外文文献原文及译文-自动化机床

学院毕业设计外文文献原文及译文学生姓名学号系别专业指导教师年6月机械工程与自动化系机械设计制造及其自动化NUMERICALCONTROLNCISTHEGREATESTINNOVATIONINTHEACHIEVEMENTOFMACHINETOOLAUTOMATIONINMANUFACTURINGMACHINETOOLSHAVEEXPANDEDTHEIRPERFORMANCEANDABILITYSINCETHEERAOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONHOWEVERALLMACHINETOOLSWEREOPERATEDMANUALLYUNTILTHEBIRTHOFTHENCMACHINETOOLIN1952NUMERICALCONTROLENABLEDCONTROLOFTHEMOTIONANDSEQUENCEOFMACHININGOPERATIONSWITHHIGHACCURACYANDREPEATABILITYINTHE1960S,COMPUTERSADDEDEVENGREATERFLEXIBILITYANDRELIABILITYOFMACHININGOPERATIONSTHESEMACHINETOOLSWHICHHADCOMPUTERNUMERICALCONTROLWERECALLEDCNCMACHINETOOLSAMACHININGCENTER,WHICHISAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDNCMILLINGMACHINEPERFORMINGMULTIPLEMILLINGOPERATIONS,WASDEVELOPEDTOREALIZEPROCESSINTEGRATIONASWELLASMACHININGAUTOMATIONIN1958ATURNINGCENTER,WHICHISAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDNCLATHEPERFORMINGMULTIPLETURNINGOPERATIONS,WASALSODEVELOPEDTHESEMACHINETOOLSCONTRIBUTEDTOREALIZETHEFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFMS,WHICHHADBEENPROPOSEDDURINGTHEMID1960SFMSAIMSTOPERFORMAUTOMATICMACHININGOPERATIONSUNAIDEDBYHUMANOPERATORSTOMACHINEVARIOUSPARTSTHEAUTOMATICALLYPROGRAMMEDTOOLAPTISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEANDWASFIRSTUSEDTOGENERATEPARTPROGRAMSINPRODUCTIONAROUND1960THEEXTENDEDSUBSETOFAPTEXAPTWASDEVELOPEDTOADDFUNCTIONSSUCHASSETTINGOFCUTTINGCONDITIONS,SELECTIONOFCUTTINGTOOL,ANDOPERATIONPLANNINGBESIDESTHEFUNCTIONSOFAPTANOTHERPIONEERINGNCPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE,COMPACTII,WASDEVELOPEDBYMANUFACTURINGDATASYSTEMSINCMDSIIN1967TECHNOLOGIESDEVELOPEDBEYONDAPTANDEXAPTWERESUCCEEDEDBYCOMPUTERAIDEDMANUFACTURINGCAMCAMPROVIDESINTERACTIVEPARTPROGRAMMINGWITHAVISUALANDGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTANDSAVESSIGNIFICANTPROGRAMMINGTIMEANDEFFORTFORPARTPROGRAMMINGFOREXAMPLE,COMPACTIIHASEVOLVEDINTOOPENCNCSOFTWARE,WHICHENABLESINTEGRATIONOFOFFTHESHELFHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETECHNOLOGIESNCLANGUAGESHAVEALSOBEENINTEGRATEDWITHCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADANDCAMSYSTEMSINTHEPASTFIVEDECADES,NCMACHINETOOLSHAVEBECOMEMORESOPHISTICATEDTOACHIEVEHIGHERACCURACYANDFASTERMACHININGOPERATIONWITHGREATERFLEXIBILITYCERTAINLY,THECONVENTIONALNCCONTROLSYSTEMCANPERFORMSOPHISTICATEDMOTIONCONTROL,BUTNOTCUTTINGPROCESSCONTROLTHISMEANSTHATFURTHERINTELLIGENCEOFNCCONTROLSYSTEMISSTILLREQUIREDTOACHIEVEMORESOPHISTICATEDPROCESSCONTROLINTHENEARFUTURE,ALLMACHINETOOLSWILLHAVEADVANCEDFUNCTIONSFORPROCESSPLANNING,TOOLPATHGENERATION,CUTTINGPROCESSMONITORING,CUTTINGPROCESSPREDICTION,SELFMONITORING,FAILUREPREDICTION,ETCINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYITWILLBETHEKEYISSUETOREALIZETHESEADVANCEDFUNCTIONSTHEPARADIGMISEVOLVINGFROMTHECONCEPTOFAUTONOMYTOYIELDNEXTGENERATIONNCMACHINETOOLSFORSOPHISTICATEDMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSMACHINETOOLSHAVEEXPANDEDTHEIRPERFORMANCEANDABILITIESASSHOWNINFIG481THEFIRSTINNOVATIONTOOKPLACEDURINGTHEERAOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONMOSTCONVENTIONALMACHINETOOLS,SUCHASLATHESANDMILLINGMACHINES,HAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSINCETHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONHIGHSPEEDMACHINING,HIGHPRECISIONMACHINING,ANDHIGHPRODUCTIVITYHAVEBEENACHIEVEDBYTHESEMODERNMACHINETOOLSTOREALIZEMASSPRODUCTIONTHESECONDINNOVATIONWASNUMERICALCONTROLNCAPROTOTYPEMACHINEWASDEMONSTRATEDATMITIN1952THEACCURACYANDREPEATABILITYOFNCMACHINETOOLSBECAMEFARBETTERTHANTHOSEOFMANUALLYOPERATEDMACHINETOOLSNCISAKEYCONCEPTTOREALIZEPROGRAMMABLEAUTOMATIONTHEPRINCIPLEOFNCISTOCONTROLTHEMOTIONANDSEQUENCEOFMACHININGOPERATIONSCOMPUTERNUMERICALCONTROLCNCWASINTRODUCED,ANDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYREPLACEDTHEHARDWARECONTROLCIRCUITBOARDSONNC,GREATLYINCREASINGTHERELIABILITYANDFUNCTIONALITYOFNCTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFUNCTIONALITYTOBEREALIZEDWASADAPTIVECONTROLACINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPRODUCTIVITYOFTHEMACHININGPROCESSANDTHEQUALITYOFMACHINEDSURFACES,SEVERALACSYSTEMSFORREALTIMEADJUSTMENTOFCUTTINGPARAMETERSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDDEVELOPED481ASMENTIONEDABOVE,MACHINETOOLSHAVEEVOLVEDTHROUGHADVANCESINHARDWAREANDCONTROLTECHNOLOGIESHOWEVER,THEMACHININGOPERATIONSAREFULLYDOMINATEDBYTHEPREDETERMINEDNCCOMMANDS,ANDCONVENTIONALMACHINETOOLSARENOTGENERALLYALLOWEDTOCHANGETHEMACHININGSEQUENCEORTHECUTTINGCONDITIONSDURINGMACHININGOPERATIONSTHISMEANSTHATCONVENTIONALNCMACHINETOOLSAREALLOWEDTOPERFORMONLYAUTOMATICMACHININGOPERATIONSTHATAREPREINSTRUCTEDBYNCPROGRAMSINORDERTOREALIZEANINTELLIGENTMACHINETOOLFORTHEFUTURE,SOMEINNOVATIVETECHNICALBREAKTHROUGHSAREREQUIREDANINTELLIGENTMACHINETOOLSHOULDBEGOODATLEARNING,UNDERSTANDING,ANDTHINKINGINALOGICALWAYABOUTTHECUTTINGPROCESSANDMACHININGOPERATION,ANDNONCCOMMANDSWILLBEREQUIREDTOINSTRUCTMACHININGOPERATIONSASANINTELLIGENTMACHINETOOLTHINKSABOUTMACHININGOPERATIONS,ANDADAPTSTHECUTTINGPROCESSESITSELFTHISMEANSTHATANINTELLIGENTMACHINETOOLCANPERFORMAUTONOMOUSOPERATIONSTHATAREINSTRUCTEDBYINPROCESSPLANNINGMADEBYTHETOOLITSELFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYITWILLBETHEKEYISSUETOREALIZETHISTHIRDINNOVATION481THEADVENTOFTHENCMACHINETOOL4811FROMHANDTOOLTOPOWEREDMACHINEITISWELLKNOWNTHATJOHNWILKINSONSBORINGMACHINEFIG482WASABLETOMACHINEAHIGHACCURACYCYLINDERTOBUILDWATTSSTEAMENGINETHEPERFORMANCEOFSTEAMENGINESWASIMPROVEDDRASTICALLYBYTHEHIGHACCURACYCYLINDERWITHTHESPREADOFSTEAMENGINES,MACHINETOOLSCHANGEDFROMHANDTOOLSTOPOWEREDMACHINES,ANDMETALCUTTINGBECAMEWIDESPREADTOACHIEVEMODERNINDUSTRIALIZATIONDURINGTHEERAOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,MOSTCONVENTIONALMACHINETOOLS,SUCHASLATHESANDMILLINGMACHINES,WEREDEVELOPEDMAUDSLEYSSCREWCUTTINGLATHEWITHMECHANIZEDTOOLCARRIAGEFIG483WASAGREATINVENTIONWHICHWASABLETOMACHINEHIGHACCURACYSCREWTHREADSTHESCREWCUTTINGLATHEWASDEVELOPEDTOMACHINESCREWTHREADSACCURATELYHOWEVERTHEMECHANICALTOOLCARRIAGEEQUIPPEDWITHASCREWALLOWEDPRECISEREPETITIONOFMACHINEDSHAPESPRECISEREPETITIONOFMACHINEDSHAPEISANIMPORTANTREQUIREMENTTOPRODUCEMANYOFTHECOMPONENTPARTSFORMASSPRODUCTIONTHEREFORE,MAUDSLEYSSCREWCUTTINGLATHEBECAMEAPROTOTYPEOFLATHESWHITNEYSMILLINGMACHINEFIG484ISBELIEVEDTOBETHEFIRSTSUCCESSFULMILLINGMACHINEUSEDFORCUTTINGPLANEOFMETALPARTSHOWEVER,ITAPPEARSTHATWHITNEYSMILLINGMACHINEWASMADEAFTERWHITNEYSDEATHWHITNEYSMILLINGMACHINEWASDESIGNEDTOMANUFACTUREINTERCHANGEABLEMUSKETPARTSINTERCHANGEABLEPARTSREQUIREHIGHPRECISIONMACHINETOOLSTOMAKEEXACTSHAPESFITCHSTURRETLATHEFIG485WASTHEFIRSTAUTOMATICTURRETLATHETURRETLATHESWEREUSEDTOPRODUCECOMPLEXSHAPEDCYLINDRICALPARTSTHATREQUIREDSEVERALOPERATINGSEQUENCESANDTOOLSALSO,TURRETLATHESCANPERFORMAUTOMATICMACHININGWITHASINGLESETUPANDCANACHIEVEHIGHPRODUCTIVITYHIGHPRODUCTIVITYISANIMPORTANTREQUIREMENTTOPRODUCEMANYOFTHECOMPONENTPARTSFORMASSPRODUCTIONASMENTIONEDABOVE,THEMOSTIMPORTANTMODERNMACHINETOOLSREQUIREDTOREALIZEMASSPRODUCTIONWEREDEVELOPEDDURINGTHEERAOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONALSOHIGHSPEEDMACHINING,HIGHPRECISIONMACHINING,ANDHIGHPRODUCTIVITYHADBEENACHIEVEDBYTHESEMODERNMACHINETOOLS4812COPYMILLINGMACHINEACOPYMILLINGMACHINE,ALSOCALLEDATRACERMILLINGMACHINEORAPROFILINGMILLINGMACHINE,CANDUPLICATEFREEFORMGEOMETRYREPRESENTEDBYAMASTERMODELFORMAKINGMOLDS,DIES,ANDOTHERSHAPEDCAVITIESANDFORMSAPROVETRACINGTHEMODELCONTOURISCONTROLLEDTOFOLLOWATHREEDIMENSIONALMASTERMODEL,ANDTHECUTTINGTOOLFOLLOWSTHEPATHTAKENBYTHETRACERTOMACHINETHEDESIREDSHAPEUSUALLY,ATRACINGPROVEISFEDBYAHUMANOPERATOR,ANDTHEMOTIONOFTHETRACERISCONVERTEDTOTHEMOTIONOFTHETOOLBYHYDRAULICORELECTRONICMECHANISMSTHEMOTIONINFIG486SHOWSANEXAMPLEOFCOPYMILLINGINTHISCASE,THREESPINDLEHEADSORTHREECUTTINGTOOLSFOLLOWTHEPATHTAKENBYTHETRACERSIMULTANEOUSLYINSOMECOPYMILLINGMACHINESTHERATIOBETWEENTHEMOTIONOFTHETRACERANDTHECUTTINGTOOLCANBECHANGEDTOMACHINESHAPESTHATARESIMILARTOTHEMASTERMODELCOPYMILLINGMACHINESWEREWIDELYUSEDTOMACHINEMOLDSANDDIESWHICHWEREDIFFICULTTOGENERATEWITHSIMPLETOOLPATHS,UNTILCAD/CAMSYSTEMSBECAMEWIDESPREADTOGENERATENCPROGRAMSFREELYFORMACHININGTHREEDIMENSIONALFREEFORMSHAPES4813NCMACHINETOOLSTHEFIRSTPROTOTYPENCMACHINETOOL,SHOWNINFIG487,WASDEMONSTRATEDATTHEMITIN1952THENAMENUMERICALCONTROLWASGIVENTOTHEMACHINETOOL,ASITWASCONTROLLEDNUMERICALLYITISWELLKNOWNTHATNUMERICALCONTROLWASREQUIREDTODEVELOPMOREEFFICIENTMANUFACTURINGMETHODSFORMODERNAIRCRAFT,ASAIRCRAFTCOMPONENTSBECAMEMORECOMPLEXANDREQUIREDMOREMACHININGTHEACCURACY,REPEATABILITY,ANDPRODUCTIVITYOFNCMACHINETOOLSBECAMEFARBETTERTHANTHOSEOFMACHINETOOLSOPERATEDMANUALLYTHECONCEPTOFNUMERICALCONTROLISVERYIMPORTANTANDINNOVATIVEFORPROGRAMMABLEAUTOMATION,INWHICHTHEMOTIONSOFMACHINETOOLSARECONTROLLEDORINSTRUCTEDBYAPROGRAMCONTAININGCODEDALPHANUMERICDATAACCORDINGTOTHECONCEPTOFNUMERICALCONTROL,MACHININGOPERATIONBECOMESPROGRAMMABLEANDMACHININGSHAPEISCHANGEABLETHECONCEPTOFTHEFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFMSMENTIONEDLATERREQUIREDTHEPRIORDEVELOPMENTOFNUMERICALCONTROLAPROGRAMTOCONTROLNCMACHINETOOLSISCALLEDAPARTPROGRAM,ANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFAPARTPROGRAMWASRECOGNIZEDFROMTHEBEGINNINGOFNCMACHINETOOLSINPARTICULAR,THEDEFINITIONFORMACHININGSHAPESOFMORECOMPLEXPARTSISDIFFICULTBYMANUALOPERATIONTHEREFORE,APARTPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE,APT,WASDEVELOPEDATMITTOREALIZECOMPUTERASSISTEDPARTPROGRAMMINGRECENTLY,CNCHASBECOMEWIDESPREAD,ANDINMOSTCASESTHETERMNCISUSEDSYNONYMOUSLYWITHCNCORIGINALLY,CNCCORRESPONDEDTOANNCSYSTEMOPERATEDBYANINTERNALCOMPUTER,WHICHREALIZEDSTORAGEOFPARTPROGRAMS,EDITINGOFPARTPROGRAMS,MANUALDATAINPUTMDI,ANDSOONTHELATESTCNCTOOLSALLOWGENERATIONOFAPARTPROGRAMINTERACTIVELYBYAMACHINEOPERATOR,ANDAVOIDMACHINECRASHCAUSEDBYAMISSINGPARTPROGRAMHIGHSPEEDANDHIGHACCURACYCONTROLOFMACHINETOOLSTOREALIZEHIGHLYAUTOMATEDMACHININGOPERATIONREQUIRESTHELATESTCENTRALPROCESSINGUNITCPUTOPERFORMHIGHSPEEDDATAPROCESSINGFORSEVERALFUNCTIONS自动化机床在自动化机床工业的成就中，数控（NC）是最伟大的创新。自工业革命以后，机床的性能和能力得到提升，然而在1952年数控机床诞生之前，所有的机床都是手工操作的。数控技术能够根据指令控制机床，并且高精度、可重复地连续加工操作。在20世纪60年代，计算机的介入增大了加工操作的灵活性和可靠性。这些通过计算机数字控制的机床称作CNC机床。加工中心是可执行并联铣削加工的高自动化数控铣床。如同1958年自动化加工一样，在并联加工中是先进的。车削加工中心是可执行并联车削加工的高自动化数控车床，也是先进的。这些机床有助于实现柔性制造系统（FMS），这在20世纪60年代中期被提出。FMS的目标是机器的各个部分在操作者的控制下独立地自动执行加工操作。自动编程工具ATP中编程语言是计算机辅助最重要的部分，约1960年第一次被用来在生产中生成部分加工程序。精确自动编程工具EXAPT被开发来添加功能,如设置切削条件,选择切削工具,和自动编程工具之外的操作规划功能。另一个开创性的数控编程语言COMPACTII,是在1967年由生产数据系统有限公司MDSI创造的。技术开发和EXAPT之外是接替APT制造。计算机辅助制造为零件编程提供了一个交互式的视觉和图形环境,为零件编程节省大量编程时间和精力。例如,COMPACTII已经演变成开放式数控软件,这使得实现软硬件集成技术成为可能。数控语言也已经集成了计算机辅助设计CAD和CAM系统。在过去的五十年,数控机床已变得更加成熟达到更高精度、更快的加工操作和更大的灵活性。当然,传统的数控控制系统可以执行复杂的运动控制,但不是切削过程控制。这意味着未来的智能数控控制系统仍然需要实现更复杂的过程控制。在不久的将来,所有的机床将具有工艺规划、生成刀具轨迹、切削过程监控、切削过程预测、自我监控、故障预测等高级功能。信息技术IT将成为实现这些高级功能的关键问题。范式正在从自治的概念产生新一代数控机床对复杂的制造系统。机床的性能和能力已经扩展，如图481。第一个创新发生在工业革命的时代。工业革命开发了最传统的机床,如车床,铣床。这些现代机床具备高速加工,高精加工和高生产率，实现了大规模生产。第二个创新是数控NC。1952年在麻省理工学院展示了一个原型机。数控机床的准确性和可重复性比人工操作机床更好。数控是实现可编程自动化的一个关键概念,。数控原理是控制加工操作的移动和顺序。计算机数控CNC,介绍了计算机技术代替了数控电路板硬件控制,大大提高了可靠性和功能的数控。最重要的功能实现是自适应控制AC。为了提高生产率的电子束加工过程和加工表面的质量,几个实时调整切削参数自适应系统已经提出和发展481。正如上面提到的,机床已经通过硬件和控制技术逐步提升。然而,加工操作完全由预定的数控指令控制,在加工操作过程中传统的机床一般不允许更改加工序列或切削条件。这意味着,传统的数控机床是只允许通过数控程序的前指示执行自动加工操作。在未来为了实现机床智能化,必需有一些技术的创新、突破。智能机床应该善于对切削过程和加工操作进行学习、理解和逻辑思维,在没有数控指令指导加工操作的情况下，智能机床自动加工操作和思考适应切削过程。这意味着智能机床可以由该机床本身自主规划、执行操作指示进程。信息技术IT将成为实现这第三个创新的关键问题。481数控机床问世4811从手工工具到动力机械这是众所周知的，约翰威尔金森的镗床（图482）能够高精确度的运作制造瓦特的蒸汽引擎。蒸汽机性能的大幅提高是由气缸精度决定的。机床与蒸汽机的传播，实现了从手工加工到机械动力的改变，实现现代工业化使金属切削成为普遍现象。在工业革命的时代，大多数传统的机床如车床，铣床得到了开发。图482约翰威尔金森的镗床1775图483莫兹利的机械化工具螺丝切削车床1800莫兹利的机械刀架螺纹切削车床（图483）是一个伟大的发明，能够生产高精度螺纹。要提高螺纹车床螺纹的准确度，需要配备一种机械工具，来