中美家庭情景喜剧中请求和道歉言语行为实现模式对比研究

1、    中美家庭情景喜剧中请求和道歉言语行为实现模式对比研究    【摘要】請求和道歉是日常交流中的两个重要言语行为。然而，由于文化差异，他们的实现模式大不相同。本文将采用中美情景喜剧家有儿女和摩登家庭作为例子，研究父母对孩子的请求和道歉行为实现模式的不同及侧重点，并发掘背后的成因。【关键词】言语行为;家庭情景喜剧;对比研究【abstract】the request and apology are two important speech acts in daily communication. however， due to cultural diff

2、erences， their implementation patterns are quite different. this paper will use chinese and american sitcoms home with kids and modern family， as examples to study the differences and focuses of parents requests for children and the patterns of apology， and to explore the causes behind them.【key wor

3、ds】speech act; family sitcoms; contrastive study【作者简介】陈珊珊（1995.01-），福建平潭人，福州大学外国语学院，研究方向：批评话语分析。.introductionusually， a speech act is created when speaker/writer s makes an utterance u to hearer/reader h in context c. under searles taxonomy， speech act are universally grouped into five types： （i） re

4、presentatives or assertives; （ii） directives including requests; （iii） commissives; （iv） expressives including apologizing; （v） declarations. （searle 1979： 2-8） request and apology are two common speech acts in our daily life. however their realization patterns can be greatly different in chinese an

5、d english because of cultural differences.theoretical framework1.request and its realization strategies. searle （1969： 66） described request as a directive speech act which is considered as an attempt to get the hearer to do an act. requests are by definition face-threatening acts （brown and levinso

6、n， 1978）. according to trosborg（1995： 205）， the taxonomy of request realization strategies are as follows：categories request strategies exampledirect obligation you must/have to lend me your car.performative i would like to ask you to lend me your car.imperative lend me your car（， please）.convention

7、ally indirect（hearer-based） ability can/could you lend me your car？willingness would you lend me your car？permission may i borrow your car？suggestory formula how about lending me your car？conventionally indirect（speaker-based） wishes i would like to borrow your car.desires/needs i want/need to borro

8、w your car.indirect hints i have to be at the airport in half an hour.2.apology and its realization strategies.  olshtain （1989： 156） defined an apology as “a speech act which is intended to provide support for the hearer who was actually or potentially malaffected by a violation”. in an apolog

9、y， the speaker is ready to degrade himself/ herself to a degree that the apology is a face-saving act for the hearer and a face-threatening act for the speaker. according to olshtain and cohen（1983： 22）， apology strategies could be divided into the following：strategy examplean expression of an apolo

10、gy expression of regret im sorryoffer of apology excuse merequest for forgiveness excuse mean expression or account of the situation the bus was latean acknowledgement of responsibility accepting the blame its my faultexpressing self-deficiency i wasnt thinkingrecognizing the other person as deservi

11、ng apology you are rightexpressing lack of intent i didnt mean toan offer of repair ill pay for the broken vasea promise of forbearance it wont happen again.case study1. sources of examples .this paper is going to take two sitcoms， home with kids and modern family， as examples. home with kids i tell

12、s daily lives of a rebuilt family in beijing. the father is xia donghai， who gets divorced with his ex-wife and gets married with liu mei， who gets divorced with her ex-husband. both of them have children with their exes. as for modern family tells daily lives and complicated relationship of three f

13、amilies in america： claire and her husband phil， with their three children haley， alex and luke; mitchell （claires brother） and his partner cameron， with their adopted daughter lily from vietnam; jay （claire and mitchells father） and his second wife gloria from columbia，with her son manny. they are

14、both family centered and representative model of chinese and american family lives. what they say and what they do in the plots of sitcom are the real reflections of family lives， so they are suitable to do the research.2. analysis of differences.  through the comparison， it turns out that requ

15、est and apology realization strategies used in both chinese and english seem to be the same because all the strategies mentioned above can be found in both sitcoms. however， there are still some differences. firstly， the addressing forms which are used to call the hears attention before making a req

16、uest are different. as is seen in the following examples：（1）jay： lets go， buddy. school time.（from the 3rd episode）（2） phil： luke，buddy，hold back a sec. （from the 11th episode）（3） claire： haley， sweetie， put the phone down and put on some sunscreen please. （from the 23rd episode）（4）liu mei： 快去吧，換衣服啊

17、，换完衣服该上学了啊。（from the 1st episode）（5）liu mei： 干嘛呢干嘛呢你刘星，给我收起来，我让你收起来。（from the 3rd episode）（6）xia donghai： 那个小雪，你听爸爸说，你一定要坚强一点， 不要太难过。（ from the 9th episode）the examples above all involves direct strategy and they are requests made by parents to their children. the first three are from modern family

18、and the other three are from home with kids. in the examples from modern family， parents use “buddy” or “sweetie” to call their children in order to show the closeness. “buddy” is an addressing form used among intimate friends to show their close and intimate relationship. however， in the examples f

19、rom home with kids， parents only call their childrens names. compared with american parents， chinese parents are trying to establish authority over their children so that they can keep their children under their control.secondly， when it comes to apology， american parents are more willing to make ap

20、ologies to their children and they say it in a natural way. while chinese parents are reluctant to apologize to their children so they would say something else besides words like “對不起” or “道歉” to make sure that they save their faces. examples are as follows：（7）claire： luke， i-i really couldnt be mor

21、e proud of you， and i am so sorry i didnt give you more credit.luke： thanks. （from the 18th episode）（8）xia donghai： 好像有人需要道个歉了，知错就改才是好同志嘛。liu mei： 成，刘星，妈妈道歉，明天晚上罚妈妈光做饭不吃饭，行了吧？（from the 13th episode）the two examples show how american and chinese parents make apologies to their children when they misu

22、nderstand the children. in the example from modern family， the mother uses both an expression of an apology strategy and an acknowledgement of responsibility strategy. in the second example， liu mei also uses “道歉” to make an apology and offers a repair. but it should be noted that liu mei does not r

23、ealize that she should make an apology before xia donghai gives a hint. the words “成” and “行了吧” shows her unwillingness. although parents make an apology， they are more powerful and not to be questioned. conclusionrequest and apology are two essential speech acts in daily communication. from the cas

24、e study mentioned above， it can be concluded that the realization patterns of requests and apologies from parents to children in chinese are often with unwillingness and fear of losing control over their children. while in english， parents pay more attention to easing the imposition of requests and they are ready to say sorry to their children. since language and culture are tightly linked with each other， the use of language has been greatly influenced by culture. it is the cultural diffe