Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversation between Chinese and English1

1、中西日常交谈文化对比cultural differences in everyday conversation between chinese and englishabstract: there are many differences in everyday conversation between chinese and english. most important reason is that they have different culture. with the development of communication in the world, many misunderst

2、andings and mistakes in conversation are appearing easily and not good for our communication. there is in separate relationship between language and culture. language is the carrier of culture, and culture is connotation of language. different culture affects the custom and ways of conversation. the

3、 difference show in the aspects as: greeting and farewells; ways of address; compliments and praise and miscellaneous social amenities. studying culture especially for the communication patterns and social custom is a good way to know speakers patterns of thought, world views and values, which has s

4、o much help to avoid mistakes and make good conversation.五个关键词, 用分号隔开)key words: language; culture; everyday conversation; communication 摘要：中西日常交谈有许多不同。最主要的原因是他们有着不同的文化。随着世界交流的发展，很容易出现许多谈话中的误解和错误，这不利于我们的交流。语言和文化有着不可分割的关系。语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的内涵。不同的文化影响着谈话的习惯和方式。不同之处表现在打招呼和告别、各种称呼、祝贺和赞扬和其他社交礼节。学习文化，尤其是交流方式

5、和社会习惯有利于了解谈话者的思维模式，世界观和价值观，对避免错误，完成好的谈话有很大帮助。关键词：语言；文化；日常交谈；交流(contentsi. introduction.1ii. the relationship between language and culture.1iii. cultural differences in conversation.3a. greetings and farewells.3b. ways of address.4c. compliments and praise.6d. miscellaneous social amenities.8iv. conc

6、lusion.9works cited10i. introductionan important function of humans language is promoting interpersonal communication. using language correctly can help promote emotion, developing friendship, respecting each other and improving interpersonal relationships. dialogue as the essence of language use is

7、 very important for our communication. as the structures of our linguistic resource emerge from their real world uses, so do their meanings. that is why the linguistic resources we choose to use do not come to us as empty forms ready to be filled with our personal intentions, rather, they come to us

8、 with meanings already embedded within them. these meanings, however, are not derived from some universal, logical set of principles; rather, as with their shapes, they are built up over time from their past uses in particular goals that, in turn, are shaped by cultural, historical and institutional

9、 force. (hall 157) the primary function of language is to transmit informations. at present, most words we speak is still form of dialogue. making dialogue can not be separated from our life and communication. in middle schools, teachers think that teaching english is just to teach vocabulary and gr

10、ammar. so, english teaching only lays stress on analyzing grammar structures and explaining lots of language knowledge, which give students many difficulties in learning and using english. when they talk to a chinese, they can easily open their mouthes and find the topic of conversation. but when th

11、ey talk to a foreigner, they always dont know how to begin the chat. we learn language, the primary intention is to express our meanings and understand the meanings of others. however, after learning the language, we cannot communicate with each other, then the language we learnt lose its function.

12、sometimes because of not knowing the custom, many mistakes will be made easily. as a result, the listener cannot understand you. the mistakes even can make the listener angry and stop talking. these all make the study of the cultural difference in everyday conversation between chinese and english ne

13、cessary and important. there are four most important aspects we need to pay attention to: greetings and farewells, ways of address, compliments and praise and miscellaneous social amenities.ii. the relationship between language and culturelanguage is a set of symbols used and understood by a large c

14、ommunity of people. plus. the. bining. those. symbols (samovaretalh151). language is not merely an instrument for voicing ideas but also is itself the shape of ideas, the guide for the individuals mental activity.(hoijer 194) language comprise structural and propositional systems transcending their

15、users and contexts of use. sociocultural conceptualizations see language as dynamic, living collections are considered central forms of life in that we use them not only to refer to, or represent, the world in our communicative activities. language is our most important tool in communication.culture

16、. is. the. total. accumulation. of. beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions. and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people(davis 24). to locate culture one must look not in individual mind, as an accumulated b

17、ody of unchanging knowledge, but in the dialogue, the embodied actions, discursively rearticulated (bhabha 177) between individuals in particular sociocultural contexts at particular moments of time.learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its culture (deng 5). that is to say, lang

18、uage is at the same time a repository of culture and a tool by which culture is created. in making visible the mutual dependency of language and culture, current understandings overcome the analytic separation of the “linguistics applied “approach. because culture is located not in individual mind b

19、ut in activity, any study of language is by necessity a study of culture. language is a part of culture. it cannot be equated with culture. we do not know the exact period of time when language and culture appeared, but we can say for sure they appeared at the same time. there is no culture that has

20、 no language as its part. language and culture are not separable. we can say that culture is the general environment of different activities in language. language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture just as a mirror. culture is reflected in language, and at the same time it exists in the in

21、tellectual structures that a certain group use their language (he 158). in this sense, we ought to really pay special attention to cultural aspects when we are engaged in the task of translation. however, the relationship between them is not just that between a part and the whole. it is much more co

22、mplex than that. language is the carrier and container of culture and it also exerts its influence on culture. human knowledge and experience are described and stored in language. customs, habits and behavioral patterns can be described and analyzed in language. social institutions, value systems, b

23、eliefs, world views can be described, analyzed and evaluated in language. even the visual arts like painting, sculpture, and dancing and the auditory arts such as music and singing can be described and evaluated in language. to be sure, culture can exist in the form of materials. but language as the

24、 medium of communication is indispensable in their production and use. it is concluded that language and culture are closely related, influencing and shaping each other. to learn a foreign language implies to learn the culture in which it is spoken. a language can never be learned in a cultural vacu

25、um. culture is learned through language. without language as the medium for formal or informal instruction, no culture could ever be learned. social scientists tell us that cultures differ from one another and each culture is unique. as cultures are diverse, language are diverse. it is only natural

26、then that with differences in cultures and differences in languages, difficulties often arise in understanding between cultures and across cultures. understanding is not always easy. learning a foreign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciation, grammar, words and idioms. it al

27、so means to see the world as native speakers of that language see it, learning the ways in which their language reflects the ideas, customs, and behaviors of their society, learning to understand their “language of mind”. so to speak, learning a language, in fact, is inseparable from learning its cu

28、lture. iii. cultural differences in conversationwhen people in different cultures communicate with others, they have to follow some norms limited and regulated by different cultures concretely. it is necessary to know such rules as when to make conversation and when not to make conversation, what to

29、 say and what not to say, and what kind of situations suitable, and how to say. the cultures are different, the norms of them are therefore different. there will be four parts to illustrate different manifestations of conversation in different cultures.a. greetings and farewellsan american studying

30、in china had an appointment at noon. as he was getting on his bicycle a chinese friend passed by. “吃了吗?” the young chinese asked. this, of course, is a common chinese greeting around meal time and the american merely nodded with a smile, waved goodbye and went off. he realized that his friends remar

31、k was nothing more than a chinese way of saying hello or hi. if the greeting had been put literally into english “have you eaten yet?” or “have you had your lunch?” it would have sounded rather unusual. to americans, the greeting might means this:“i havent either. come on, let s go together and get

32、something to eat,” or “if you havent, i was just going to invite you to my place.” in other words, it could indicate an invitation to a meal. actually, another foreign student who had not been long in china once complained in broken chinese: why you always ask me whether i have my meal or not? i hav

33、e money. to his way of thinking, people were concerned that he was not getting his meals properly because of lack of money. clearly, he was offended. there is a similar chinese greetings, such as “where are you going?” or “where have you been?” the natural reaction of most english-speaking people to

34、 this greeting would most likely be “it s none of your business!”fortunately, not all greetings sound strange or arouse displeasure, many are similar, some are merely different. while greetings in many languages often indicate the time of day, there may be inconsistencies within a language. english

35、has good morning, good afternoon and good evening but not good noon. and good night is not a greeting at all, but an expression of farewell. when chinese meet for the first time, there is no special expression for the occasion, but when most english-speaking people meet for the first time, they ofte

36、n say something like “im pleased to meet you.” and when they part, they are expected to remark “it s nice meeting you” or “it s nice to have met you.” or something similar. when people part, they usually say “good-bye,” “bye-bye.” similar expressions are found in almost all languages. but in the mor

37、e or less fixed conversational formulas that precede good-bye, there may be interesting differences, as in chinese when a distinguished guest drops in for a visit, or if the visitor is one with whom the hosts are not very familiar. the chinese custom when such a guest leaves is for the hosts to see

38、the visitor to the door or gateway. it is customary for the guest to say to his hosts请留步. the final words of the hosts are usually 慢走，走好，慢点儿. none of these should be translated directly. “stay here.” would sound strange; “go slowly, walk slowly” would be equally so. a smile and a gesture of farewell

39、 would be enough. b. ways of addressin recent years, the trend of many english-speaking people has been to address others by using the first nametom, michael, linda, jane, etc. rather than calling the person mr. summers, mrs. howard or miss jones. this is especially common among americans, even when

40、 people of roughly the same age, but also of different ages. it is not a sign of disrespect. it is not at all uncommon to hear a child calling a much older personjoe, ben, may, helen. etc. this may even include the childs parents or grandparents. people of different social status do the same. for ex

41、ample, many college students call their professors by their first names. the professors do not regard this as a sign of disrespect or familiarity, but rather, as an indication that the professor is consider affable and has a sense of equality. this, of course, is quite counter to chinese custom. one

42、 can imagine the reactions of adults if a child were to call a grandparent by his or her first name, or a student to do the same in calling a teacher. a quick reprimand, and possibly even a spanking for the child, would be sure to follow. one can infer from the preceding that the chinese custom of a

43、ddressing members of ones family, relatives or close neighbors as 二哥，三婶，周大伯，should not be carried over into english. in english, the name alone, whether it is for man or woman, would ordinarily be enough. the main exceptions are addressing ones parents (dad, mom, mum or mother), ones grandparents an

44、d sometimes an older relative. notice that the given name, and not the family name, is used. and even with relatives, americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. it should be mentioned that in english brother joseph or sister mary would commonly be understood as

45、 referring to person belong to a catholic group or some religious or professional society. another common chinese form of address is the use of a persons title, office, or occupation, such as 黄局长，林经理，马校长. but one seldom hears english speaks addressing others as bureau director smith, manager jackson

46、, and principal morris. in english, only a few occupations or titles would be used: doctor-is common for those authorized to try cases in law court; governor-and mayor-may be used for those who hold such offices, although often without the name. the same with professor-. however, there are very few

47、others. it should be noted that in addressing military officers in chinese, 陈司令,郝团长,梁排长are common. english-speaking people, however, tend to use the rank of the person, and not the command or duties that he has been assigned; for example, captain johnson, rather than company commander johnson, admir

48、al benjamin, rather than fleet commander benjamin.english translations of chinese works usually keep such forms as grandpa, auntie, sister-in-law, but they sound strange to the english ear. in english-language writings about china, such terms are used in order to keep or give a chinese flavor to the

49、 story. certain of these terms, though, are especially troublesome. how to address a teacher has long been a problem. should it be teacher or teacher zhang? neither of these is in keeping with english custom. should we say comrade or comrade li? these involve using the term comrade, which is not wid

50、ely accepted in non-socialist countries. or should we simply follow the english custom and call the teacher mr. zhang, mrs.yang, miss fei? all of these would sound terrible to chinese if school-age youngsters were to do so. other difficult terms are 师傅，警察叔叔，解放军叔叔. to translate the former as master c

51、arries the idea of a master servant relationship, or a relationship that 师傅 does not have in present-day usage. the problem is further complicated by the fact that the term is now widely used as a general form of address for people in various occupations, for both men and women, and not just for vet

52、eran craftsmen or workmen, chefs or automobile drivers, as in earlier times. uncle policeman for 警察叔叔 sound very oddperhaps one reason is that uncle connotes endearment, whereas policeman does not have the same connotation to english ears. p . l . a . uncle for 解放军叔叔 not only sounds strange, but oft

53、en leaves people wondering what is meant, for very few people outside of china know what the letters p . l . a . stand for. interestingly, there is no general term in english for getting the attention of a stranger, or of a person whose name we may not know. in chinese we have 同志 and the now fashion

54、able 师傅. then what do people do in english if such a need arises? depending on this situation, english custom might suggest using some such expression as excuse me, pardon me, or in england, i say there. expressions like hey, or hey, you or you, there are used, but are not considered polite. often,

55、people resort to a way that needs no language. they simply clear their throat loudly，or make some noise or gesture to attract the persons attention.c. compliments and praisein a previous chapter，mention was made of american and chinese differences in replying to compliments：americans tend to accept

56、the compliment while chinese generally murmur some reply about not being worthy of the praise. here a few more words might be said about this difference. consider the following examples：1. a young chinese woman in the u. s. was complimented for the lovely dress that she wearing.“its exquisite. the c

57、olors are so beautiful!”she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. in typical chinese fashion，she replied，“oh，its just an ordinary dress that i bought in china.”2. at a reception in an american college，a newly-arrived chinese scholar was chatting with the hostess，who was an old friend. as an acquaint

58、ance of here came up she said，“ron，let me introduce mr. chen，an outstanding physicist and one of the nicest people i know.” mr. chen offered his hand to the newcomer but looked at his hostess and said with a smile，“should i blush，or should i tell him you dont really mean it?”in both cases，the words of the chinese conveyed a message quite different from that which was intended. in the case of the chinese woman，the reply could have meant th