhouse,whichhehadnousefor.*Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeepalivetheirfamilies.*Anyonewhothinksthatrationalknowledgeneednotbederivedfromperceptualknowledgeisanidealist.,再练习分句法/合句法/被动语态/名词从句/定语从句的译法？*TheChineseseemedjustifiablyproudoftheireconomicachievements.,*Hehadlongheldincordialcontemptbyhispeers;nowthatcontemptwasnolongercordial.*Amovieofmeleavingtheclassroomafterclasswouldlikeashellleavingarifle.*Iwasathomeinthehomeofmyteacher,movingconfidentlywithoutfear.*Energycanneitherbecreatednordestroyed,auniversallyacceptedlaw.*Butanotherroundofwarintheregionclearlywouldputstrainsoninternationalrelations.*HewantedtotellJohnhowsurprisedhewasathisknowledgebutembarrassmentmadehimholdhispeace.,*Theampleyardinbackisdominatedbyheavilybearingfruittrees.*Thatwaslongago.Averylongtimeago.Almost30yearsago.*Hewouldmissmanythingsandmanypeople.Hewouldmissme.,*Ifwedoathing,weshoulddoitwell.*ItwasanLST,anditwasalreadynearlyloadedwithtrucksandarmoredcars.*Thewholecountrywasarmedinafewdays.*Thesenseofinferioritythatheacquiredinhisyouthhasneverbeentotallyeradicated.*Hethencontinuedhiswalkdownthealley.Herbodywasfoundattheendofit.*Thefamoushotelhadbeenpracticallydestroyedbybigfire.*Itseemedinconceivablethatthepilotcouldhavesurvivedthecrash.,*ItwasobviousthatIhadbecomethepawninsomesortoftop-levelpowerplay.*IregarditanhonorthatIamchosentoattendthemeeting.,*Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.*TheyarestrivingfortheidealwhichisclosetotheheartofeveryChineseandforwhich,inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.*Thereweremeninthatcrowdwhohadstoodthereeverydayforamonth.*Therearemanypeoplewhowanttoseethefilm.*Weusedaplaneofwhichalmosteverypartcarriedsomeindicationofnationalidentity.*ButMiggleslaugh,whichwasveryinfectious,brokethesilence.*Theemphasiswasheldbythespeakerssmouth,whichwaswide,thinandhardset.*ItoldthestorytoJohn,wh