从中欧对比看中国沼气工程的发展与挑战

1、COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS INDUSTRY BETWEEN CHINA AND GERMANY从中欧对比看中国沼气工程的发展与挑战从中欧对比看中国沼气工程的发展与挑战目录目录CONTENT2021-10-13国际原油价格国际原油价格波动波动沼气工程：环保优先？沼气工程：环保优先？能源与环保是社会发展的基础能源与环保是社会发展的基础沼气工程面临的挑战沼气工程面临的挑战城镇化城镇化-沼气工程发展的新机遇沼气工程发展的新机遇沼气工程研究和推广：合作沼气工程研究和推广：合作UNCERTAINTY OF INTERNATIONAL PETROPRICEBIOGA

2、S PLANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1?ENERGY/ENVIR. FOR DEVELOPMENTCHALLENGES FOR BIOGAS PLANTSURBANIZATION: NEW OPPORTUNITY FOR BPCOOPERATION FOR BIOGAS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION.tw/oil102/oil1022010/A03/A0304/A030401.asp国际原油价格国际原油价格波动波动PETROLEUM PRICE UNCERTAINTY布伦特原油价格布伦特原油价格国际原油

3、价格与德国沼气工程国际原油价格与德国沼气工程PETROPRICE AND BPS2021-10-13沼气工程发电补贴沼气工程发电补贴EEG-2000沼气工程发电补贴沼气工程发电补贴补贴力度增加补贴力度增加能源作物补贴能源作物补贴增加小型工程补贴增加小型工程补贴增大能源作物补贴增大能源作物补贴沼气工程发电补贴沼气工程发电补贴增大禽畜粪便补贴增大禽畜粪便补贴增加小型工程补贴增加小型工程补贴沼气工程发电补贴沼气工程发电补贴EEG-2004EEG-2009EEG-2012EEG-2014沼气工程政策的巨大影响沼气工程政策的巨大影响POLICY IMPACTS ON BPS DEVELOPMENT202

4、1-10-13Nadjia Rensberg, Jaqueline Daniel-Gromke. Biogas Progress II, 2014, Stuttgart, Germany沼气工程作用是什么沼气工程作用是什么（德国）（德国） ？CONTRIBUTION OF BPS IN GERMANY2021-10-13根据路线图的调研，美国现有2000多个沼气工程，如果按照路线图的规划发展，将来还会再建超过11000个沼气工程。到2030年，将能为300万个美国家庭提供清洁燃气，减排温室气体5400万m3。美国沼气工程发展方向沼气工程用于处理废物；提升沼气利用水平，降低沼气利用的成本；全面系

5、统的分析沼气工程在运行效率上存在的问题，提出优化方法；完善市场机制和商业模式，从政策和途径上使沼气工程能够盈利；1. 成立国家层面的专家组，形成智囊机构。沼气工程作用是什么（美国）？沼气工程作用是什么（美国）？WHAT BIOGAS PLANTS FOR (US)? 2021-10-13欧洲沼气工程现状欧洲沼气工程现状BIOGAS INDUSTRY IN EUROPE2021-10-138德国沼气工程数量和装机容量的发展德国沼气工程数量和装机容量的发展（截至（截至2014年年12月月31日）日）欧洲各国的沼气工程数量（截至欧洲各国的沼气工程数量（截至2014年年12月月31日）日）Source

6、： European Biogas Association沼气工程沼气工程的的作用作用THE ROLE OF BIOGAS PLANTS2021-10-13环保价值不可或缺能源价值或隐或现改善民生核心理念沼气工程：环保优先？沼气工程：环保优先？BIOGAS PLANTS: ENVPROTECT 1？2021-10-132010年全国畜禽养殖COD、NH3排放分别达1184万吨、65万吨，占全国排放总量的45%、25%，占农业源排放量的95%、79%。农村城镇化人口聚集导致生活垃圾快速堆积和生活污水的大量排放，是农村环境另一主要污染源。国家高度重视农业有机废弃物的处理工作，到2020年我国农业基

7、本实现畜禽粪污资源化利用，病死畜禽全部实现无害化处理；基本实现农作物秸秆资源化利用，秸秆露天焚烧现象得到有效控制。类别 Waste数量,亿吨/年, Amount (108 tons/a)1畜禽粪便 Livestock manure31.6湿基, wet2农作物秸秆 Crops residue6.89湿基, wet3工业源生物质废物 Industry waste2.0湿基, wet4家庭厨余垃圾, Household food waste0.9湿基, wet5城市粪便, Municipal nightsoil0.25湿基, wet6城市污泥. Municipal sludge0.26湿基, we

8、t7餐饮业餐厨垃圾, Restaurant waste0.15湿基, wet8集市果蔬垃圾, Vegetable waste0.12湿基, wet合计 Total42.17湿基, wet城市生物质燃气联盟统计数据,2009Statistical Data from the Alliance on Technological Innovation of Urban Biomass Gas Industry,2009能源效益能源效益ENERGY VALUE2021-10-13Agriculture WasteBiogas Yield(m3/kg-VS) -Methane YieldCrop Res

9、idues 玉米秸秆Maize Straw0.4-1.0 稻米秸秆Rice Straw0.55-0.62 干草Hay0.5 花生壳Peanut Husk0.318-0.344 CH4-m3/kg-VS 糖渣Sugar beet0.231 (0.008) CH4-m3/kg-VSFood Waste 咖啡渣 Coffee Grounds0.259 CH4-m3/kg-VS 红茶渣Tea Residues0.175 CH4-m3/kg-VS 白酒糟 White Spirit Residues0.02 biogas m3/kg-wet residue 稻米渣Rice Residues0.6 啤酒糟B

10、eer Distillation0.5-0.6 苹果渣Apple Residues0.56-0.68Livestock Manure 猪粪Pig Manure0.356 CH4-m3/kg-VS 牛粪Cattle Manure0.148 CH4-m3/kg-VS 奶牛粪Dairy Cattle manure0.328 CH4-m3/kg-VSVegetable Waste 香蕉Banana Waste0.270 -0.305 CH4-m3/kg-VS 芒果Mango Waste0.361-0.385 CH4-m3/kg-VS 土豆Potato0.250-0.284 CH4-m3/kg-VSSo

11、urce： :Dieter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser. Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, WILEY-VCH,2011 中国沼气产业发展现状报告，轻工业环境保护研究所 (Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry),2009有机废弃物的沼气转化潜能有机废弃物的沼气转化潜能 (Biogas Yield Potential from Organic Waste)能源与环保是社会发展的基础能源与环保是社会发展的基础ENERGY/ENV

12、IR. FOR DEVELOPMENT2021-10-1312WHY WE DO?Non-fossil energy in 2030 would account for 20% of the total energy consumption.-Sino-US joint statement on climate change, APEC 2014Animal manure, Corn Straw and Farmland Mulch have to be recycled at the end of 2020. -MOA, 2015WHY WE DO?政策导向政策导向POLICY ORIENT

13、ATION农业源有机废弃物产量农业源有机废弃物产量ORGANIC RESIDUES FROM AGRICULTURE类别 Waste数量,亿吨/年, Amount (108 tons/a)1畜禽粪便 Livestock manure31.6湿基, wet2农作物秸秆 Crops residue6.89湿基, wet3工业源生物质废物 Industry waste2.0湿基, wet4家庭厨余垃圾, Household food waste0.9湿基, wet5城市粪便, Municipal nightsoil0.25湿基, wet6城市污泥. Municipal sludge0.26湿基, w

14、et7餐饮业餐厨垃圾, Restaurant waste0.15湿基, wet8集市果蔬垃圾, Vegetable waste0.12湿基, wet合计 Total42.17湿基, wet全国有机废物产生量National organic WasteWHY WE DO?Source: 城市生物质燃气产业技术创新战略联盟, 2012换个角度看污染换个角度看污染HOW DO WE VIEW WASTESN、P、K-Recoverable Nutrients 肥料C- Renewable Energy 能源H-O-Reusable Water 水ReNEWWHY WE DO?Source: Poes

15、chl M, S Ward & P Owende. 2010. Prospects for expanded biogas utilization in Germany. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews: In ReviewSpecific CO2 Emission Associated with Energy Generation沼气工程的温室气体减排效益沼气工程的温室气体减排效益BIOGAS FERMENTATION: THE ONLY TECH NEGATIVE GHGS EMISSION BY NOW?WHY WE DO?常见有机废弃物产气

16、量常见有机废弃物产气量 COMMON ORGANIC RESIDUES BIOGAS VALUEAgriculture WasteBiogas Yield(m3/kg-VS) -Methane YieldCrop Residues Maize Straw0.4-1.0Rice Straw0.55-0.62Hay0.5Peanut Husk0.318-0.344Sugar beet0.231 (0.008) Food Waste Coffee Grounds0.259Tea Residues0.175Rice Residues0.6Beer Distillation0.5-0.6Apple Re

17、sidues0.56-0.68Livestock Manure Pig Manure0.356Cattle Manure0.148Dairy Cattle manure0.328Vegetable Waste Banana Waste0.270 -0.305Mango Waste0.361-0.385Potato0.250-0.284Radish Leaves0.233-0.249WHY WE DO?Source:Dieter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser. Biogas from waste and renewable resource. Second Ver

18、sion. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA.2011中德沼气工程对比中德沼气工程对比BIOGAS IN CHINA AND GERMANYSource：中国农村能源年鉴China Rural Energy Yearbook (200020013)WHAT WE HAVESource: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Biogas-an introduction 2013PretreatmentPretreatmentBiogas Biogas reactorreactorBiogas Cleanin

19、g, Storage, Biogas Cleaning, Storage, DistributionDistributionBiogas UtilizationBiogas UtilizationDigestate Digestate TreatmentTreatmentTechnology of Qingdao Tianren Company, China大中型沼气工程的主要组成大中型沼气工程的主要组成MAIN COMPONENTS OF M/L BIOGAS PLANTWHAT WE HAVE案例一：鸡粪沼气发电和供应农户案例一：鸡粪沼气发电和供应农户CASE I: CHICKEN MAN

20、URE BIOGAS FOR POWER AND GAS DISTRIBUTION INTO HOUSEHOLDS ManureSewageCSTRBiogasDigestateFertilizerCompressElectricityHouseholdPlantTianmen, Hubei ProvenceFeedstockChicken Manure, 212 tons/dMunicipal Sewage, 300 tons/dReactorCSTR，total 12000m3Investment60.0 million RMBAnnual Biogas700104m3Biogas Uti

21、lizationHouseholdElectricity, 140 million kWh/a案例二：山东鸡粪沼气发电与案例二：山东鸡粪沼气发电与CDM项目项目 CASE II: CHICKEN MANURE BIOGAS POWER AND CDM1. 鸡粪Chicken manure: 500 t/d, TS 20%2. 规模 volume: 3,200 m383. 设计沼气产量 planned biogas production 30,000 m3/d (1,000万m3/年)。4. 设计发电量 Expected power 60,000 kWh/d (2,000万kWh/年)。5. 年

22、减排温室气体 GHGs reduction: 67,000 tCO2e/a6. 联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）批准，与世界银行CDM交易成功。 Successful CDM with World Bank挑战挑战I：发酵原料的差异：发酵原料的差异CHALLENGE I: DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES22Most of the agricultural biogas plants in China are operated with animal manure.At the moment, we have to consider to use the crop residue

23、s rather than the energy crop used in Germany.OUR CHALLENGESSource: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Biogas-an introduction 2013Challenges:Storage for the year-round substrate supply is the challenge for biogas production in major grain producing areasComplex characteristics (cellulos

24、e, lignin, water content et al.)High Dry matter loss (could be as high as 30%）科技：秸秆湿储存技术科技：秸秆湿储存技术WET STORAGE OF CROP RESIDUES WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIESD i f f e r e n t substrate 产气量产气量B0R2新鲜秸秆新鲜秸秆537.849.951.830.98青贮秸秆青贮秸秆531.748.631.390.99干黄秸秆干黄秸秆376.4830.571.280.97Supported by: the twelfth five-

25、year National science and technology support project (2015BAD21B04) WHAT WE ARE DOING?固形物含量对于青贮过程乳酸产量的影响尿素添加对于青贮过程乳酸产量的影响WHAT WE ARE DOING?研究进展研究进展PROCESS CONTROL DURING WET STORAGESource: From Liu Shan，PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, 2015.挑战挑战II：运行与发酵效率差别：运行与发酵效率差别CHALLENGE II: DIF

26、FERENT OPERATIONDemand driven operation mode in ChinaMesophilic or ambient temperatureAdditional heat is needed (coal, biogas)Relative Low OLRsNo buffer capacity monitoringGas supply oriented Combination of Heat and Power mode in Germany Mesophilic fermentation using surplus heat High OLRs Relative

27、stable operation Highest biogas production orientedOUR CHALLENGESSource：biogas-an introduction. FNR，2009中国中国德国沼气工程德国沼气工程* *( (粪便和能源作物原料粪便和能源作物原料) )rangeaverageODM degradation (%)68-73%59-8976CH4 production(m3 CH4/m3.d)0.20.3-3.21.1Retention time (day)3529-10858OLR (kg oDM/m3.d)0.2-0.52.1-9.84.5Tempe

28、rature (oC)23-2637-39-*:Biogas-Messprogramm II -61 Biogasanlagen im Vergleich. ISBN:978-3-9803927-8-5中国中型农业沼气工程发酵效率中国中型农业沼气工程发酵效率PERFORMANCE OF CHINESE MEDIUM SIZE AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANTSupported by: Sino-German cooperative project (BMBF: 0330847D, MOST: 2009DFA32710) WHAT WE ARE DOING?发酵过程控制技术发酵

29、过程控制技术PROCESS STABILITY MONITORING AND IMPROVEMENT WHAT WE ARE DOING?Development of automatic titration equipment1-交流转直流稳压电源，2-计算机，3-运动控制器，4-驱动器，5-电控平移台，6-数据采集卡，7-变送器，8-活塞推杆，9-电信号传输方向，10-传感器卡盘，11-pH电极，12-升降杆，13-电控升降机，14-磁力搅拌器，15-滴定管柱塞，16-滴定管内保护套，17-滴定管，18-滴定管外保护套，19-三通电磁换向阀，20-输液管，21-滴液液流方向，22-滴头，23

30、-滴定池，24-样品，25-吸液液流方向，26-透气管，27-补液瓶橡胶塞，28-补液瓶，29-滴定液。发酵液循环提高产气率和稳定性发酵液循环提高产气率和稳定性RECIRCULATION IMPROVES BIOGAS PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITYWHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: From Zuo Zhuang，PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, 2014.R1: Fe, Co, Ni; R2: Fe, Co, Ni, Se, Mo, W; R3: No trace elements微量金属

31、元素制剂微量金属元素制剂SEMI-CONTINUOUS AD WITH TRACE ELEMENTS WHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: From Lang Qianqian，Master thesis, China Agricultural University, 2013.挑战挑战III：沼液的处理和利用：沼液的处理和利用CHALLENGE III: DIGESTATE APPLICATION30OUR CHALLENGESThere is no limitation on the amount of manure application in China. Limitat

32、ion of manure application in Europe： Nitrate Directive in EU (EEC/91/676 from 1991) DV (2006) Germany 硝酸盐施用指南Max. 170 kg N ha-1 yr-1 by manure = 2 LU ha-1yr-1最多施用最多施用 170 公斤氮公斤氮 /公顷公顷*年年 = 2 个生命单元个生命单元/公顷公顷*年年= 14头生猪头生猪1 LU (Living Unit) = 500 kg animal = 7.7 pig places = 15 fattened pigs一个生命单元= 500

33、公斤 动物体重= 7.7头猪 = 15头育肥猪N APPLICATION AND NO3 IN GROUNDWATER 氮肥施用和地下水硝酸盐含量氮肥施用和地下水硝酸盐含量Location地点地点N applied氮肥施用量氮肥施用量kg/(ha*a)公斤/公顷*年N uptakeN 吸收量吸收量kg/(ha*a)公斤/公顷*年NO3 in groundwater地下水硝酸盐含量地下水硝酸盐含量mg/l 毫克/升Xishuiying5,580480500Fangzhuang1,894383180Qiuandushu1,64943375Xidian1,17338475Sijiqing778444

34、150OUR CHALLENGESSource: Prof. Schuchardt, Sino-German project Workshop in 2009 Limitation of NO350 mg L-189 mg L-125 mg L-1EXAMPLE例子例子nFattening pig farm with 10,000 placesn一个存栏量万头的养猪场nProduction 20,000 pigs yr.-1n每年出栏2万头生猪n20,000 pigs 2,860 LUn约合2860个LUnLimitation 2 LU pigs ha-1 a-1n采用同样标准nArea de

35、mand 1,430 han总共需要1430公顷土地nwithout correction factorsn未考虑其他因素未考虑其他因素OUR CHALLENGESMax. 170 kg N ha-1 a-1 by manure = 2 LU ha-1每公顷每年最多施用每公顷每年最多施用 170 公斤氮公斤氮 = 2 个生命单元个生命单元/公顷公顷*年年1 LU (Living Unit) = 500 kg animal = 7 pigs一个生命单元= 500公斤 动物体总= 7头猪Model Farm: 15 LU/haConsequence: Export of nutrientsNutr

36、ient overloading!OUR CHALLENGESWHAT WE ARE DOING?沼液沼渣的综合循环利用沼液沼渣的综合循环利用DIGESTATES MULTIPLE RECYCLING/ UTILIZATION ON LIVESTOCK FARM Source：created by BEST不同施肥处理下土壤剖面中NH4-N随时间的变化不同施肥处理下土壤剖面中NO3-N随时间的变化在硝化反应的作用下，肥料施用导入土壤中的大量NH4-N随时间的持续浓度逐渐降低，而土壤NO3-N浓度不断升高，并在第28 d达到峰值Source: Xiaoqian Zhang. PhD disser

37、tation, China agricultural University, 2015WHAT WE ARE DOING?沼液沼渣农田施用后氮迁移转化沼液沼渣农田施用后氮迁移转化SOIL N AFTER DIGESTATES APPLICATION沼液沼渣农田施用后氮迁移转化长期预测沼液沼渣农田施用后氮迁移转化长期预测LONG-TERM PREDICTION OF N TRANSPORTATION IN SOIL AFTER DIGESTATES APPLICATION利用2010年周年的降雨数据，预测了从2011年至2050年使用不同沼液的农田土壤中氮残留量和渗滤流失量。发现农田施用沼液与化肥等氮的条件下，农田1 m深地下水中硝酸盐的流失量逐年增加，在施用10年时间后会穿透1 m土层。此模型还不成熟，未充分考虑长期沼液农田施用后土壤结构重构及土壤微生物功能相应，需要进一步开发及验证。WHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: Xiaoqian Zhang. PhD disserta