AP宏观经济复习大纲.doc

1、apap 宏观经济学的考试题型分析ap考试宏观经济学的考试分为多项选择题和口由凹答题两种题型，其中多项选择题是60道题，用时70分钟;口由回答题是3道大题，其中第一道大题平均有5-6道小题，用时大概25分钟，笫二道和第三道大题平均有3-4道小题，用时分别为12.5分钟。其中多项选择题 部分占学生考试得分的2/3,口由回答题部分占余下的1/3。多项选择题主要考察的是学生 对宏观经济学基础知识的把握程度，考点主耍是基本宏观经济学概念、宏观经济学概念的扩 展、宏观经济学的应用以及各个概念的对比分析等。自由回答题主要考察的是学生对宏观经 济学基木框架的把握和理解，以及对宏观经济学分析工具的应用能力，其

2、中的一部分问题需 要进行图形分析，要求考生对宏观经济学屮图形分析工具具有相当程度的掌握。apap 宏观经济学的考点分析ap広观经济学的考点大致分为：国民经济核算体系，国民收入的决定收入和支出模型，货币、 利率和国民收入， 宏观经济政策， 国民收入的决定： 总供给总需求模型， 失业与h然失业率,通货膨胀理论,开放经济下的広观经济理论,经济增长理论，经济周期，西方经 济学主要学派。其中考察的重点知识为国民经济核算指标,菲利普斯曲线，失业和通货膨胀， 开放经济下的宏观经济学，财政和货币政策，银行和货币创造等。apap 宏观经济学的备考策略首先，ap宏观经济学考试最重要的备考方法还是从基础的经济学知识

3、介度掌握整个宏观经济学的分析框架以及分析思路， 从而可以从本质上抓住考试的重点。 其次，ap经济学考试 不同于gre, toefl或sat等英文考试，经济学是一门学科，侧重的是知识性和内容性， 因此技巧对于ap考试来说就不是最重要的因索，从而考生在复习考试的时候要淡化技巧, 强调知识学习。最后，ap宏观经济学考试要求考生培养一种经济学索养，可以从经济学视 角解释和说明现实中的很多问题。首先，关于 gdp,gdp,大纲要求同学们掌握：1、gdp衡量一个国家的总收入和总产出。gdpis the market value（产量价格）of all finalgoods and services（只算最

4、终产品，比如西班牙人吃-种用橡树果喂养的猪，那么被猪吃 了的那些橡树果就不算，只算猪，不然就重复计算了，因为猪的价格里己经包插橡树果的成本了；供人吃的那些橡树果当然算）produced（当年生产的才算，二手货交易不算；疑难 点是当年生产但没卖出去的怎么办？也计入gdp,算在investment里的存货）within a country（无论国籍，只要在地理范围内就算）in a given period of time.2、gdp的组成部分components of gdp,国家在统计每年gdp时，看家庭、金业、政 府和国外四部分在当年的消费情况。gdp二c+i+g+nx恒等式consumpti

5、on:家庭消费。家庭今年总共购买了多少，汽车、理发、饮料等。investment：企业投资，包括建工厂、买设备、新建住宅、存货 (当年没卖出的，默认企业自己“买”了，例如联想2010年生产500台电脑,家庭购买300台,剩余200台,计入2010年的consumption为300*单价，计入investment为200*单价，2011年那200台也被家 庭购买走了，于是2011年的consumption为200*单 价investment为负200*单价，正 负抵消，于是2010年生产的那500台全部计入了2010年gdp,没有在2011年重复计算) 等。government purchase

6、:各级政府为的公务花费，如公务员工资、公务车、公共服务建设、公立学校老师工资等。net exports：净出口(出口进口)。疑难点：为什么要减去进口呢？因为在算c、i、g的 时候，并未区分是否是进口货，比如家庭或企业或政府买了一辆进口车，这时候算岀来的gdp就不符合定义了(within a country),因此要刨除进口部分。3.实际与名义gdp real vs. nominal gdp前者是按固定价格计算的物品与劳务的生产，后者指按当年价格计算的。设定一个基准年base year很关键，我国在统计这些年的gdp时都把2000年作为基年。4、gdp deflator=100*名义gdp/实际

7、gdp某年的实际与名义gdp的区别就在于价格， 产量可是一样的！ 于是名义与实际z比就能反 映物价水平了！注意：基年的gdp平减指数为100,每年的gdp平减指数反映了与基年 相比物价的变化。因为基年的名义与实际gdp选取的价格都是当年的，所以基年的名义gdp/实际gdp=1! ! !例如，在2000年建了3套100平米住宅，单价是20力，而09年同样的住宅建了6套， 单价是100zjo基年是2000年的话，2009年的名义gdp是6*100=600zj,实际gdp是6*20=120万。2000年的名义gdp=3*20=60万,实际gdp=3*20=60万。09年的gdp平减指数为100*60

8、0/120=500, 2000年的gdp平减指数为100,平减指数反映了当年的 物价水平，因此能看；ll 09年的物价是2000年的5倍。inflation, unemployment, and stabilization policies (20-30%)inflation, unemployment, and stabilization policies (20-30%)通货膨胀、失业与稳定 政策财政政策指政府通过改变税收和政府支出来影响总需求，进而影响就业和国民收入的政策；货币政策指中央银行通过调整经济中的货币量来影响就业和国民收入的政策，常用的是改变利率。短期内，当总需求增加时，价格的

9、上升伴随着产出的增加，从生产函数的角度來看，产出的增加意味着投入的增加，短期内产出的增加只能靠劳动投入的增加來实现，这就意味着失业率的下降，通货膨胀率与失业率的这种反向变动的关系，就称为短期菲利普斯illi线。但在长期小，总需求的增加仅仅带來价格水平的上涨，而没有产量的增加，这时通货膨胀与失业率无关，失业率固定在一个水平，这是长期菲利普斯illi线。inflationinflation 通货膨胀1.inflation: an in crease in the overall price level=decrease of purchase power of currency2.whe n in

10、 creasing money supply, real wealth shifts to money maker3.money neutrality: a pone time change in money supply will have no real effect in the long run.4.shoe leather costs: the effort made to decrease the effect of inflation. like withdrawing money topurchase real good.5.menu costs: cause of price

11、 stickiness there is cost to change price so company will notchange price immediately until mbmc6.contract: cause of wage stickiness, usually for a year7.rational expectation: people expect in flation and act accordi ngly. the average error ofexpectation is zero.8.gdp deflator: one way to calculate

12、inflation: divide nominal gdp by real gdp and multiply by100.9.cpi: takes a fixed basket of good and calculate their price10. cpi vs. gdp deflator: cpi only looks at consumer goods also people tend to buy less of onething if price increases so cpi is not accurate. a common problem for both ways is t

13、hat they donot take into account the quality. a good with better quality now is still counted the same asbefore.11. deflation: inflation is negative. it is very harmful as interest rate can not be lower than zero.un employmentun employment 失业1 people employed/total labor force=unemployment rate2.tho

14、se not looking for a job, too young and prisoner or patient are not counted in labor force3.discouraged worker: people who give up looking for a job. more discouraged workers can increase employme nt rate.4.types of unemployment: seasonal, structural, frictional and cyclical. seasonal, structural an

15、dfrictional are unavoidable so no cyclical unemployment means full employment, or natural rateof unemployment.5.effect of unemployment: lower output(okurf s law: for every percent of unemployment higherthan natural rate, gdp is 2percent lower than potential), stress, workers loses skill, send a bads

16、ignal to employer6.bias about unemployment: the leisure people experience when not having a job decrease thenegative effect of unemployment however, the life is stressful and people may spend some ofthe time looking for a job and these factors make things worse.aggregate demand egate demandaggregate

17、 demand egate demand1 ad: total expenditure in a country2.ad is downward sloping because:(a) wealth effect: the higher the price level, the less you can buy with a fixed amount of money(b) interest rate effect: higher price levelcarry more moneyless savingshigher interestratelower investment(c) exch

18、ange rate effect: higher price level一carry more money一less savings一higherinterest rate一appreciate currencymore import and less export3.shifts of ad: cha nges in expectati ons, an imal spirit (con fide nee), cha nge in money supply,fiscal policyaggregate supplyaggregate supply1 aggregate supply: tota

19、l supply. the long run as curve is vertical, only affected by change inresources and tech no logy short run as is upward slopi ng.2.as is upward sloping because:(a) sticky price: lower price level and same nomial price一more real price一less demandless supply(b) sticky wages: lower price level and sam

20、e wage一more real wage一highercost一produce less (sticky wages may caused by money illusi on, labor con tracts, laborregulation and union power)3.shifts of as: real factors of production will cause both lras and sr as to shift. expectatio nsand change in price or wages will cause sr as to shift.4.dema

21、nd pull in flatio n: increase in ad (may caused by in crease in money supply or fiscalstimulus)decrease in asequilibrium and higher price level5.cost push inflation: decrease in asincrease in adequilibrium and higher price level6.inflation gap: ad increases and the gap betwee n the sr and lr level o

22、f output is in flation gap-7.recessionary gap: ad decreases and the gap between sr and lr level of output is recessi onary/output gapsupply side economicssupply side economics1 supply side economics tend to solve problem in macroeconomics by changing as. they wouldagree a cut of tax if it can increa

23、se peoples incentive to work. so they do not agree a fund backof last years tax.2.laffer curve: when tax rate is higher than a number, tax revenue may decrease whengovernment increases tax rate because the decrease in efficiency is so great.what is moneywhat is money1.uses of money: medium of exchan

24、ge, unit of account and store of perties of money: portable(easy to carry around), fungible(can be divided), durable, rare andnot valuable(or people will debase money by moving small part of it)3.definition of money: mo: only currencym1:m0+checking depositm2: m1+close money substitutesquan

25、tity theory of moneyquantity theory of moneymv=p yex: when fed prints money but does not use them, v=0 so there is no real effect in the economysavings and investment:savings and investment:1 an economy can only save by building constructions that might be used in the future2.in a closed economy: c+

26、l+g二gdp二c+g+savings (total spending +that are not spent)monetary policymonetary policy1 monetary policy is the policy taken by federal reserve to control economy2.open market operati on: buy or sell treasury bond to in crease or decrease total money supply inthe economy3.discount rate: rate of inter

27、est rate banks borrow money from the fed4.federal funds rate: the interest rate that the fed targeted with open market operation5.reserve requirement: the required amount of money a bank need to hold, usually not used as atool as: 1 .if fed raises rr during expa nsion, bank may have a difficult time

28、 to get eno ugh rr2. if fed decreases rr duri ng recessi on, it has no effect as the bank can not loan out the extraamount of moneyfiscal policyfiscal policy1.fiscal policy is the action of government to control the economy, usually include governmentspending and change of tax rate2.expansionary fis

29、cal policy may cause an increase in interest rate as government must borrowbefore spend. this will crowd out private in vestment.fiscal and monetary policyfiscal and monetary policy1.fiscal and mon etary policy may help or can cel out each other. there is a chart in the hand out2.after fed multiplie

30、r: is the overall effect of fiscal and monetary policy if ad increases, it ispositive; if ad decreases, it is negative; if ad does not change, it is zero.interest rate determinationinterest rate determination1.short run: if fed takes expansionary policy ms increasessaving shifts to the right一lowerin

31、terest rate2.long run: if fed takes expansionary policy一md increases一saving shifts back一interest rateback to former oneall formulas for calculationall formulas for calculation1. fiscal policy:(a) spending multiplier=1/mps=1/(1-mpc)(b) tax multiplier=mpc/mps(c) bala nee multiplier=spending multiplier

32、+ tax multiplier=12. omo:(a) change in money supply: 1/rr*bp (bond)(b) new loans: 1/rr*bp-bp(c) reserves: bp3. new deposit:(a) change in money supply:1/rr*dd (deposit money)-dd(b) demand deposit: 1/rr*dd(c) loans: 1/rr*dd-dd(d) reserves: ddinternational tradeinternational trade1 current account: acc

33、ount of physical good. export counts as positive and import counts as negative2.capital account: account of liability. when other countries invest in your country it is positive3.capital account +current account=o4.exchange rate: price of other currency. when it takes more foreign currency to but the sameamount of your currency, your currency is appreciate. otherwise, it is depreciate5.shift of demand and supply of currency: an in crease in interest rate will in crease the demand ofa currency and increase the supply of other currency. thus your currency is appreciated6.effect o