ACCA考试《公司战略与风险管理》辅导1.doc

1、2015年 ACCA 考试公司战略与风险管理辅导1本文由高顿ACCA 整理发布，转载请注明出处RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER F6（ UK）2013 ACCABenefitsThis article is relevant to those of you taking Paper F6（ UK） in either the June orDecember 2013 sittings, and is based on tax legislation as it applies to the tax year2012 3（ Finance Act 2012

2、 ）。Benefits feature regularly in the Paper F6（ UK） exam, although such questions aregenerally not answered as well as would be expected. The article is not intended tocover every aspect of benefits, but instead mainly covers those areas that are morecommonly examined. Motor cars are not covered as t

3、hey are dealt with in a separatearticle.LIVING ACCOMMODATIONThere are four aspects to consider:The basic benefit is the annual value of the property. If the property is rentedthen the basic benefit is the higher of the annual value and the amount of rentpaid.There is an additional benefit if the pro

4、perty costs more than 5,000. This iscalculated as:（ Cost 5,000 ） x 4%（ the official rate of interest）Cost is the cost of the property plus any subsequent improvements. However,where the property was purchased more than six years before first beingprovided to the employee, then the cost figure is rep

5、laced by the market valuewhen first provided（ again plus any subsequent improvements）。If the employer pays for the running costs relating to the property then theamount paid will also be a benefit.If the employer has furnished the property, then the benefit for the use of thefurniture is based on 20

6、% of its cost.EXAMPLE 1During the tax year 2012 3 Prop plc provided three of its employees with livingaccommodation.Alex has been provided with living accommodation since 1 January 2010. Prop plchad purchased the property in 2009 for 60,000, and it was valued at 85,000 on1 January 2010. Improvements

7、 costing 3,000 were made to the property duringJune 2011. The annual value of the property is ,100.Bess was provided with living accommodation from 1 January to 5 April 2013. Theproperty is rented by Prop plc at a cost of ,250 per month, and it has an annualvalue of 0,400. On 1 January 2013 Prop plc

8、 purchased furniture for the property ata cost of 6,200. The company pays for the running costs relating to the property,and for the period 1 January to 5 April 2013 these amounted to ,900.2BENEFITSJANUARY 20132013 ACCAChloe was provided with living accommodation on 6 April 2012, and she lived in th

9、eproperty throughout the tax year 2012 3. The company had purchased the propertyin 2003 for 9,000, and it was valued at 44,000 on 6 April 2012. The annual valueof the property is ,600.AlexThe basic benefit is the annual value of ,100.The living accommodation cost in excess of 5,000 so there is an ad

10、ditionalbenefit. Since the property was not purchased more than six years before firstbeing provided to Alex, the benefit is based on the cost of the property plussubsequent improvements. The additional benefit is therefore ,920（ 98,000（ 160,000 + 13,000 75,000） at 4% ）。BessThe benefit is the rent p

11、aid of ,750（ 2,250 x 3 ） since this is higher than theannual value of ,600（ 10,400 x 3/12）。The benefit in respect of the furniture is 10（ 16,200 x 20% x 3/12）。The running costs of ,900 are also taxed as a benefit.ChloeThe basic benefit is the annual value of ,600.The living accommodation cost in exc

12、ess of 5,000, so there is an additionalbenefit. Since the property was purchased more than six years before firstbeing provided, the benefit is based on the market value when first provided.The additional benefit is therefore ,760（ 69,000（ 144,000 75,000） at 4%）。BENEFICIAL LOANSThere is a taxable be

13、nefit where an employee is provided with an interest free loan orwhere the interest rate payable is below the official rate of interest of 4%. There aretwo alternative methods of calculating the benefit:The average method: The average is taken of the amount outstanding at the start ofthe tax year（or

14、 when the loan was made if later） and at the end of the tax year（ orwhen the loan was repaid if earlier）。 The official rate of interest is then applied to thisaverage.The strict method: The official rate of interest is applied to the amount outstanding ona monthly basis.If no repayments have been ma

15、de during the tax year then both methods will producethe same result.The average method applies unless either the employee or HM Revenue and Customs（ HMRC） elects for the strict method. In an exam context, both methods should becalculated, even if one party will opt for the strict method. However, a

16、 question mightinstruct you to just use the average method, since in reality HMRC only elect for thestrict method when it will make a significant difference.3BENEFITSJANUARY 20132013 ACCAEXAMPLE 2During the tax year 2012 3 Rest Ltd provided three of its employees with loans.Kim was provided with an

17、interest free loan of 2,000 on 1 June 2012 so that shecould purchase a new motor car.Ming was provided with an interest free loan of 20,000 on 1 May 2012 so that shecould purchase a holiday cottage. Ming repaid 0,000 of the loan on 31 July 2012,and repaid the balance of the loan of 0,000 on 31 Decem

18、ber 2012.Newt was provided with a loan during 2010 so that she could purchase a yacht. Theamount of loan outstanding at 6 April 2012 was 0,000, and Newt repaid ,000 ofthe loan on 31 August 2012, and then repaid a further ,000 on 28 February 2013.Newt paid loan interest of 70 to Rest Ltd during the t

19、ax year 2012 3. The taxablebenefit in respect of this loan is calculated using the average method.KimThe benefit is 00（ 12,000 at 4% x 10/12）。Since no repayments have been made during the 2012 3 tax year bothmethods will produce the same result.MingThe benefit calculated using the average method is

20、,533 as follows:120,000 + 70,000 x 4% x 8/12 2,5332 _The benefit using the strict method is ,367 as follows:120,000 at 4% x 3/12 1,20070,000 at 4% x 5/12 1,167_2,367_Ming will therefore elect to have the taxable benefit calculated according to thestrict method.NewtNewt repaid 0,000（ 5,000 + 5,000） o

21、f the loan during 2012 3, so theoutstanding balance at 5 April 2013 is 0,000（ 60,000 10,000 ）。The benefit calculated using the average method is ,230 as follows:60,000 + 50,000 x 4% 2,2002Interest paid（ 970 ）_1,230_4BENEFITSJANUARY 2013Chapter 1Advanced costing methodChapter learning objectivesUpon

22、completion of this chapter you will be able to: explain what is meant by the term cost driver identify appropriate cost drivers under activity-based costing（ ABC） calculate costs per driver and per unit using（ ABC） compare ABC and traditional methods of overhead absorption based on production units,

23、 labour hours or machine hours. explain the implications of switching to ABC on pricing, performance management and decision making. explain what is meant by the termtarget cost in both manufacturing and serviceindustries. derive a target cost in both manufacturing and service industries. explain th

24、e difficulties of using target costing in service industries explain the implications of using target costing on pricing, cost control and performance management. describe the target cost gap. suggest how a target cost gap might be closed. explain what is meant by the term-cyclelife cos ting in a ma

25、nufacturing industry identify the costs involved at different stages of the life-cycle. explain the implications of life-cycle costing on pricing, performance managementand decision making. describe the process of back-flush accounting and contrast with traditional process accounting. explain, for a

26、 manufacturing business, the implications of back-flush accounting on performance management evaluate the decision to switch to back-flush accounting from traditional process control for a manufacturing business. explain throughput accounting and the throughput accounting ratio（TPAR），andcalculate an

27、d interpret, a TPAR. suggest how a TPAR could be improved. apply throughput accounting to a given multi-production decision making problem. 1 Activity based costing1.1 Introductionabsorption costIn F2 we saw how to determine a cost per unit for a product. Key issues of relevance here are the followi

28、ng:Firms have the choice of two basic costing methods costing.marginal costing and absorptionUnder absorption costing it is necessary to absorb overheads into units of production using a suitable basis.The main basis of absorption used in F2 questions is direct labour hours. This involves calculatin

29、g an overhead absorption rate （ OAR）for each production department as follows:OAR =To enable this, all overheads must first be allocated/apportioned/reapportioned intoproduction departments, again using a suitable basis（e.g. rent on the basis of floor area）。Overhead expenses incurred/budgetedStep 1: Overheads allocated or apportioned to cost centres using suitable bases Costcentres（ usually departments）Step 2: Service centre costs reapportioned to production centresStep 3: Overheads absorbed into units of production using an OAR basis of direct labour hours ）