非谓语动词经典用法讲解与练习

1、非谓语动词经典用法讲解与练习命题规律1、考查立意较低。主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法。2、题目设置情景化和结构复杂化。试题加大了考生对题干的理解难度。3、设问角度多样化。不仅仅是非谓语之间的互相干扰。命题趋势不容置疑，高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，试题的特征将继续呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势，但试题难度将会有所控制。解题思路 解析句子结构， 确定设空在句中的句法功能 （主、宾、宾补、表、定、状？）； 找准相关动词逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动？）； 搜索句子中相关的时间信息， 确定非谓语动词的形式 （过去、现在、将来？）； 将选项置入空中， 看是

2、否能够字从意顺， 否能传达有效信息、 完成交际任务。分词、不定式作宾补用法要点一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1感官动词 see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词 have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带 to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。 现在分词表主动或正在进行， 过去分词表被动或完成， 动词原形表主动和完成。如：1) I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。2) I heard her singing an English

3、song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。3) I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。【注意】不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态 )I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成 )2leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的 leave 保留了原来之义“留下”，

4、但表达的确切之义应是“使处于某种状态）。 leave sb. doing sth.让某人一直做某事（宾语和宾补是主谓关系，表动作正在进行。） leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（宾语和宾补是动宾关系， 表示被动和完成，一般以 undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多）leave sb. to do sth.留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作。） It s wrong of you toleave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）

5、The guests left most of the dishes untouched , because they didn t taste delicious.客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成） He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主动，将来） We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）3have, get后接三种形式作

6、宾补时，其中have, get表示“使、让、叫”之意。 have sth. done = get sth. done“使 / 让某事由别人去做”（叫/ 让某人做某事）。I ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外， have sth. done还表示“使遭受”之意。如1) Tom had his leg broken while playing football.2) Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. have sb. / sth. doing使/ 让某人

7、 / 物持续地做某事（现在分词表主动，正在进行）get sb. / sth. doing使某人 / 物开始行动起来如： The peasants had the tractorworking day and nightat the harvesttime.农忙时，农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活。The captaingot the soldiersmoving toward the frontaftera short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进起来。注意：“ have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如：1)I won thave yo

8、u speaking to your parents like that.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。2)Donthave the water running all the time.不要让水流个不停。 have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. )使/ 让/ 叫某人去做某事1) Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.2)I can tget him to stopsmoking. He won t listen to me.二、下列动词后跟 带 to的不定式 作宾补：【口诀】讨厌命令作宾补说服警告想希

9、望，导致逼迫禁期望。建议允许求鼓励，要教邀请更喜欢。1) hate, order2) persuade, warn, tell, order, want, wish,3) cause, force, forbid, expect,4) advise, allow, permit, ask, beg, encourage,5) get, require, teach, invite, prefer, like, love, An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warnin

10、g before firing any shots. The teacher asked us not to make so much noise. The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce inthe cells inside the human nose and throat.三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门1、下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加 to ：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5 看（ look at, see, watch, notice,observe ）；3

11、 使（make, let,have）；2 听（listento,hear ）；1 感觉（feel ）。2、以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（ 5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除 let, make 外，都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，此外 find, catch, keep, have也可用现在分词作宾语补足语。如：1) At that time, I found him crying in the street.2)He was caught stealing . I m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.3) The

12、 missing boys were last seen playing near the river.不定式、分词作定语用法要点一、不定式作定语1作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：1) The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.2) There is nothing to worry about.3) Please give me a knife to cut with.4) Here is some paper for you to write on.但是

13、，如果不定式修饰的名词是 time, place, way 时，不定式后的介词通常省去。如：1) He had no money and no place to live (in).2) We found a way to solve this problem (in).2当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较： Have you anythingto send ?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式 to send执行者是“你”） Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄

14、的东西吗？（不定式 to be sent 执行者是“我”或“别人”）3用不定式作定语的几种情况：1）不定式表将来：I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.2）用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。如：1) He was the best man to do the job.2)She was the firstwomanto win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.3) Women and children were the first to get into the l

15、ifeboats.3）用来修饰抽象名词ability,chance, idea,fact,excuse, promise,answer,reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等。如：1) Do you have the ability to read and write English ?2) I have a chance to go sight-seeing.二、分词作定语1作定语的及物动词分词形式为：v.-ing; being +过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用 v.-ing ；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正

16、在进行时，用 being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。例如：1) The houses being built are for the teachers.2) The broken glass is Tom s.3) I have never seen a more moving movie.2作定语的不及物动词分词形式为： V ing 和过去分词。 V ing 表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：fallingleaves正落的叶子fallenleaves落下的叶子boilingwater 正沸腾的水boiledwater沸腾过的水（白开水）三、不

17、定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别这三种形式作定语， 主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。 过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：1) Have you read the novel written by Dickens?2) He is a man loved and respected by all.3) Dont use words and expressions known only to people with specificknowledge.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Listen!T

18、he song being sung is very popular with the students.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。如： The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a veryimportant one.不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care

19、, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help此外， afford, strive（斗争）等也要用不定式作宾语。例如： She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. In or der to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are stri

20、ving to make their products morecompetitive.二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。1) consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon,2) admit, delay/ put off, fancy,3) avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise,4) deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate,5)cant help,mind, a

21、llow/ permit,escape, imagine,forbid,risk【注意】 be used to,look forwardto,lead to,devote to,stickto,objectto,get down to,pay attentionto,cant stand ( 无法忍受 ),give up, feellike,insiston, put off,thank you for,apologizefor,be busy (in),havedifficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)

22、等动词词组也用动名词作宾语。The squirrels was lucky that they justmissed being caught.I can hardlyimagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.I wouldappreciate your calling back this afternoon.三、下列动词 ( 词组 ) 既可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有别，要特别注意。1. forget to do sth.忘记去做某事forget doingsth.忘记已经做过某事remember

23、 to do sth.记住去做某事remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth.后悔 / 遗憾去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做过某事stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止做一件事情try to do sth.努力 / 试图做某事try doing sth.尝试着做某事mean to do sth.意欲 / 想/ 企图做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事go on to do sth. (做完某事 ) 接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 (=go on wi

24、th sth.)cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事2动词 like, love, prefer后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。【注意】如果 like, love, prefer 前有 would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.I d like to go swimming this weekend.3在动词 allow, advise,

25、forbid, permit后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即：allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.如： We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke.4动词 need, require, want 作“需要”解时， 必须用动名词的主动形式 (doing) 或不定式的被动形式 (to be done) 作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名

26、词的主动式表示被动意义。 be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词 need 表“需要”， require 表“要求”， want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即：need / require / want doing / to be doneneed / require / want sb. to do sth.be worth + n. (表示钱数或名词 )be worth doingbe worthy ofbeing donebe worthy of + n.值得be worthy to be done1)The

27、window needs / requires / wants cleaning.窗户需要擦一下。2) The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.a The place is worth visiting.那个地方值得一去。b The place is worthy of a visit.c The place is worthy of being visited.d The place is worthy to be visited.e Only one of these books is worth reading.f -What

28、do you think of the book ?- Oh, excellent, Its worthreading a second time.四、动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn,advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等词的宾语时，前面常带wh引导词。即 how, what, whether, where, when, who等 + to do。但 why +不带 to不定式。【注意】不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。1. He sh

29、owed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)2.I don t know what to do. ( = I dont know what Ill do.)3. Can you tell me why do it ?五、动词不定式在介词but, other than后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to ，否则就要带 to 。另外在 cant choosebut, can t help but, cant but后面的不定式也要省略to 。如：1) We cou

30、ld do nothing but / other than wait.2) We had nothing to do but / other than wait.3) We have no choice but to wait.4)I can t choosebut laugh.不定式、分词作状语用法要点一、不定式作状语1、不定式作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。1)He sat down to have a rest. (目的 )2)They went there to visit their teacher.他们去那里拜访老师。（目的）3)He woke up only / just

31、 to find everybody gone.他醒来发现大家走了。( 结果 )4)My grandmother lived to see the liberation ofChina.我祖母活到看见中国解放。（结果）2、在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：1)I am very glad to see you.我非常高兴地见到你。（高兴）2)I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.听到你母亲生病真遗憾。（遗憾）3、在带有 enough 或 too 的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：1)He was too exci

32、ted notto say a few words.他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。2)He is old enough to go to school.他到上学年龄了。3)She is too tiredto do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。4、强调动词不定式表目的时，可用 in order to ( 为了 ) /so as to ( 以便 ) + 动词原形。但 so as to 不用于句首。1)He got up earlyin order tocatch the first bus.他早起为了赶第一班车。（目的）2)The bus stoppedso as topick

33、up passengers.汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。（目的）3)To look at him, you would like him. (条件 )5、动词不定式作插入语，独立使用。1)To tell you the truth, I have got no money on me.说实话，我身上没钱。（独立成分）2)To be honest, I know nothing about it.老实说，我对此一无所知。( 独立成分 )二、分词作状语1分词作状语的基本原则1) 分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。2) 必须和句中主语形成逻辑主谓或动宾关系，否则不能用分词作状语。2分词作状语的句法

34、功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或 when 引出。如：1)Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间 )2)Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间 )3)Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因 )4)Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件 )5)The cup dropp

35、ed to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果 )6)Having been toldmany times,he stillrepeatedthe same mistake.(让步)7)The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况 )3、独立成分作状语有些分词短语， 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。 常见的有：Generally speaking 一般说来Frankly speaking 坦白地说Judging from 根据来判断Considering 考虑到

36、非谓语动词其它用法一、疑问词 +不定式结构疑问词（ who, which, when, where, how, what等） + 不定式，这个结构在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。如：1)I didn t knowwhat to do. (宾语 )2)When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (主语 )3)My question was how to get so many books. (表语 )注意句型： Why not do sth.? Why do sth. ?二、不定式的主动和被动1不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式构成 逻辑主谓关系

37、时，不定式常用主动形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon? (A knife cuts thewatermelon.)2不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成 逻辑动宾关系 ，又与该句主语构成逻辑主谓关系 时，不定式常用主动形式。1)She has asisterto look after. (She looks after her sister.)2)I know what todo. (I do what.)3不定式作表语形容词的状语，与句中主语构成逻辑动宾关系 时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。如：1

38、)This book is difficultto understand.2)This kind of fish is niceto eat.4there be结构： 1）当强调有人去做某件事时，不定式用主动形式(to do)；2）如果强调的事情本身必须被做时，则用被动形式(to be done)。如：1)There is a lot of workto do . (Someone has to do the work. )2)There is a lot of workto be done. (The work has to be done. )请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：1)Ther

39、e is nothingto do . (无事可做，感到十分乏味。 )2)There is nothingto be done . (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。 )三、不定式符号to的保留问题1、为了避免重复，可以用to 来代替前面的不定式，这种情况出现在下列动词之后： expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出现在 be glad / happy, would like / love等的后面。2、如果在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been，这些词要保留。如：1) I havent be

40、entoHong Kong, but I wishto . 我没有去过香港，但我希望去香港。2) - Are you on holiday? -No, but Id liketo be . 你在度假吗？没有，但是我想度假。3) -I didn t tell him the news.我没有告诉他那个消息。- Oh, you oughtto have . 噢，你本应该告诉他的四、动名词作主语1、动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。1) It is / was no use / good + doing sth.2) It is / was not any use /

41、 good + doing sth.3)It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.4)It is / was useless + doing sth.如： It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。It is of little good staying up too late every day.每天都熬夜没有什么好处若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。1)Seeing is believing.2 ）To see is to believe.眼见为实。五、注意以下表达的意义区别falling

42、leaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落下的树叶boiling water沸腾的水boiled water烧开过的水developing countries发展中国家发达国家developed countries1)I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.2) Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.3) The girl let ou

43、t a frightened cry at the sight of the snake.(The girl was frightened.)看到蛇，女孩尖叫起来。4) His frightening shout scared the boys again.5) The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened.他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了。类似的还有：an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音an excited voice兴奋的声音a puzzling look令人迷惑不解的表情a puzzled look困惑的表情【练习

44、1】1. _ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual.A. Not knownB. Known notC. KnowingnotD. Not knowing2. Have you decided when_?Yes, tomorrow morning.A. to leaveB. to be leavingC. will you leaveD. are you leaving3. I really enjoy_ that kind of job.A. doB. doingC.to doD. to be doing4.Theres

45、 a holein yourbag.lknow. Iam going to have it_.A. mendB. mendingC.mendedD. to be mended5. The next morning she found the man in bed, _ dead.A. lyingB.lieC.layD. laying6. Tell him_ the window.A. to shut notB. not toshutC. to not shutD. notshut7.The furniture _on October 15 was seriouslydamagedbecause

46、 ofa roadaccident .A. being deliveredB.having deliveredC. having been deliveredD. delivered8. He had his leg_ in the match yesterday.A. to breakB. brokenC.breakD. breaking9. I cant imagine_ that with them.A. dobeing doneB. to doD. doingC.10. Most of the people_ to the party were famous scientists.A.

47、 invitedinvitedB. to inviteD. invitingC. being11. Good morning.Can Ihelpyou? I d likemadam.to have thispackage_,A. be weighedB. to be weighedC. to weighD.weighed12. Slowly she opened the letter, _.A. her hands trembled slightlyslightly her hands were trembledB.C. her hands slightly tremblingher hands slightlyC. trembling13. All