(完整word版)雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习.doc

1、雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风Understanding IELTS Grammar-Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences长难句成因：“树形结构” ：? 修饰成分纷繁复杂? 主从句交织? 特殊句式Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences:一、主从复合句解析1. 名词性从句2. 定语从句3. 状语从句4. 多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1. 分隔结构2. 倒装结构3. 强调结构4. 双重或者多重否定5. 比较结构一、主从复合句解析1. 名词性从句 1.1 主语从句? Looking at the pict

2、ure makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.?For her, a woman, to defy her husband orders would be considered audacious at her time.? What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in some雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风deep sense, are not part of nature.? That he is in lov

3、e with her is no longer a secret .主语从句解读方法：主语从句引导词 ：Practice:（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（5）Whom

4、 we must study for is a question of great importance.（6）What caused the accident remains unknown.（7）What we need is time.（8）What we need are good doctors.（9）Whatever you did is right.Example 1：That the nineteenth century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing al

5、l his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.Example 2:That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.Example 3:However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for

6、later novelists.Further Practice:1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather.2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.4. It is probable that he has known everything.雅思强化阅读长难句

7、解析讲义郭凌风5. It appeared that he had a taste for music.6. It made us very happy that she was saved7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married.8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.1.2. 宾语从句（ object clause）引导词：Examp

8、le 1：A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Example 2：Yet new fin

9、dings in neuroscience suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.Example 3：Art historian Kenneth Clarke

10、, for example, writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.Example 4:The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that

11、they will later use as adults.雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风1.3 表语从句引导词： who, how, when, as, whetherExample：The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any givenspace but whether Earth can supply the population -term requirementslong for food, water, and other resources.Practice:Th

12、e miracle is how they all cooperate, and are integrated together, in the creation of a self.1.4 同位语从句Example:He was surprised at the factthat he had passed the IELTS examination.先行词：破解关键：Example 1：There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of

13、man s handswill master them all in the end.Example 2:The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.Example 3:【剑 3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vast

14、ly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.Example 4:【剑 3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle world雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风economy.Practices：I take further comfort in the fact

15、that human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the world s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.According to James, a child s first step on the road-understandingtoself can be seen as the recog

16、nition that he or she exists. 剑 92. 定语从句引导词：Which:Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.Libraries made education possible， and education in its turn added to libraries ；the growth of knowledge followed a kin

17、d of compound-interest law ，which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.That:With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.Often, the children s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had pla

18、yed with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. 剑 9There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.关系代词 that的省略：雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风Because the potenti

19、al talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as the president.Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.Who:The student who is answering the question is John.The person who was here yeste

20、rday is a musician.Whom:In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.Whose:Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.关系副词 :When:She will never forget the day when she got married.Where:One of the wil

21、dest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Why:Give me one reason why we should help you.复杂定语从句：介词 / 介词短语 +引导词This is the desk on which I found my book.雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type

22、of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the i

23、ntrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.【剑 5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiologyto discover the degree to which

24、hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.【剑 8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encourageme

25、nt and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools.【剑 8】 The ease with whi

26、ch truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.3. 状语从句关联词：破解关键：雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they

27、would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.Since the consumer considers

28、 the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.Im not living where I was.Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.Take your coatin case it rains.He studied hard in order that he could p

29、ass the exam.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substancessolid is higher than the density of its liquid.4. 多重复合句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants developing understanding that movements t

30、hey see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. 剑 9雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which

31、is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.二、特殊结构句式1. 分隔结构处理原则：Example:In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on th

32、e other.In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.It will take years for whites including those who think of themselves as liberals to discover and eli

33、minate the racist attitudes they all actually have.Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetle which since its initial discovery in 1

34、996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually,the citrus longhorned beetle, was discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风Generations of teachers have assigned Thoreau books Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in livi

35、ng in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.Practices:Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classificati

36、on is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male individualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of

37、themselves as women.2. 倒装结构(1). Only+状语位于句首Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a mother.(2). 以 never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的句子。【剑 3】Not only did it solve a problem that intrigued man

38、for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe.(3). 比较状语从句In a typical example, when viewing photographs of food, hungry subjects experience a much greater increase in pupil diameter than do sated subjects.(4). 为了突出强调某一内容（表语或状语）Gone are the problems of n

39、ot being able to instantly contact people in other parts of the world.(5). So/As 或者 neither/nor引导的句子【剑 4】Never before has the planetslinguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.(6). 某些让步状语从句In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fishes that can survive through years of drought i

40、n the form of inactive eggs.雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风3. 强调结构含强调结构的句子：It is/was +被强调的部分 +that/who+ 其他部分照写可以强调：主语，宾语，状语不可以强调：谓语，定语Nuclear power supplies 5% of the world senergy from more than 400 plants.强调主语：强调宾语：强调状语：It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi authorities to

41、 grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being Aramoc.It is because living space for most of mansfellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth that we need to know the importance of

42、big, mature trees.Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactionsthat the child s understanding- orof herselfis emerges【.剑 9】4. 双重否定或多重否定Examples:Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals.One can hardly say that these theorists have failed to have any effe

43、cts.Practices:【剑 6】Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn temblazoned with drug s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical companyslogo.Indeed, few women s rights conventions were held during the 1850 ats which Douglass was not a featured speaker and whose proceeding were not fully reported雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风in his paper.Unless one already knows a great deal, one cannot lea