英美概况—英国历代君王及大事简介1

1、Chronology of British GovernmentMonarchDateofRuleDeedsEventsCommentsGermanic/Scandinavian RuleAlfredtheGreat871-8991. Defeated Danla w" expansion & regained land2. established navyandgarrison3. introduction of Christanity to Dames, first public schools fornobledescendances and magistrates4.

2、 Anglo-Saxon ChronicleAnglo-Saxon WessexlineEdward the elderAnglo-Saxon Wessexline; Son to AlfredAthelstanAnglo-Saxon Wessexline; Son to EdwardEdgar thePeaceful959-975Anglo-Saxon WessexlineEthelred theUnready978'1016Invaded EnglandAnglo-Saxon Wessexline; Sweyn Forkbeard, King of DenmarkCanute101

3、6-10351.chosen as king by Witan;2.United England, Denmark and Norway.ScandinavianConquerorEdward theConfessor1042-10661.facilitated the Norman Conquer;2.Norman feudalsystemadoptedSon of Ethelred the UnreadyHaroldGodwinson1066defeatedNorwegiansEarl of WessexNorman French RuleW川iam I1066-10875-steps t

4、o strengthen reign in England: 1.crushedallresistance,built castles for protection 2.broke up Saxon earldoms established centralizedroyalgovernment.4.sloventroyaltreasury,royalcoinage 5.allied withRomanCatholic Church1. defeated Harold and crowned W川iamI atWestminster AbbeyonDec.25,1066W川iamtheConqu

5、eror, Frenchdukeconnected to the Wessex Line who favored by EdwardtheConfessorW川iam II1087-1100MurduredW川iam Rufus, 2nd son toW川iam IHenry I1100-1135Alteredtherelationship between Kingand hisfollowers:1.chose bishops 2.accepted money from Barons instead of military service-exchequer3rdson ofW川iam IS

6、tephen &Maud1135-11541.20-years of civil war and anarchy;2.agreementtoStephens rule and HenryII'ssuccession.Stephen:Grands on to W川iam I; Matilda: Daughter to Henry IAngevin French PlantagenentsHenry II1154-11891.reformoflegislative system 2.claimedvastterritories in France and Ireland throu

7、gh variousfamilyconnections;3.alteredtherelationships between secular and religiousSon to Maudauthorities-murdered of Thomas Becket/failureinreforming canon law;4.invadedandestablished English kingdom in Ireland.Richard I1189-11991.Three Crusades for control of holy sites in the Near East;2.imprison

8、edbyChristan allies for ransom3.fought in FranceOldest surving son of Henry II; RichardtheLionheartedJohn1199-12161.raisedpropertytaxes;2.struggles with Pope Innocent III and invasion of Philip AugustusIn 1215. Tenant Rights movement & Magna Carta2n surving son of Henry IIHenry III1216-12721. ci

9、vil war in 1263andbaronial triumph;2. establishment of parliamentSon to John DisarstrousEdward I1272-13071.began the Hundred Year s War against war;1.1348-1349:Davas tation of black death resulting in the death of 3/8 population-labor shortage;2.1351:the futile Statute of Laborors Militarycontrolove

10、r laboring class underwent changes: shift from old knight&castle system to expert archers&engineers;3. Tensions between classesSon to Henry IIIhightened by religious dissension;4. nationalism aroused, English gained popularityRichard II1377-1399Confiscatedtheestates of his uncle John, violat

11、ing the law of inheritance1.1378-1380,"Head Tax ” imposed by John of Gaunt;1381,PeasantsRevoltSon to the Black Prince, Grandson to Edward IIILancatriansHenry IV1399-14131.Rebelled by cousin Henry,defeatedRichard 2and forced him to abdicate and murdered him;2.illegallyseizingpower-losttheprotect

12、ion of laws of inheritance-spent much of his reign suppressing rebellion.GrandsontoEdwardIII,consintoRichardHenry V1413-1422Asserting authority both in France&at homeHenry VI1422-1461Deposed by Edward Yorkist and murdered (1461)War of Roses (1455-1485)Weak King with divided governmentYorkistsEdw

13、ard IV1461-14701471-1483Briefly ousted from power by his brother Clarence & hisprevioussupporters in 1470.Grandson ofEdward IIIEdward V1483MurderedRichard III1483-1485Defeated and killed in the Battle of Bosworthy by Henry TudorThe Battle ofBosworthyBrotherofEdward IVTudorsHenryVII1485-15091. un

14、itedtheGrandson ofHouseofYorkists and Lancastrian by meansofmarriage with Yorkist s Elizabeth and established the Tudor House.2. theStarChamber-consol idation of his position;3. Morton s Fork-turned treasury deficit into a surplus;4. the threat of revocation to gain trading prileges for English merc

15、hants abroad;5. Education fundsEdwardIII;EarlofRichmond.HenryVIII1509-15471. Cardinal Wosley-last established the conceptBalance-of-Po wer as basis ofEnglishforeign policy,1521 crisis 2. creation of the Royal Navy, strengthening central administrative &maintaining adequate supervision of local g

16、overnmentSon of HenryIII;selected by Privy Council;Welsh man3. 1535-incorporra ted Wales & Englandonequal terms in the first Act of Union;4. Middle-class dominated Parliament in favor of the King5. Anti-clerical Revolution,155 4 theActofSupremacyDissolution of monasteries6. 1537-1542: Irish anar

17、chy,PilgrimageofGrace "byCatholic the Statute of the Six ArticlesEdward VI1547-1553Parliaments effort of religious unityUncles served as regentsMary I1553-15581. Married to Catholic SpanishKingPhilipII,turning England a vassal of Spain;2. Lost the last French lands-the Port of Calais-as a resul

18、t of supporting Spain against French in war;3. appointed Catholic as the Archbishop of CanteburyandCatholicworshipreturned to local churches.Elder daughter to HenryVIII,selec ted by the Privy Council, Roman Catholic, Bloody Mary.Elizabeth I1553-16031.twodisarstrouspolicies aggravated the Irish probl

19、ems: a. granting the aristocracy commercialandestate monopolies in Irelandformoney&support;b.sent poorly trained highly ambitious and avaricious favorites asmilitarycommanders to Ire.1. crisis: war with Catholic Spain causedbyCatholic hatred of Protestantism and English rivalryforglobal trade&am

20、p;ultimate controlofoceans;the destruction ofSpainishArmada in 1588 and GB ruled the sea;2. 1597-1601:Hug h O'Neil Revolt3. the flourishing ofcultureRenaissance(Sh akespeare, Marlowe,Donne ,Johnson,Francis Bacon, Harvey, Gilbert, KingJamesBible of 1611)4. the economic prosperity based on individ

21、ual enterprise in many fieldsYounger daughter of HenryVIII, Protestant, Catholic 川egitimate, Intelligent, highly-educated ,proud,calculating, self-control, rivaled by Mary Queen of Scots, A politician and a survivor.The Stuart and CommonwealthJames I1603-16251.peacefully united the England and Scotl

22、and in politics;2. New ways to raise revenuewithoutparlimentary approval:selling nobilities&awarding Elizabethan1.1621. The House of Commons drew up the Great Protestant-first of the great documents ofEnglishRevolution.2. 1624, Chales' betrothal to FrenchGrandson of Henry VII, Son to Queen M

23、ary ofScots,highly-educated ,conceited and stubbornmonopolies3 .the failed attempt of openly seeking a CatholicSpanishprincessasdaughter-in-law,starti ng the fires with Parl.4 . No bishop, no king. Favored the High Church.Catholic Princess.3. the origin of GUY FAWKES Day.4. 1607, theestablishment of

24、 the first English colony in North America on the Atlantic coast at Jamestown, Virginiaforcommercial reasons.1620, the second at Polymouth Massachusetts, foundedbyPilgrimsforreligious reason. 5. 1609,the first Englishfactoryestablish in India.Charles I1625-16491.1628, the Petition of Right, first st

25、ating some most basic rules of modern constitutional government;2. 1629, Kingdissolved parliamentandimprinsoned9leaders in London Tower; 1629-1640:non-parl iament rule;3. 1638, Scottish rebellion: fuse of theEnglishRevolution.4. Charlesreconvened the parliament in needSon of James I, beheaded by ord

26、er of the RUMP parl.of money-Short Parl.-soon dissolved.5.Scotts invaded England-Long Parl. oftheRevolution-Parl.abolished taxes and unpopular royal administrative courts & meet every 3 years.6. Irish rebellion, massacring northernIrishProtestants; 1641, Grand Remonstrance.7. the Civil War (1642

27、-1649)OliverCromwell1649-16581. claimedtheEngland republicasCommonwealth;2. 1651,theNavigation Act-embargo on Dutch Shipping;3. 1654,solved Scottish and Irish problems with violence4. 1652,English ships defeated the Dutch and mastered the northern sea.5. Dissolved the Rumpandestablished himselfasLor

28、dProtector ,Patriotic Englishman, strong-minded, stubborn, no pathological drive for power, puritan, Lord ProtectorchoseNewParliament based on the only written constitution of England-the Instrument of Government.6. Puritans passed blue laws"inan effort to impose puritan lifestyle in the countr

29、yRichardCromwell1658-1660Restored StuartCharles II1660-16851. dissenters were excluded by Parliament particularly in the accsess to Uni, resulting in the domination ofanonconformist consciense in public life;2. Disarsters:the Black Death(1665-166 6);the Great Fire in London3. Dutch War of 1665-1667,

30、Engl andseizedcommercial supremacy from the Dutch.4. 1670,theHudsonBayCompany was granted exclusive rightSelected by parliament;chief minister of Parliament dominates the monarchy;period of public pursuitofpleasure, loose morals,festive court life and indecent witto trade by the Hudson Bay in Canada

31、.James II1685-16881687, issued aDeclarationofIndulgence”1688,fled to France.ThebloodlessGlorious Revolution (1688-1689)Youger son of Charles, outspoken Catholic,Iexiled by Parl.W川iamIII&Mary II1688-17021. Bill of Rights2. 1690,Battle of Boyne, James II and his supporting Irish Roman Catholic def

32、eated, thus Irish R.C were deprived the rightsofeducation and commercial participation;3. 1701, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement,pro misingthecrown to the Protesetant Sophia, which directly paved way for the Hanovers rule;establishin g the Parl's right to decide who would rule.Rule by Mar

33、y, theelderdaughter of James II and her husband, W川iamofOrangeAnn1702-17141702,first English daily newspaper:the Daily Courant 1707,England andDaughter ofJames IIScotland formally united under the name of Great Britian.Hanoverians(German Line)Monar chPrimeMinisterPartyDeedsEventsCommentsGeorg e I (1

34、7141727)Robert Walpole (17211742)Whig1. Status:the First Lord of the Treasury the confidant of the king and the leading minister in the Cabinet most influential member of the Whig in the HOC.2. Principal: make thecountryprosperous by encouraging trade and industry;3. trying to reduce politicalandrel

35、igious strife&avoid foreign entanglements.1. the emergence of Cabinet and thePrimeMinister.2. 1727,RobertWalpole became P.M.Grandson of James I, not interested in England at all.;Georg eII (17271760)Robert Walpole (17271742)Whig1737,positionweakened becauseof the death of Q.C;1742, resigned.1 .t

36、he Seven Year's WarbetweenAustriaandPrussia,France for A while Britan for P.2 . in 1757, W川iam Pitt the elder became a leader in English Government, which was the first instance in English history of a king being compelled toSon of George I;Peppeted by Queen Caroline andP.M.Walpoleinpolitics.Ear

37、l of Wilmingto n(1742- 1744)WhigHenry Pelham (17441754)WhigDuke of NewcastleWhig(17541756)accept a distrusted and disliked man as PM.3 .fighting France in Europe, America and India.4 . General Wolfe's Englisharmydefeated the French foreces led by General Montcalm at Quebec, leading to the French

38、 control of Canada and resulted in the Peace Treaty of 1763, France ceded Canada to GB.Duke of Devonsh-i re (17561757)ToryEarl ofBute (17621763)ToryGeorge Grenville (17631765)Whig1. Whigslostdivided and lost support;2. forced Pitt to resignbyrefusingtodeclare war on Spain as a first step to increase

39、 power.3. 1763, the Seven Year sWarended, gained landsfromPeace of Paris.4. 1760-1770:a capricious Cabinet5. 1776,Adam Smith published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the WealthofNationsFarmer George; Taught by his mother exaggerated ideas of royal power; wanting the crown to resume adminis

40、tering affairsanddetermining government policy ; wanting direct authority over cabinet in the place of the Parl.Marquess of Rocking-h am (17651766)WhigW川iam Pitt the Elder (17661768)WhigDuke of Grafton (17681770)WhigLord Frederick North (17701782)ToryMarquess ofWhigGeorg e III (17601820)Rocking-h am

41、6. During 1750-1761:battl es with France for commercial control in India, Rober Clive managed thriumph-made the East India Company a territorial power.-1784 Pitt sIndiaACT-making the governor-genera l supreme&creati ng a Board of Control.1789, consolidation byRichardWellesley7. After1783550male

42、and 200female convicts sent to Austrilia for the reliefeofcongesgtion in Enlish prisons and settled in Sydney in 1788.8. 1773,acknowled getheindependence of North American colonies.1774, the Quebec ActgrantedCatholic religious freedomandpermitted FrenchEarl of Shelburne (17821783)WhigDuke ofPortland

43、1783CoalitionW川iamPitt, theYounger (17831801)ToryIn 1781,elected to Parl.1782, chancellor of the exchequer 1783,the youngest P.M.Principal: 1.eliminatingthenational debt, 2 cutting down on government expenditures 3.organizing a system of auditing the national accounts 4.introducing order to the nati

44、onal finances chaos.5.advocatingtheabolition of the slave trade,parliamentary reform and the removalofrestrictions on Roman Catholics.6. 1789,preventing the influence of French revolution from spreading in England;1794,suspen ded he Habeas Corpus Act Achievements:Commercial treaty with Francein1787;

45、successinincoorperating Irish in to the British system of gvnmt by Act of Union.7. India Act of 1784law to remain in forceinallCanadiancivilmatters.-1791 the Canada Act-divided theCanadiansettlements into two provinces-Ontario& Quebec.1778,lost American colonies&national debtsincreasedtremen

46、dously as a resultof hispersonal rule.9. 1780,a resolution calling for a restriction on the crown was passed.10.1783,William Pitt the younger elected P.M.11.1800,Act of Union,merging the British and Irish Parl and leading toHenrt Addington (18011804)ToryW川iam Pitt, the Younger (18041806)ToryW川iam Gr

47、enville (18061807)WhigDuke of Portand (18071809)TorySpencer Perceval 1809-1812ToryCulture:JaneAustin(1775-18 17),CharlotteEarl ofLiverpool (18121827)TorytheUnitedKingdom of Great Britian and Ireland.12.1790, Edmund Burke publish Reflections on the Revolution inFreanceagainsttheFrench Revolution; Tho

48、mas Paine s Rights of Man in protest to Edmund.13. Industrial Revolution14. the beginning of Napoleonic War,Lord Nelson-the renowed British Admiral.15.1812: British warships seized sailors from American ships-provoking War of 181216.1815- Abroad : BattleofWaterloo -Alliedarmiesdefeated Bonaparte und

49、er the leadership of Lord Wellington. In Nov., England, Russia, Austria and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance/Vienna SettlementtoensuretheBronte(1816-18 55),Charles Dickens(1812-1 870),Mrs Elizabeth Gaskell(1810-1 865),Anthony Trollope(1815- 1882), Thomas Hardy(1840-19 28) Science: Major scienti

50、fic theory clashed with religious dogmaChare ls Darwin On the Origin ofSpeciesbyNaturalSelection(1895)Georg e IV (18201830)Earl ofLiverpoolGeorgeCanningViscountGoderichDuke of Wellingto nquarantineofFranceHome : economic changes-agriculture improved,countrysi de to larger farms;rural unemployment in

51、creased;industrial citiesgrewrapidly,economic subjects exploited.;problems hightened by bad postwar-harvest,Eur opean competition,restricti ve tariff on foreign grainkepthigh&starvation,par ish system failed the needs.Willia m IV (18301837)Earl Grey 1830-1834WIn1830,acombinationofliberals from b

52、oth parties defeated the Tories; passed the Reform Bill in 1832-1ststeptoward universal suffrage; Two party-system: excut i- ve&opposition In 1833, the Factory ActIn 1843, the New PoorLawViscount Melbourn e 1834WRobert Peel 1834-1835TReduced the death penalties and the restrictionsoncolonial tra

53、de with Europe;removed restrictiononCatholicisminIreland; founded the first regular police force in England.Victori a (1837-Viscount Melbourn eWhigWorking Class: 1837-1848: theSymbolizing the 19th Century England,1901)(1835-1841)Chartism- workingclass asking for right to vote;1846: CornLaws- reducin

54、g the price of bread;Education: The 1870 Act-laid the foundation of compulsory,free public education. Ireland: the 1840 Irish potato famine In the1870's,Charles Parnell organized the Irish Nationalists in the English Parl. into a well-disciplined group.In 1885, PM Gladstone proposed aHomeRuleBill, givingIrishtheir own Parl.Warfares: 18541856: theCrimeanWar-a balance-of-power war ,duringwhichFlorence Nightingale created nurseas aprofessionforwomanColonies： 1. White-dominated countries-thestuggled shifted to social classed fo