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1、新概念第三册语法精粹新概念第三册语法精粹第一章英语从句Subordi nati on英语从句主要有定语从句,状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语 从句)一定语从句1 . 定语从句:由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词 when, where, why 引导。(下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出!)1. The death no tices tell us about people who have died duri ng the week.2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my

2、 friend.3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.5. The knee is the joi nt where the thighb one meets the large bone of the lower leg.6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.7. It is no n eed telli ng us the reas on why

3、you did nt finish it in time.8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us En glish.10. I n the Sun day paper there are comics, which childre n enjoy.2. 只能用that和who引导的定语从句A. all, nothing, anything, a few, one 做先行词指物时B .先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,后面常跟that而不是whi

4、ch.C.先行词前有the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词修饰时,引导词只能用that。D .当先行词是 anyone, an ybody, every one, everybody, some one, somebody 时,后面要用 who 或 whom ;All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并非都是金子。3. as引导定语从句as引导的定语从句有两种形式:A .引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中,as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用构成,“uch. as”,the

5、 same. as ”和 “s .as ”句型,可代替先行词。例如:We hope to get such a tool as he is using.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B. as弓I导非限制性定语从句时,作用与 which相同,as作为关系代词代替整个主句。(这是语法考试的一个考点。)注意区别:as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后,而 which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如: As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.i新概念第三册语法精粹据报道,一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。二.状语从句超级作文联接词及

6、词组,全部拿下! 原因:because, since, now that (既然)as, for, this reason. 结果:so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result . 时间:after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 条件:if, only if., on ce,

7、uni ess, in the eve nt (that), in case (that), provided that, on the con diti on that, etc. 让步:though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when whatever / however / whe never . 目的:in order that, in order to, to, 比较:than, as . as, by comparison(相比较),by contrast (相对照).三.名词性从句王牌要点:通常由that

8、或疑问词导出。1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know. (主语从句)2. The attor ney told his clie nt that they had little cha nee of wi nning the case.(宾语从句)3. The problem is what well do n ext.(表语从句)4. We have no idea that he has come back. (同位语从句)同位语(Appositive ):同位语是英语语法的重点内容,也是各类考试中的一个考点,同时,在

9、写作中正确运用同位语 可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。新概念英语 第三册第一课有这样一个句子:When reports came into London zoo that awild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.(当伦敦动物园接到报告说,在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时,这些报告并没有受到重视。)在这里,a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London 就是同位语从句,它 本来应

10、该放在 reports ”后面,这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into Lon don zoo的后面,目的是让 句型显得更为稳重。I 简单记忆:同位语从句,就是对某些名词做讲一步的解释的句子。I was greatly shocked whe n I heard the n ews that his father died yesterday.(that引导的句子解释了 news的内容,注意:that不做任何成分)We have to face the fact that the weather is un expectedly bad.(that引导的句子解释了 fact的内容)II .

11、联想记忆:能接同位词从句的名词有:belief (信仰),fact,idea,doubt,rumor (谣言),evidenee (证 据) ,con clusi on (结论),suggesti on (建议)problem , order ,an swer, discovery (发 现)expla nati on(解释),principle (原则),possibility (可能性),truth , promise (承诺),report (报告),statement (声明),kno wledge (知识),op inion (观点),likelihood (可能性)大声朗读三遍,背

12、下即可。III .王牌要点:同位语一般由that引导,但也可以用关系代词 which, who, what和关系副词when, where, why, how 或 whether 引导。There arouse the questi on whether we could win the game.I have no idea howto expla in it.可用于四六级和托福作文,一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。(非常经典之功能句式, 不妨一试!):on the assumption (在前提下),on the ground (由于原因),on the condition that

13、(在条件下),with the excepti on (有例外)owing to the fact (由于事实);on the understanding (基于理解);The young lady promised to marry the old man on the con diti on that he bought her a villa.那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头,条件是他给她买一幢别墅。IV .分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻,有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾,(读两遍此定义,然后看倒句:)An idea came to him that he might wri

14、te to her to ask more information about the matter.I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie Titanic.V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆: 定语从句的引导词 that 或 which 在句子中用作主语或宾语,而同位语从句的引导 词that只起连接主句和从句之作用,不用作任何成分。示例:rve got an answer that A is right.( 同位语从句,that 不做成分) Ive got an answ

15、er that surprised me a lot.(定语从句,that 做定语从句的主语)VI .王牌重点:可以充当同位语的词组或短语。1)名词短语。(使句型更为简洁)Bill Cli nto n, the preside nt of America, came to Chi na to pay an official visit in 1998.Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chin ese literature history.2) 动

16、名词词组亦可用作同位语:别忘了加逗号。(使句型更为流畅)rm crazy about the game, play ing baseball.Going to con cert, that sounds a great idea.3)不定式短语。(陌生只是掌握的开始)The problem what to do n ext rema ins un solved.Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.4)形容词词组。(有逗号隔开)All the workers, young or old, should be

17、 treated equally.Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opport un ity.VII.同位语的引导词。(重要!这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分)引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系:1 . namely, that it is, that is to say (也就是说),in other words (换句话说),or, for short 表 示等同关系。2 .such as, say, so to speak (譬如说),in clud ing (包括),for in

18、sta nee (或 for example (e.g. / eg),表示举例和列举关系。3 . especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重点,(在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分,是出题的关键点。) 测试精编I. 选择正确选项:1. all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.A. NearlyB. That nearlyC. It is nearlyD. When n

19、early2. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was awareshe had gone.A. where thatB. of whereC. of the place whereD. the place3. Susa n has nt writte n us for a long time. What do you supposeto her?A. that happe nedB. happe nedC. to happe nD. hav ing happe ned4. May I have t

20、he loa n?you offer good security.A. ButB. U nl essC. ProvidedD. But for5. Gorillas are quiet ani mals,they are able to make about twenty differe nt sounds.A. howB. in spite ofC. because ofD. eve n though6. The little White House in warm spri ngs was the Georgia home of Preside nt Fran kli n-D.Roosev

21、eltthere on April 12, 1945.A. who diedB. diedC. while diedD. he died7. Esse ntially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic represe ntati on ofreality.A. what it is con ceivedB. that is con ceivedC. what is con ceived to beD. that is being con ceived of8. Seeds usually germ in atethe temperature is favor

22、able.A. ifB. whereasC. as a resultD. in con seque nces9. Fran cis Prest on Blair. Jr,born in Ken tucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.A. wasB. he wasC. althoughD. who he was10. , work songs ofte n exhibit the song culture of a people in a fun dame ntal form.A. They occur where they areB. Occurri n

23、g whereC. Where they occurD. Where do they occur第二章虚拟语气THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望,与事实相反的假设,通常分为基本的三种形式。1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟:If + did / were + ,wouldshouldcould+ do(动词原形)mightIf I were you, I would go abroad at on ce. (I am not you.)If he knew it now, he could help me. (He does nt know it no w.

24、)2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟:If + had done + ., . would (might) have done .If I had known your teleph one nu mber yesterday, I would have pho ned you.(I did nt know your telepho ne nu mber.)If you had come here a littleearlier just now, you might have met her.(You did nt come here earlier.)3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟:(1) If +

25、should + v., . would + v.(可能性很小)(译作 万一”If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.If I should fail, what should Ido?(2) If + did / were to + v ., would + v.(完全不可能)If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.If you fini shed it in 3 minu tes, I would give you my car.4. 金牌特

26、殊重点:!简单联想记忆:下列动词后的宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式,即should +动词原形,shoud在美国英语中要省 略( TOEFL 语法考点)。此类常见的动词有: order, ask, decide, dema nd, require, recomme nd, suggest (建议)insist (坚决要求),advise, etc.例句: He suggested that we (should) help them with English.The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be fini shed with in ha

27、lf an hour.下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should +动词原形”(should可省去)的虚拟。suggesti on, order, request, dema nd, importa nee, proposal.He made a suggesti on that we (should) have a fancy dress party.I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon. It is/ was important / necessary / natural / essential

28、/ advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主语 + should + v.It is stra nge that you should say such a thi ng.It was important that you should tell me all the information.wish后的宾语从句中,as if后的状语从句中,须用下列的虚拟形式:主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were (指现在)haddone (指过去)would+ v.(指将来)Iwishthat I met my un cl

29、e now.IwishI had met my un cle yesterday.IwishI could meet my un cle tomorrow. It is (high) time that . + did / were .It is time that you went to bed. would rather that . + did / were .I would rather that you were not here now. would sooner that . + did / were .I would sooner that you got up earlier

30、.I would sooner that you were not my brother.测试精编I. 选择正确选项:1.1he had taught me the word, but he did nt.A. believeB. hopeC. wishD. thi nk2. The man in charge recomme nds that this matterat the meeti ng. A. would bediscussedB. will be discussed C. be discussedD.43may be discussed3. It is raining now,

31、otherwise wego out play.A. couldB. canC. mayD. will4. he come late, give him the message.A. HadB. ShouldC. WouldD. Did5. Had nt my car broke dow n, Ithe train.A. would have caught catchB. might catchC. could catchD. would6. I would have helped him if I had time, but ID. would ntA. have ntB. hadC. di

32、d nt7. The dam was built in time to protect the in habita nts from the flood;A. otherwise the damage would be bey ond measure.B. the damage, otherwise, should be very great.C. the damage could have bee n very serious otherwise.D. the damage caused, therefore, many of them homeless.8. It is n atural

33、that an employeehis work on time.A. fini shesB. finishC. can finishD. fini shs9. I would go abroad but that Ipoor.A. amB. wasC. shall beD. were10. Dont act as if youthe only pebble on the beach.A. areB. wereC. have bee nD. would be第三章代替与省略SUBSTITUTIONAND OMISSION英语中,为了避免不必要的重复,经常用 so, not, to, do, d

34、oes代替前面出现的动词或相关内 容。女口: He translated the article better than I did. (did 代替 wrote it)Doyou thi nk she isclever?I think so. (so 代替 she is clever)(1) 从上两例中看出,do / does / did 代替动词。(2) so 与 not代替某个词、短语、句子等,通常用于 hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagi ne, etc 后作宾语。E. g. Is it correc

35、t? rm afraid not. (not correct)(3) to用作不定式,常跟随下列动词:want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be,afraid, etc.E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party)do so, do that, do it 用来代替动态动词,而不能代静态动词。Eg. He gave up study ing En glish.Why did he do so? (= give up study ing

36、En glish)The dish tastes ni ce.Yes, so it does. (tastes ni ce)(此句不能用it does it或it does so,因taste属静态动词。)(5)为使语言精炼,避免不必要的重复,对话中常用省略形式。E.g. He is thi nki ng of buying a car?Is he?(这里,thinking of buying a car ”被省略了。) Will he come back in time?Perhaps.(省略了 he will come back in time.)测试精编I 选择正确答案:1. Shall

37、 I wake you up tomorrow? Yes,.A. please doB. you shallC. you willD. you may2. I think records are ofte nan actual performa nee.A. as good as or better tha nB. as good or better tha nC. like good or better tha nD. as good as any other3. If he does nt come to work, he may be fired. Surely he isnt so f

38、oolishnotto realize that.A. soB. andC. butD. as4.-Dont you think Alans health has beenruined himself.by smoking?-Yes, he told meA. the factB. this thi ngC. ItD. so5.-Will you gohome tomorroweve ning?No, Imgoing to a lecture, orat least, rmpla nning.A. onB. toC. soD. It6. I slipped on the stairs, I t

39、hink my arm is broke n. Oh! I.A. do not hope soB. do not hopeC. hope not soD. hope not7. California relies mai nly on in come from fruit crops, and.A. Florida alsoB. Florida tooC. Florida is as wellD. so does FloridaB. Not much8. Have you bee n here long? A. No, not veryC. Yes, only little9. You loo

40、k happy today, Mary.A. doesB. likesD. No, only yesterdayI like my new dress and motherC. isD. do, too.10. So you are lost, little boy. Why did nt you hang on to your mothers skirt? , but I could nt reach it.A. I hanged toB. I did toC. I did nt hang toD. I tried to第四章倒装INVERSION根据语法要求,把谓语动词置于主语前,称为完全

41、型,把助动词或情态动词置于主语前, 称为部分倒装。1 .副词如:in, out, dow n, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒装。(完全倒装,但主语不 能是代词)Dow n jumped the murderer from the tenth floor.In came Miss Gree n.(特别注意:当主语是人称代词时不倒装。)Away she went!(她走了!)Here you are!(你在这儿!)2 . only +副词(介词短语)位于句首,句子要倒装。Only the n did he realize that he was mi

42、stake n.Only by work ing hard can we succeed in doing any thi ng.3 . well, so, often, such, few, little放于句首,句子形成倒装。So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun.Well did I know him and well did he know me.4 .否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时,句子须倒装。此类词有:neither,nor,hardly,scarcely, rarely,seldom,n

43、ot,n ever, not only,barely,at no time,no where 等。 e.g. Jack could not swim.Neither could Tom.Never have I see n such a good movie.5 . as引导让步状语从句,须倒装。(准确地说,是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。)Rich as he is, he spe nds a cent on charity.Try as he does, he n ever seems able to do the work beautifully.6 .在表示祝愿的句子中。May you

44、 make greater progress!(愿你取得更大进步!)7 .在虚拟条件句中,连词if省略时,句型要倒装,即将 were, had, should等词提到句首Were I you, I would go abroad to take adva need study.我要是你,就出国进修了。Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem. 他要是明天来的话,他会帮我们解决这个问题的。8 .百分特例重点:Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we

45、 are no Ion ger free to choose the things we want.(NCE Book III Lesson 26 )尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪,但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西 了。测试精编I. 选择正确选项:1. Not until the mid-nineteenth-century discovery of vast deposits of borates in the MajaveDesertrelatively com mon.A. borax becameB. did borax becomeC. and borax becomeD

46、. boraxs beco ming2. received law degrees as today.A. Never so many wome n haveB. Never have so many wome nC. The wome n arent everD. Wome n who have n ever3. the Bobs bel ongings that he carried them in a bun dle slung over his shoulders.A. Were so fewB. Few were soC. So few wereD. They were so few

47、4. Only after a baby sealis pushedinto the sea by its mothertoswim.A. how will it learnB. will it lear n howC. it will lear n howD.and it lear nshow5. Not onlya promise, but he also kept it.A. did he madeB.he madeC. did he makeD.he makes6. Nowhere in the world.A. travelers can buy so much beauty for

48、 so little as in Hawaii.B. no one can buy so much beauty for so little money as Hawaii.C. so much beauty can be bought for so little money in Hawaii.D. can travelers buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii.7. No soonergone home tha n it bega n to rain heavily.A. had IB. have IC. I hadD.

49、I have8. Not for a mome ntthe truth of your story.A. he has doubtedB. he doubtsC. did he doubtD. he did doubt9. succeed in doing any thi ng. A. On ly by worki ng hard we can B. By only work inghard we can C. Only by working hard can we D. Only we can work hard10. Never before in similar circumsta nc

50、es.A. a British Prime Min ister had refused to step dow n.B. did a British Prime Mi nister have refused to step dow n.C. a British Prime Mi nister did have refused to step dow n.D. had a British Prime Minister refused to step down.11. People might avoid many accide ntsthese methods bee n adopted bef

51、ore.A. thatB. wereC. haveD. had12. arose the problem that the boy will n ever overcome the great difficulties.A. ItB. ThisC. HereD. Those第五章形容词ADJECTIVES定义:形容词是用来修饰名词的词,描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。 功能:形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。分类:主要分为两类:描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。1 当形容词修饰单数可数名词时,必

52、须与冠词连用:a lovely girl,the n aughty boy2. 形容词可与系动词连用,做表语,说明主语的性状。常用系动词有:be , become , seem ,即pear, feel, look,taste,smell, sound, rema in,go,tur n,keep,stay, etc.The dish tastes delicious.The music sounds sweet.The milk went bad.小心陷阱 feel,smell,taste, look,keep有时可以用作实义动词,并可以用副词修饰He looked me up and do

53、w n carefully.I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.3 .形容词用作后置定语。(简单理解:一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面,但有些形容词修 饰名词时放在名词的后面)a river n avigable (一条可通航的河)sight visible可见的景象pers on resp on sible (负责人)注意:resp on sible pers on (有责任心的人)the best way possible (尽可能好的办法)the nu mber n ecessary (必要的数量)the peopl

54、e prese nt (在场的人)4. 只能作表语的形容词1 某些表示健康状况的形容词。well (身体好的),ill (病的),faint (虚弱的),poorly (身体不好的) 示例: His mother has been ill for a long time.特别注意:sick是个特例。它既可做表语,又可做定语。He is sick for a couple of days.(他病两三天了)He is a sick person.(他是个病人。)2 某些以a-开头的形容词。女口: afraid (害怕的),alone (独自的),alive (活着的),asleep (睡着的),a

55、wake (醒 着 的),aware (意识到的)The old man is alone in the house.(老人一个人在家。)The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.(这位老师热情洋溢。)He is asleep in his mothers arms.(他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。)I have been aware of the difficulty.(我已经意识到了困难。)5 当一系列形容词修饰名词时,须注意排列顺序:代明形容词+数量形容词+性状 形容词+名 词。(下图看起来费劲,看透了绝对实用)代明形容词数量形容词性状形容词名词1234567891011用于冠 词前的 形容词冠词序数基数性质 状态大小长短形状新旧 温度颜色国籍材料名词指示代 词物主代 词动名词不定代 词AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEn glishwoodboxBothA(n)secondtwobadsmallnewyellowIn dia nstonethiscageSuchthat.

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