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1、英汉互译(二,重庆师范大学外国语学院 余泽梅 http:/,What do you think,Language is from communication, in communication and for communication,Last Semester: 四、课程的基本内容 课程几大板块: 概论: 英汉语言对比 英汉互译技巧 汉英翻译步骤 提高篇 实用文体的翻译,In this semester,Basic Skills: Betterment: (Esp. C-E translation) Practical translations: Listening: Translatin
2、g: a lot Discussing,板块三:翻译技巧,Why this chapter,Translationese 翻译腔/翻译症 英译汉:欧化句子(Engnese) 汉译英:中式英语(Chinglish,中式英语之鉴十分系统地探讨了中式英语这一非常普遍的现象。作者琼平卡姆是美国人,毕生人事翻译工作。她曾先后在外文出版社和中央编译工作过8年,专门给中国翻译工作者翻译的英译文作修改和润色。8年中她积累了大量的典型中式英语实例,她根据这些例子把中式英语的具体表现科学地加以分门别类。 另:百度文库: 中式英语之鉴100句 http:/,Reasons for Translationese,A
3、simple example,文章标题: Improve Your Study Habits 改进你的学习习惯翻译腔 中文一般说: 改变习惯 养成习惯 改进方法 改译: 改进你的学习方法 养成良好的学习习惯 这里涉及到遣词的技巧问题,The report noted proposals that eating less fat and more food with whole grain and other fibers can protect against cancers. 这份报告特别提到了少食脂肪,多吃含全面粉和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。 这份报告特别提到,有人建议少吃脂肪
4、,多吃全粮食物和其他含纤维素的食物,能预防癌症。 关键对proposal的处理 这里涉及到改变词性的技巧 。故本课程的技巧篇,回顾:Are Books an Endangered Species,In the house where I grew up, we had a room we called the library. It wasnt a real library, of course, it was just a small den dominated by a television set. But there were bookshelves built into all fo
5、ur walls, and hundreds of books-hardback books with spines of many colors-surrounded us in that room. The books, collected by my parents and grandparents throughout their lifetimes, were a part of my childhood,书籍是即将灭绝的物种吗,在我成长的房子里有一间屋子 ,我们把它称作图书馆。当然,那不是个真正的图书馆,它仅仅是由电视机占据了主要位置的一间书斋。但是它四面墙上全部装修了嵌入式书架,
6、上面摆了数百本书籍那些精装本的书脊呈现着各种颜色,它们在那间屋里把我们团团围住。这些书是我父母和祖父母花了毕生的精力收集来的,它们成为我童年的一部分,书籍即将绝迹灭绝吗,在我成长的房子里有一个房间,我们把它称作书房。当然,那不是真正意义上的书房,只不过是电视机占据了主要位置的小房间而已,但是四面墙上全部是嵌入式书架,上面立着好几百本精装书,书脊五颜六色,把我们团团围住。这些书是我父辈和祖辈毕生的收藏,是我童年的一部分,My generation-the generation that came of age in the 1950s and 1960s-may be the last one
7、to know that feeling, the feeling of being surrounded by millions of words; those words were the products of years of work by authors famous and obscure. For now in the midst of the 1970s, we are seeing a subtle but unmistakable turning away from such things. The houses of America, I fear, may soon
8、include no room for libraries. The hardcover book-that symbol of the permanence of thought, the handing down of wisdom from one age to the next-may be a new addition to our list of endangered species,我这一代人即20世纪50和60年代成年的人可能是了解这种心情的最后一代人了,那种被上百万文字环绕着的感觉;那些文字是历代知名的和默默无闻的作家们的产品。当前,在20世纪70年代中期,我们正目睹一个不易
9、察觉却毫无疑问存在的慢慢背离书籍这类事物的倾向。恐怕美国的家庭很快就不会再留出房间做图书馆了。精装的图书那思想永驻的象征,那从一个时代向下一个时代传留的智慧可以作为我们即将灭绝的物种名单上的一项新的补充,我这一代成长于20世纪五、六十年代的人,或许是最后一批了解这种心情的人了,那种被成百上千万的文字环绕着的感觉;这些文字是历代知名或无名作家的结晶。而在当前的七十年代,(我们发现)人们正在慢慢远离书籍这类事物,这种倾向不易察觉,但毫无疑问存在着。我担心美国的家庭说不定很快就会没有专门的书房了。精装图书,象征着永恒的思想(思想的永恒),将智慧代代相传,却可能即将成为我们濒危物种名单上的新成员了,名
10、家翻译欣赏,要消灭翻译腔,必须提高技能意识 了解基本翻译技巧,并加以强化内化 So Here We Go,基本翻译技巧有哪些,1 谴词 2 词类转换 3 省略 4 增益 5 重复/避免重复 6 正反表达法 7 分句与合句,遣词-Diction(choice of words,遣词用字是一种翻译技巧,也是译者最重要的基本功,在翻译的整个过程中都需要我们对译文的字词取舍做出正确的判断,形成通顺的文字。 Principles(英译汉): 根据上下文准确判断词义 符合汉语的搭配习惯 分清词义的褒贬 注意文体色彩 讲究词的精炼 挑选适当的字作主语,根据上下文准确判断词义 short I have a s
11、hort memory. 我记性不好。 Indeed he has a short temper. 急性子 He complained that the notice was too short. 他抱怨说通知太仓促了,We might have gone about half a mile, and my pocket-handkerchief was quite wet through, when the carrier stopped short. 我们走了大约半英里路,我的小手巾全湿透了,这时,马车突然停了下来,Story,1 事件、事情、情况、情形等 This war is beco
12、ming the most important story of this generation. It is quite another story now. 2 报道、消息、电讯等 Last December, the Post first reported probes were being made in wade of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. 3 内情、内容、真相等 Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the st
13、ory,4 传说、说法等 Hell be very happy if that story holds up. 5 热门、有意的渲染、谎言等 The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television. 6 身世、遭遇等 The Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest. 7 情节、案情等 young man came to Scottis office with a story.,Heavy: a heavy box 很重的箱子 a h
14、eavy rain 一场大雨 heavy clouds 乌云密布 heavy traffic 拥堵的交通 a heavy smoker烟鬼 a heavy purse makes a light heart 钱财多,就会心情轻松 a heavy sea 波涛汹涌的大海,rain clouds crops wine news road sea heart fire smoker bread wire load storm traffic,heavy,knife rebuke sword work temper boy Pin trader Angle ears edge turn peak fl
15、avor words smell feature nose curve watch cry voice desire pain,sharp,符合汉语的搭配习惯 to read a map; to kick the habit; talk horse; lead a dogs life 查地图 /读地图 改掉习惯/ 踢去习惯 吹牛 吹/谈马 过着牛马不如unhappy的生活 /过着狗一样的生活,Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer. 一些美国人越过国境线,
16、只是为了吃点可口的墨西哥食物,喝点墨西哥啤酒。 In many Chinese cities, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theaters, and restaurants. 在中国,我们每到一个城市,就逛大街,逛商店,逛公园,上剧场,下饭馆,We had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale. 我们曾希望大规模发展旅游业。 Botanists have succeeded in developing many new plants. 植物学家成功地培育出了许多植物新品种。 The
17、photographer develops all his films. 那位摄影师所有胶卷都自己冲洗。 Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来。 Id like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point. 在讲下一点之前,我想把这一概念阐述得更加充分一些。 The council are planning to develop the area to the west of
18、 the town center. 市政议会计划开发市中心以西的地区,注:动宾结构的翻译 develop tourism 发展旅游业(顺译) develop many new plants 培育了许多植物的新品种(顺译) develop the area to the west of the town center 开发市中心以西的地区(顺译) develop all his films 所有胶卷都自己冲洗(逆译) develop this idea a little more fully把这一概念阐述的更加充分一些(译成把字句,分清词义的褒贬 I dont trust him. Hes al
19、ways on the make and his artificial smiles make me sick. 我不相信他,他总是假心假意,那副矫揉造作的笑容使我作呕。 He was a man of high renown. 他是个很有名望的人。 臭名远扬:notorious,Throughout that period we and other countries of Western Europe have survived and prospered to a large extent thanks to the help and protection of the United S
20、tates. 在整个时期内,基本上多亏美国的帮助和保护,我们和其他西欧国家才得以免于遭难并获繁荣。 或:在整个时期内,我们和其他西欧国家能够免遭灾难并获繁荣,在很大程度上要归功于美国的帮助和保护,Thus, in the Far East, thanks to the Japanese fascist imperialists, there also arose the first seat of war. 这样,由于日本法西斯帝国主义的作祟,就在远东形成了第一个战争策源地,注意文体色彩 “I kept it from her after I heard on it,” said Mr. Pe
21、ggotty, “going on nigh a year. We was living then in a solitary place, but among the beautifulest trees,” “起那时俺听了消息后,”辟果提先生说,“瞒着她快一年了。俺们那时呆的地方挺背,前后八方的树林子说不出的漂亮,大火烧了毛毛虫 A big fire burns a caterpillar hairy worm,讲究词的精炼 delicate fragrance; penetrating eyes; careless grace 幽香 慧眼 潇洒,Studies serve for del
22、ight, for ornament and for ability. 读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才,挑选适当的字作主语 His addition completed the list. 把他添上,名单就完备了。 My name is nobody. 我是一个无名小卒。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,他不能访问一些国家,American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson . 托马斯 杰佛逊对美国的教育事业 作出了巨大贡献,较难
23、-暂略,Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and th
24、roughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooper
25、ation,信息和沟通对现代社会及机构来说非常重要。了解工作氛围的一个方法是,将机构看成沟通系统。相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息、欺骗员工的机构,这样的机构工作效率更高,去它那里工作也更好。在这种机构里,可以用有效诚实的信息在整个机构内部自由地交流。若领导试图将员工蒙在鼓里,员工就会变得不信任领导。这损害了他们之间的合作。 (红色部分如何翻译更好?distort and deceive的宾语分别是什么,Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach
26、 to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. 信息和沟通对现代社会及机构来说非常重要。了解工作氛围的一个方法是,将机构看成沟通系统。 对于现代社会和机构来说,信息和沟通是非常重要的。要了解员工的工作氛围,其方法之一就是将机构看作沟通系统,An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and th
27、roughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. 相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息、欺骗员工的机构,这样的机构工作效率更高,去它那里工作也更好。在这种机构里,可以用有效诚实的信息在整个机构内部自由地交流。 相对于那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息欺骗员工的机构,某个机构如果有开
28、放的信息流通渠道,且信息是有效而可信的,那么这个机构的工作效率就会更高,更适合工作。 与那些试图限制信息流通,甚至扭曲信息欺骗员工的机构相比,某个机构如果有开放的沟通渠道,信息的流通也有效可信,那么该机构就会有更高的工作效率,更适合员工工作,When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooperation. 若领导试图将员工蒙在鼓里,员工就会变得不信任领导。这损害了他们之间的合作。 一旦领导试图将员工蒙在鼓里,员工
29、就会变得不信任,这势必损害他们之间的合作,It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are able to function in this manner. In the long run, poor communication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distortin
30、g information are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, shortsighted traps and constantly strive for an open communications system with objective information,很容易了解开放、诚实的交流及有效的信息的价值和重要性。然而,很少有机构能够这样做。从长远看来,沟通不良会损害整个机构。限制沟通和扭曲信息都是思想狭隘的表现。我们必须避免这些愚蠢的、鼠目寸光的做法,坚定不移地为建立使用客观信息的沟通系统而
31、努力。 理解沟通开放诚实、信息有效的价值和重要性其实很容易,但是很少有机构能做到这个样子。从长远来看,沟通不畅会毁了整个机构,限制沟通、扭曲信息都是思想狭隘的表现,我们必须避免这些鼠目寸光的愚蠢做法,致力于建立信息客观而开放的沟通体系,谴词(汉译英,1.根据上下文正确理解原文的词义 2.注意词的搭配 3.注意逻辑顺序 4.注意辨析词义:(很难,积累词汇量辨析同义词、近义词词典) 词汇的广义、狭义之分 注意词义的强弱轻重 注意具体、准确 注意范围的大小 用词注意褒贬和语体色彩,根据上下文正确理解原文的词义,翻译中用词要忠于原文,不能凭“大概,差不多”,这就要求真正弄懂汉语的意思和所用英文词汇的真
32、正准确含义。 他讲授英国诗,举例诗人作品,脱口而出,不假思索, Without thinking-乱说? Without much thinking/without hesitation/readily,如“情况”一词的基本意义与英文的circumstances, situation, condition 等词相近,但究竟该如何译还需根据上下文来决定。 前面有情况,做好战斗准备。 There is enemy activity ahead. Get ready for combat. 现在情况不同了。 Now things are different,Big Things Are Coming
33、,好戏就要上场了!巨献奇迹,大赛来袭!大难临头 好戏即将上场/精彩即将呈现,卫生”搭配不同,英语也不同 个人卫生: personal hygiene 公共卫生: public health 环境卫生: environmental sanitation,水平: 提高生活水平: upgrade the living standard 提高文化水平: raise the intellectual level ( of people) 提高会话水平: improve ones conversational ability 提高英语水平: improve ones English,各级领导干部必需提高领
34、导水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. (领导水平实际上指领导能力、领导艺术,故译作art of leadership) 要奋发图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。 We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army. (本句“水平”指高度,译作height, 和动词的搭配也比较顺。,她的英语水平比我的高。 The level of his English is high
35、er than that of mine. He knows more English than me.(“水平”一词未译出,但已经含在句子中。,历史:在汉语里,“历史”的用途很广,译成英语,就要根据不同的语境选择词语,未必都译成history。 隐瞒历史: conceal ones past record 干部的全部历史: a cadres life as a whole 历史上犯过的错误: mistakes formerly committed,从他注意研究中国历史情况和当前社会情况方面,知道他是很谦虚的。 From the way he applied himself to the st
36、udy both of Chinas past and present, I know he was a man with a receptive mind. 我们必需研究中国的历史情况和当前的社会状况。 We must apply ourselves to the study of both Chinas past and present,现在大多数的私人企业只有十多年的历史,我们就要求它们那么好,这是不合理的。 As most of our private enterprises are only a little over 10 years old, it would be unreas
37、onable to ask too much of them. 这家工厂只有几年的历史,可是产品已经进入国际市场。 The factory was set up only a few years ago, yet its products have found their way into the international market. 本句无非说“才建几年”,不可译成a history of only a few years,搞改革,总难免要犯一些错误,这是历史经验证明了的。 Mistakes are unavoidable in carrying out reforms, as pas
38、t experience has proved. 我们应当从这里得出一条经验,就是不要被假象所迷惑。 We should draw a lesson from here: Do not be misled by false appearances. (经验:experience (knowledge or skill acquired from seeing or doing sth),本处的(“经验”不是成功的经验,而是从错误或失败中得出的经验,应为“教训”,故lesson,在谈话中,他涉及的是一些严肃的问题,诸如国有企业的改革,快速膨胀的政府机构。 In his talk, he tack
39、led serious subjects, like the reform of state-owned enterprises and the growing bureaucracy. (问题话题,注意词的搭配,在许多场合,汉语中词与词之间不会发生搭配不当的情况,可是,到了英语里却行不通,这时就要换词。不要对字进行死译,要考虑英文的真正含义以及词的搭配,否则读者会读不懂译文的。 如:“省吃俭用” save food and expenses X live frugally save food:指把食物放起来, “浓茶” strong tea thick tea X,词的搭配可谓翻译的难点之一
40、,也是最容易出现问题的地方之一。学习和掌握词的搭配是翻译的基本技巧。汉语中一个词语的外延意思很广,翻译时要根据不同的意思选择不同的英语词语,战火扩大: the flames of war expand (应为spread) 实现自给自足: achieve self-sufficiency (应为reach) 学习知识: Learn/study knowledge (应为acquire/obtain) 教知识 teach knowledge 我们应当教大学生一点美国历史知识。 We must teach them a little knowledge of American history. W
41、e must teach them some American history,违反他的意图: violate his intention (应为go against ) 严密控制: close control (应为strict /rigid)强硬政策: strong policy (应为tough) 啊,好票! Ah, good tickets(票的纸张质量好)/Ah, good seats! 西方舆论纷纷猜测: The public opinion in the West predicts one after another 应为The Western press has much to
42、 say in prediction,略,我们尽管刚刚踏上阳光之州昆士兰的土地,却已经深深感受到了主人的诚挚深厚的友谊。 Although we have just set foot on the land of Queensland,the Sunshine State,we have already deeply felt the hosts sincere and profound friendship Feel跟宾语时是指用手可以直接触摸到的印象,而“friendship”是抽象的东西,两者搭配不当,可以考虑译成: feel your love? we have been deeply
43、 touched by the hosts friendly sentiments,我们广泛地接触了工商界人士。 We have widely met with people from the business community “meet”这种词常常指的是一次性动作,与搭配widely不当,但与frequently倒可以搭配,因此,可以改译成: We have had extensive contacts with people from the business community,如果处理不当,就很容易动摇我们的方针,影响改革的全局。 If the problems are not h
44、andled properly, our policies could be undermined and reforms affected. (动摇我们的方针 shake our policies policy 是抽象的,不能shake,应用undermine,搭配不当是逻辑上的问题,但大多数还是语言习惯的问题。我们要有意识地去熟悉哪些词经常连用,哪些词不能连用,否则就必然会出现“想当然”和“任意乱套”之类的错误。 不过,语言在发展,有些原来不能搭配的,现在可以了,因为有人在创新。创新如果能够站住脚,久而久之使用的人多了,就成为惯用的语言现象,逻辑顺序,贪污腐化、奢侈浪费等现象仍在蔓延滋长。
45、 Corruption,extravagance and waste are still spreading and growing 从逻辑上看,先要滋生,然后才能蔓延。所以翻译时不能过分拘泥于汉语的词序去翻译,不然,翻译出来的东西就不合逻辑。该句可改译为: Corruption,extravagance and waste are still growing and spreading,我们要靠自己来摆脱贫困,靠自己发展起来。 北京周报的译文是: We must rely on ourselves to get rid of poverty and develop 我们知道,先要发展起来,才
46、有可能摆脱贫困,不能机械地按汉语的顺序来进行翻译。因此,可以颠倒汉语的顺序,也压不住句子。改译为: We have to depend on ourselves to develop and lift ourselves out of poverty,注意辨析词义很难,词汇的广义、狭义(抽象、具体) 翻译时,要注意词汇的广义、狭义之分。 如:汉语的“抓”字有时作狭义的用手抓,如:狗把她的手抓了(The dog scratched her hand), 有时作抽象的意义解,如 瞎抓(find oneself at a loss), 抓苗头(watch out for the first sign
47、s), 抓养猪配种(pay close attention to pig-breeding)。 而英语的grasp含义狭窄,指用手去抓或心里理解,所以把抓革命译为grasp revolution就值得商榷,抓肥料也不能译为grasp manure,农业是国民经济的基础。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. (“农业”是广义,指一切农业经济(农业、畜牧业、林业、渔业),故译作agriculture.,我们要有一个农林牧副渔布局合理,全面发展,能够满足人民生活和工业发展需要的发达的农业。 后一个“农业”与工业相对,译作agr
48、iculture。林业、畜牧业、副业都是属于农业,和并列一起的“农业”都是具体的狭义的。所以前一个“农业”是狭义的“种田”, 是指耕作的农业,不是指整个农业经济,故译作farming。 We need an advanced agriculture to meet the needs of people and an expanding industry, an agriculture with rational and all-round development of farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-line production(或sid
49、e-occupations) and fishery,注意词义具体、准确 用词还要注意具体、准确。注意具体意义、抽象意义方面的不同,不要太笼统、太抽象、太概括。只有用词具体、准确,译文才能鲜明、生动有力。 如: a good man可有许多解释:有道德的人,不自私的人,健康的人,规矩的人,有贞节的人,有能力的人快乐的人,有用的人,勤劳的人等。 “a bad man也有不同解释:歹人,暴徒,不正经的人,不老实的人,无能的人,反复无常的人等。 因此,在翻译时要尽量用较具体的字眼,以免引起误解或意思不清,他讲的笑话逗得她笑了。可译成 His joke made her laugh 但“他的话使她笑了
50、”,译成 His words made her laugh就不够了。 因为laugh可能是因高兴而笑,也可能是在嘲笑。 在汉语里,“笑”这一个字,若不加修饰语,一般指快活而笑,而英语laugh的含义则较多。在翻译时,应使读者通过上下文理解无误,如果通过上下文,读者还是可以从两个方面或几个方面理解,那么我们就要换别的字眼。如 “他们在抓收购”,若译成 They are grasping procurement 则使人感到奇怪,因为 procurement有“拉皮条”之意,用词要具体 无论翻译或写文章,用词要具体、准确,不要太笼统、太抽象、太概括。只有用词具体准确,才能使译文鲜明、生动有力,才能达
51、到写作或翻译的目的。认识事物主要是识别其个性,略,站在那儿的那个人是个土木工程师。 The man standing there is an engineer 这个句子则比较笼统,因为engineer包括范围很广,可能是土木工程师,也可以是火车司机,轮机员,轮机制造人,精明的管理员,工兵等。所以这句译为: The man standing there is a civil engineer-则比较准确、具体。 有一点我不喜欢他,那就是他太自信了。 The one thing about him that l dislike is his overconfidence 这种译文不太清楚,只用于非
52、正式的口语,最好译为: The one characteristic about him that I dislike is his overconfidence,她吓得魂不附体。 she was very afraid 没把原文中被吓的程度表达出来。可改为:She was terrified out of her senses表示“恐怖”可用frighten,scare,terrify;在这几个词中terrify表示意义最为强烈。如: 他看见惊慌万状的人们试图从着火的房子逃走。 He saw terrified people trying to get out of a burning bu
53、ilding 他们吓得说不出话来。 They were too terrified to speak,在火车离开的前几分钟他阔步穿进火车站。 He walked through the station a few minutes before the trains departure 评:应把walked改为strode,因为Stride refers to a swift,purposeful way of walking,it suggests long steps and an energetic rhythm 我们在傍晚凉爽的时候常在森林里漫游。 We would walk in th
54、e wood in the cool of the evening。 评:应把walk改为stroll,因为Stroll emphasizes a slow movement,wandering and aimless,with suggestions of many starts and pauses 他吹着口哨沿着海滨漫步走着。 He was whistling as he walked along the beach 评:应把walked改为sauntered,因为walked只是一般地走,而saunter的意思是walked in a leisurely way此句用stroll也不具
55、体,因为One might stroll while concerned with disagreeable thoughts,but:one would hardly“saunter”in such a state of mind,在国内外事务中,我们要坚持革命的路线。 We should follow the revolutionary line in domestic and external work 可把work改为affairs,domestic work在英文里指扫地、洗碗等工作,略,在揭露社会罪恶的同时,这本小说的主攻目标是直捣那些学者阶层。本书作者并要求人们将党的团结置于小派
56、别的争吵之上。 While exposing the social evils,the main attack in this novel is directed against the literatiAnd the author of this novel begs people to set party unity above the bickering of wings “小派别”不能译成wings,也不能译成faction或bloc或sects,可译为splinter碎片 groups。较大的集团、派别才称为wing或bloc。wing可用于一个集团的正式成员,也可用于非正式成员,b
57、loc则指几种力量的联合,不强调思想上的一致,不同政治色彩的人可以组成一个bloc。sect一般用于宗教界, faction指一个团体内的派系派别,有贬义色彩,Faction/bloc/sect/splinter group/wing,这组字指一大团体中,意向相同而无严密组织的一群人。 Faction表示相当小的集团,其所以团结是因为其态度或目标异于其他大团体中之其他的人。一个faction是比较关系其见解之被采纳,而非关系全体利益与效果的小圈子;一个faction宁可脱离母体另组对抗团体,也不愿放弃其见解。故此字含有轻蔑意。贬义由顽强、不调和以至明显的不忠,轻重不等。例如:He begged
58、 them to set party unity above the bickering of factions(他求他们把党的团结置于派别门派斗争之上) .Splinter group是从一个大团体已分裂出来的较为团结而且较为明确的一个单位,或是正在要分裂出来的一个,通常是为了主张不同;可能基础不固,未能持久。例如:splinter groups that sided with their party on the main issue but against it on several smaller ones(在主要问题是与党一致,在数个小问题上则唱反调的分裂小组织);a movemen
59、t that was destroyed by its tendency to break intosplinter groups(因有分裂为小组的趋向而遭受破坏的一个运动). Sect本来是用于宗教团体,多有其特殊的主张,或松懈的连接于一个大团体中,或完全从其中分裂出来。例如:the formation of a number of Protestant sects(许多新教派的成立).此字亦指一个极权国家中之任何可认明的小组织,Bloc与wing指远较前述各字为大的团体。二字亦指较松懈的组织。 Wing不一定表示是有组织的母体中实际的一部分,只是在各种政见上有其明确的立场。例如:a rar
60、e agreement between the left and right wings of the countryspolitical sentiment(国家政治观点不同之左右翼罕有的协调);disclosures that should be satisfying to gadflies of the right wing(右翼的批评家应感到满意的揭露).较严格的用法上,此字亦能在一个严密组织之内适用,但仍具有团体观念中的极端中间立场。例如:co-operation between the left wing of the Conservative Party and theright
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